Chemistry of Materials
Article
(
6) Manthiram, A.; Fu, Y.; Su, Y.-S. Challenges and Prospects of
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1125−1134.
7) Yang, Y.; Yu, G.; Cha, J. J.; Wu, H.; Vosgueritchian, M.; Yao, Y.;
Inverse Vulcanization and Electropolymerization. ACS Macro Lett.
2015, 4, 111−114.
(
(25) Nie, Y.; Zhao, B.; Tang, P.; Jiang, P.; Tian, Z.; Shen, P.; Tan, S.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Copolymers based on
Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene and Thiophene with Electron-With-
drawing Side Chains. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2011, 49,
3604−3614.
Bao, Z.; Cui, Y. Improving the Performance of Lithium–Sulfur
Batteries by Conductive Polymer Coating. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9187−
9193.
(
8) Wang, J.; Yang, J.; Xie, J.; Xu, N. A Novel Conductive Polymer-
(
́
26) Jeffries-EL, M.; Sauve, G.; McCullough, R. D. Facile Synthesis of
Sulfur Composite Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 963−965.
(
End-Functionalized Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s via Modi-
fied Grignard Metathesis Reaction. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 10346−
9) Wu, F.; Chen, J.; Chen, R.; Wu, S.; Li, L.; Chen, S.; Zhao, T.
1
0352.
Sulfur/Polythiophene with a Core/Shell Structure: Synthesis and
Electrochemical Properties of the Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 6057−6063.
(27) Loewe, R. S.; Khersonsky, S. M.; McCullough, R. D. A Simple
Method to Prepare Head-to-Tail Coupled, Regioregular Poly(3-
alkylthiophenes) Using Grignard Metathesis. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11,
(
10) He, G.; Ji, X.; Nazar, L. High ″C″ Rate Li-S Cathodes: Sulfur
2
(
50−253.
Imbibed Bimodal Porous Carbons. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2878.
11) Ji, X.; Lee, K. T.; Nazar, L. F. A highly Ordered Nanostructured
Carbon-Sulphur Cathode for Lithium-Sulphur Batteries. Nat. Mater.
009, 8, 500−506.
12) Zheng, G.; Yang, Y.; Cha, J. J.; Hong, S. S.; Cui, Y. Hollow
28) Loewe, R. S.; Ewbank, P. C.; Liu, J.; Zhai, L.; McCullough, R. D.
(
Regioregular, Head-to-Tail Coupled Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) Made
Easy by the GRIM Method: Investigation of the Reaction and the
Origin of Regioselectivity. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 4324−4333.
2
(
(
́
29) Jeffries-EL, M.; Sauve, G.; McCullough, R. D. In-Situ End-
Carbon Nanofiber-Encapsulated Sulfur Cathodes for High Specific
Group Functionalization of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)
Capacity Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4462−
Using the Grignard Metathesis Polymerization Method. Adv. Mater.
4467.
2
(
004, 16, 1017−1019.
30) Stohr, J. NEXAFS Spectroscopy; Springer Series in Surface
Sciences 25; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, 1992.
31) Peng, Y.; Song, G.; Hu, X.; He, G.; Chen, Z.; Xu, X.; Hu, J. In
(
13) Cao, Y.; Li, X.; Aksay, I. A.; Lemmon, J.; Nie, Z.; Yang, Z.; Liu.
̈
Sandwich-Type Functionalized Graphene Sheet-Sulfur Nanocompo-
site for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011,
(
13, 7660.
Situ Synthesis of P3HT-Capped CdSe Superstructures and their
Application in Solar Cells. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 106.
(
14) Evers, S.; Nazar, L. F. Graphene-Enveloped Sulfur in a One Pot
Reaction: a Cathode with Good Coulombic Efficiency and High
Practical Sulfur Content. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1233.
