Molecules 2021, 26, 1933
15 of 16
Funding: This research was foundered by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland
within the frame of science subsidy for 2021, which was realized in the Department of Engineering and
Technology of Chemical Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (No. 8201003902-
K24W03D05).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sample Availability: Samples are available from the authors on request.
References
1.
2.
3.
Eggersdorfer, M.; Akobundu, U.; Bailey, R.L.; Shlisky, J.; Beaudreault, A.R.; Bergeron, G.; Blancato, R.B.; Blumberg, J.B.; Bourassa,
M.W.; Gomes, F.; et al. Hidden Hunger: Solutions for America’s Aging Populations. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1210. [CrossRef]
Bindraban, P.S.; Dimkpa, C.O.; Nagarajan, L.; Roy, A.; Rabbinge, R. Revisiting fertilisers and fertilisation strategies for improved
nutrient uptake by plants. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2015, 51, 897–911. [CrossRef]
Karimi, Z.; Pourakbar, L.; Feizi, H. Comparison effect of nano-iron chelate and iron chelate on growth parameters and antioxidant
enzymes activity of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.). Adv. Environ. Biol. 2014, 8, 916–930.
4.
5.
Finck, A. Fertilizers and Fertilization. Introduction and Practical Guide to Crop Fertilization; Varlag Chemie: Weinheim, Germany, 1982.
Gangloff, W.J.; Westfall, D.G.; Peterson, G.A.; Mortvedt, J.J. Mobility of Organic and Inorganic Zinc Fertilizers in Soils. Commun.
Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2006, 37, 199–209. [CrossRef]
6.
7.
Clemens, D.F.; Whitehurst, B.M.; Whitehurst, G.B. Chelates in agriculture. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems 1990, 25, 127–131. [CrossRef]
Shivay, Y.S.; Prasad, R.; Kaur, R.; Pal, M. Relative Efficiency of Zinc Sulphate and Chelated Zinc on Zinc Biofortification of Rice
Grains and Zinc Use-Efficiency in Basmati Rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Boil. Sci. 2015, 86, 973–984. [CrossRef]
Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 Laying down Rules on the Making Available on
the Market of EU Fertilising Products; European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2019.
8.
9.
Fuerhacker, M.; Lorbeer, G.; Haberl, R. Emission factors and sources of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid in waste water—A case
study. Chemosphere 2003, 52, 253–257. [CrossRef]
10. Sillanpää, M.; Rämö, J. Adsorption of metal–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelates onto lake sediment. Chemosphere 2001, 45,
11. Kołodyn´ska, D. Application of a new generation of complexing agents in removal of heavy metal ions from different wastes.
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 5939–5949. [CrossRef]
12. Pinto, I.S.S.; Neto, I.F.F.; Soares, H.M.V.M. Biodegradable chelating agents for industrial, domestic, and agricultural applications—
A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 11893–11906. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Klem-Marciniak, E.; Hoffmann, K.; Hoffmann, J. The aerobic biodegradation of EDDHA and EDDHSA in water under the static
test conditions. Desalination Water Treat. 2018, 134, 1–6. [CrossRef]
14. Bai, L.; Sun, W.; Huang, M.; Li, L.; Geng, C.; Liu, K.; Yan, D. Study on the Methods of Separation and Detection of Chelates. Crit.
Rev. Anal. Chem. 2019, 50, 78–89. [CrossRef]
15. Álvarez-Fernández, A.; Orera, I.; Abadía, J.; Abadia, A. Determination of synthetic ferric chelates used as fertilizers by liquid
chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry in agricultural matrices. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 18, 37–47. [CrossRef]
16. Álvarez-Fernández, A.; García-Marco, S.; Lucena, J.J. Evaluation of synthetic iron(III)-chelates (EDDHA/Fe3+, EDDHMA/Fe3+
and the novel EDDHSA/Fe3+) to correct iron chlorosis. Eur. J. Agron. 2005, 22, 119–130. [CrossRef]
17. Alvarez-Fernández, A.; Cremonini, M.A.; Sierra, M.A.; Placucci, G.; Lucena, J.J. Nature of impurities in fertilizers containing
EDDHMA/Fe(3+), EDDHSA/Fe(3+), and EDDCHA/Fe(3+) chelates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 50, 284–290. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. López-Rayo, S.; Nadal, P.; Lucena, J.J. Reactivity and effectiveness of traditional and novel ligands for multi-micronutrient
fertilization in a calcareous soil. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 752. [CrossRef]
19. Cantera, R.G.; Zamarreño, A.M.; García-Mina, J.M. Characterization of Commercial Iron Chelates and Their Behavior in an
Alkaline and Calcareous Soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7609–7615. [CrossRef]
20. Yunta, F.; García-Marco, S.; Lucena, J.J.; Gómez-Gallego, M.; Alcázar, R.; Sierra, M.A. Chelating Agents Related to Ethylenediamine
Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid (EDDHA): Synthesis, Characterization, and Equilibrium Studies of the Free Ligands and Their
Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+Chelates. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 5412–5421. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Hernández-Apaolaza, L.; García-Marco, S.; Nadal, P.; Lucena, J.J.; Sierra, M.A.; Gómez-Gallego, M.; Ramírez-López, P.; Escudero,
R. Structure and Fertilizer Properties of Byproducts Formed in the Synthesis of EDDHA. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4355–4363.
22. Apicella, P.; Cascone, S.; De Santis, F.; Lamberti, G. Iron Chelates: Production Processes and Reaction Evolution Analysis. Chem.
Eng. Commun. 2015, 203, 861–869. [CrossRef]