Park et al.
Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose Over Mesoporous Y Zeolite
14
12
10
8
was compared with that of Al-MCM-41. Owing to the
stronger acidity of Meso-Y than that of Al-MCM-41, cat-
alytic upgrading over Meso-Y resulted in larger yields of
aromatics and furans with high value-added, compared to
the upgrading over Al-MCM-41. The effect of catalyst
dose on the product distribution was huge, while the effect
of temperature was not significant within the range of 450–
500 ꢀC. As the catalyst dose increased, the quantity of acid
sites increased, promoting the formation of aromatics.
Non-catalyst (500 ºC)
Meso-Y Cellulose=1/1 (500 ºC)
Meso-Y/Cellulose=2/1 (500 ºC)
Meso-Y/Cellulose=3/1 (500 ºC)
6
4
2
0
Acknowledgments: This research was supported by
Basic Science Research Program through the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the
Ministry of Education (2012R1A1B3003394). Also, this
research was supported by the research program of Korea
Institute of Energy Research (Project No. B3-2426).
Figure 5. Monoaromatics distributions obtained from the pyrolysis of
cellulose with various Meso-Y/cellulose ratios.
The distributions of oxygenates obtained with different
catalyst doses are compared in Figure 4. Levoglucosan was
produced only from the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The yield
of furans increased, compared to the non-catalytic pyroly-
sis, by catalytic upgrading but the furan yield was highest
with the Meso-Y to cellulose ratio of 1/1. When the dis-
tributions of furans obtained with different catalyst doses
were compared, the furan production decreased as the
Meso-Y to cellulose ratio increased from 1/1 to 3/1. This
can be attributed to the conversion of produced furans to
other species on the acid sites. Huber et al. reported the
conversion of furans to aromatics over an acid catalyst. In
this study, the aromatics yield also increased with increas-
ing catalyst dose (Figs. 3 and 5) implying the conversion
of furans to aromatics by increased acid sites.
Figure 5 compares the distributions of aromatics
obtained with different catalyst doses. The aromatics
yield increased dramatically with increasing Meso-Y dose.
As was explained above, cracking, oligomerization of
lower olefins, and aromatization, which take place in the
presence of acid sites, are important for the formation of
aromatic compounds. Therefore, increase of the acid sites
can promote the production of aromatics. Enhanced pro-
duction of aromatics increases the economic value of the
product bio-oil.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose was performed over Meso-
Y for the first time. The catalytic activity of Meso-Y
Received: 2 March 2013. Accepted: 2 April 2013.
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 14, 5120–5123, 2014
5123