(
X. L.; Gu, C. D. Influence of Particle Size on Electrochemical
Performances of Pyrite FeS for Li-Ion Batteries. Electrochim. Acta
(32) Li, W.; Zhang, Q.; Zheng, G.; Seh, Z. W.; Yao, H.; Cui, Y.
Understanding the Role of Different Conductive Polymers in
Improving the Nanostructured Sulfur Cathode Performance. Nano
Lett. 2013, 13, 5534−5540.
15) Zhang, D.; Tu, J. P.; Xiang, J. Y.; Qiao, Y. Q.; Xia, X. H.; Wang,
2
̃
(33) Canas, N. A.; Hirose, K.; Pascucci, B.; Wagner, N.; Friedrich, K.
2
(
011, 56, 9980−9985.
A.; Hiesgen, R. Investigations of Lithium−Sulfur Batteries using
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 97,
16) Wang, J.-Z.; Lu, L.; Choucair, M.; Stride, J. A.; Xu, X.; Liu, H.-K.
Sulfur-Graphene Composite for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. J.
Power Sources 2011, 196, 7030−7034.
(
4
2−51.
17) Moon, J.; Park, J.; Jeon, C.; Lee, J.; Jo, I.; Yu, S.-H.; Cho, S.-P.;
Sung, Y.-E.; Hong, B. H. An Electrochemical Approach to Graphene
Oxide Coated Sulfur for Long Cycle Life. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 13249−
13255.
(
18) Seh, Z. W.; Zhang, Q.; Li, W.; Zheng, G.; Yao, H.; Cui, Y. Stable
Cycling of Lithium Sulfide Cathodes through Strong Affinity with a
Bifunctional Binder. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 3673.
(
19) Ma, L.; Zhuang, H.; Lu, Y.; Moganty, S. S.; Hennig, R. G.;
Archer, L. A. Tethered Molecular Sorbents: Enabling Metal-Sulfur
Battery Cathodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1400390.
(
̃
20) Guo, J.; Yang, Z.; Yu, Y.; Abruna, H. D.; Archer, L. A. Lithium-
Sulfur Battery Cathode Enabled by Lithium-Nitrile Interaction. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 763−767.
(
21) Chung, W. J.; Griebel, J. J.; Kim, E. T.; Yoon, H.; Simmonds, A.
G.; Ji, H. J.; Dirlam, P. T.; Glass, R. S.; Wie, J. J.; Nguyen, N. A.;
́
Guralnick, B. W.; Park, J.; Somogyi, A.; Theato, P.; Mackay, M. E.;
Sung, Y.-E.; Char, K.; Pyun, J. The Use of Elemental Sulfur as an
Alternative Feedstock for Polymeric Materials. Nat. Chem. 2013, 5,
5
(
18−524.
22) Simmonds, A. G.; Griebel, J. J.; Park, J.; Kim, K. R.; Chung, W.
J.; Oleshko, V. P.; Kim, J.; Kim, E. T.; Glass, R. S.; Soles, C. L.; Sung,
Y.-E.; Char, K.; Pyun, J. Inverse Vulcanization of Elemental Sulfur to
Prepare Polymeric Electrode Materials for Li-S Batteries. ACS Macro
Lett. 2014, 3, 229−232.
(
23) Dirlam, P. T.; Simmonds, A. G.; Kleine, T. S.; Nguyen, N. A.;
Anderson, L. E.; Klever, A. O.; Florian, A.; Costanzo, P. J.; Theato, P.;
Mackay, M. E.; Glass, R. S.; Char, K.; Pyun, J. Inverse Vulcanization of
Elemental Sulfur with 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne for Cathode Materials in
Li–S Batteries. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 24718−24722.
(
24) Dirlam, P. T.; Simmonds, A. G.; Shallcross, R. C.; Arrington, K.
J.; Chung, W. J.; Griebel, J. J.; Hill, L. J.; Glass, R. S.; Char, K.; Pyun, J.
Improving the Charge Conductance of Elemental Sulfur via Tandem
G
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX