Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies of certain oxindole–indole conjugates as anticancer CDK inhibitors

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules25092031

On account of their overexpression in a wide range of human malignancies, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are among the most validated cancer targets, and their inhibition has been featured as a valuable strategy for anticancer drug discovery. In this study, a hybrid pharmacophore approach was adopted to develop two series of oxindole–indole conjugates (6a–i and 9a–f) and carbocycle–indole conjugates (11a,b) as efficient antitumor agents with potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. All oxindole–indole conjugates, except 6i, 9b, and 9c efficiently affected the growth of the human breast cancer MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 0.39 ± 0.05–21.40 ± 1.58 μM) and/or MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀: 1.03 ± 0.04–22.54 ± 1.67 μM) cell lines, whereas bioisosteric replacement of the oxindole nucleus with indane or tetralin rings (compounds 11a,b) diminished the anti-proliferative activity. In addition, hybrids 6e and 6f displayed effective cell cycle disturbance and proapoptotic capabilities in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the efficient anti-proliferative agents towards MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cell lines (6a–h, 9a, and 9e) were investigated for their potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. Hybrids 6a and 6e displayed good CDK4 inhibitory activity with IC₅₀s equal 1.82 and 1.26 μM, respectively. The molecular docking study revealed that oxindole moiety is implicated in two H-bonding interactions via both (NH) and (C=O) groups with the key amino acids Glu94 and Val96, respectively, whereas the indole framework is stably accommodated in a hydrophobic sub-pocket establishing hydrophobic interactions with the amino acid residues of Ile12, Val20, and Gln98 lining this sub-pocket. Collectively, these results highlighted hybrids 6a and 6e as good leads for further optimization as promising antitumor drugs toward breast malignancy and CDK inhibitors.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules25092031

molecules
Article
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In Silico Studies
of Certain Oxindole–Indole Conjugates as Anticancer
CDK Inhibitors
Tarfah Al-Warhi 1, Ahmed M. El Kerdawy 2,3 , Nada Aljaeed 1, Omnia E. Ismael 4,
Rezk R. Ayyad 5, Wagdy M. Eldehna 6,
* *
, Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz 7 and Ghada H. Al-Ansary 8,9,
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Riyadh 12271, Saudi Arabia; tarfah-w@hotmail.com (T.A.-W.); noaljaeed@pnu.edu.sa (N.A.)
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street,
Cairo 11562, Egypt; ahmed.elkerdawy@cu.edu.eg
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Newgiza,
km 22 Cairo–Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo 12577, Egypt
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City,
Cairo 11829, Egypt; omniaezzat@gmail.com
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
rezek_ayad@yahoo.com
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University,
Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
hatem_741@yahoo.com
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Program, Batterejee Medical College,
Jeddah 6231, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia,
Cairo 11566, Egypt
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
*
Correspondence: wagdy2000@gmail.com (W.M.E.); ghada.yassin@bmc.edu.sa (G.H.A.)
ꢀꢁꢂꢀꢃꢄꢅꢆꢇ
Academic Editor: Sandra Gemma
Received: 3 April 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020
ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢅꢆ
Abstract: On account of their overexpression in a wide range of human malignancies, cyclin-dependent
kinases (CDKs) are among the most validated cancer targets, and their inhibition has been featured as
a valuable strategy for anticancer drug discovery. In this study, a hybrid pharmacophore approach was
adopted to develop two series of oxindole–indole conjugates (6a–i and 9a–f) and carbocycle–indole
conjugates (11a
All oxindole–indole conjugates, except 6i
breast cancer MCF-7 (IC50: 0.39 0.05–21.40
1.67 M) cell lines, whereas bioisosteric replacement of the oxindole nucleus with indane or tetralin
rings (compounds 11a ) diminished the anti-proliferative activity. In addition, hybrids 6e and 6f
displayed effective cell cycle disturbance and proapoptotic capabilities in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore,
the efficient anti-proliferative agents towards MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cell lines (6a–h 9a, and 9e
were investigated for their potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. Hybrids 6a and 6e displayed
good CDK4 inhibitory activity with IC50s equal 1.82 and 1.26 M, respectively. The molecular docking
,
b) as efficient antitumor agents with potential inhibitory action toward CDK4.
9b, and 9c efficiently affected the growth of the human
1.58 M) and/or MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 1.03 0.04–22.54
,
±
±
µ
±
±
µ
,
b
,
)
µ
study revealed that oxindole moiety is implicated in two H-bonding interactions via both (NH) and
(C=O) groups with the key amino acids Glu94 and Val96, respectively, whereas the indole framework
is stably accommodated in a hydrophobic sub-pocket establishing hydrophobic interactions with
the amino acid residues of Ile12, Val20, and Gln98 lining this sub-pocket. Collectively, these results
highlighted hybrids 6a and 6e as good leads for further optimization as promising antitumor drugs
toward breast malignancy and CDK inhibitors.
Molecules 2020, 25, 2031; doi:10.3390/molecules25092031
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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Keywords: anti-proliferative activity; apoptosis; breast cancer; oxindole; CDK4 inhibitors
1. Introduction
Cancer is a serious health problem that is considered a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer
is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and differentiation mechanisms [ ]. Although it
started long ago, the search for effective and safer new antitumor drugs is yet an active research
topic [ ]. This is attributed to the systemic toxicity caused by the non-selective traditional cytotoxic
chemotherapies and their side effects, in addition to the resistance emerged toward them [ ]. On the
1
2
2
other hand, targeted therapies selectively target cancer cells or their supporting environment with
minimum effects on normal cells [3,4].
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are categorized as protein serine/threonine kinases that are
responsible for regulating the cell cycle through the complexation with regulatory proteins known as
“cyclins”. These complexes are responsible for the progression of the cell cycle through its different
phases [5,6]. This key role of CDKs in cell cycle progression makes them potential targets for cancer
treatment and makes their inhibitors promising for targeted chemotherapy [7–10].
CDK4 is a key CDK cell cycle regulator that is responsible for the progression from the G1 to
S phase through complexation with cyclin-D at the G1-phase [11
non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal carcinomas, melanomas, and breast cancer involve decreased
levels of endogenous CDK inhibitors, as well as CDK4 overexpression [13 14]. Moreover, CDK4
,12]. Several cancer types such as
,
cognate cyclin “cyclin D1” is commonly upregulated in several cancer types such as breast, lung,
bladder, and GIT cancers [15]. Therefore, CDK4 inhibition is featured as a potential strategy for targeted
treatment of several cancers through cell cycle arrest within the G1 phase [16]. Palbociclib, ribociclib,
and abemaciclib (Figure 1) are recently approved CDK4/6 inhibitors for advanced or metastatic breast
cancer treatment [17–19].
As a privileged scaffold, isatin (indole-2,3-dione) represents a leading and promising heterocyclic
nucleus that is endowed with a range of interesting biological properties, chiefly antitumor activities [20].
Upon FDA approval in 2006 of the anticancer drug sunitinib (Sutent®, Figure 1), a multikinase
oxindole-based inhibitor, for gastrointestinal stromal tumor as well as renal cell carcinoma [21],
the isatin nucleus was extensively utilized for the development of diverse effective small molecules
with efficient anticancer activities. In this vein, diverse oxindole-based derivatives were designed and
synthesized as potential inhibitors for several tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases such as CDKs [22],
FLT3 kinase [23], polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) [24], glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) [25], aurora B
kinase [26], p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 2 (RSK2) [27], and microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4
(MARK4) [28], to name just a few.
In the current medical era, the molecular hybridization strategy is being featured as a promising
drug design approach, particularly in anticancer drug discovery [29,30]. It is thought that conjugating
two or more pharmacophoric subunits from different biologically active molecules in the molecular
architecture of a single hybrid compound might reduce the risk of drug–drug interactions, overcome
the drug resistance, and enhance the biological activity via the potential interaction with two targets
as one single entity [31]. In this field, our research group has reported many studies concerning
the development of efficient oxindole-based anticancer hybrids (hybrids
exhibited different enzymatic and cellular targets such as apoptosis induction in different human
cancer cell lines [35 36], inhibition of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase IX isoform [37 38], in addition
to inhibition of tyrosine kinases [39,40].
Prompted by the above-mentioned findings, in this study we adopted a hybrid pharmacophore
approach to develop different series of oxindole/carbocycle–indole conjugates (6a–i 9a–f, and 11a b)
I–III [32–34], Figure 1) that
,
,
,
,
aiming to develop efficient antitumor agents with potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. First,
the privileged indole moiety was selected to be conjugated with the isatin scaffold to furnish the first

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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series (6a–i); thereafter, N-1 of the oxindole moiety was alkylated and benzylated to produce the second
set of target hybrids (9a–f) (Figure 1). Finally, a bioisosteric replacement approach was carried out by
replacing the oxindole moiety with another carbocyclic moieties, indane and tetralin rings, to yield the
third set (11a,b) with a view to investigating the significance of the oxindole moiety in achieving the
desired biological activities (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Chemical structures for the approved CDK4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, and
abemaciclib), approved oxindole-based anticancer drug (sunitinib), some reported oxindole-based
anticancer hybrids (I–III), and the target hybrids (6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b).
All the reported conjugates (6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b) were examined for their potential cytotoxic
activity towards MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines via SRB assay. Thereafter, hybrids 6e and
6f were further explored for their plausible influence on cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction
possibility in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. In addition, the most efficient anti-proliferative agents towards
MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cells (conjugates 6a–h, 9a, and 9e) were examined for their inhibitory
action toward CDK4, and then docked in the CDK4 binding site to justify their inhibitory action as
well as to explore their binding pattern.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
Preparation of targeted conjugates 6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b was performed according to the general
synthetic tracks as shown in Schemes 1–3. In the first scheme, esterification of 1H-indole-2-carboxylic
acid
ethyl 1H-indole-2-carboxylate
(N2H4 H2O) in boiling ethanol to produce the key intermediate 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide
Final target hybrids 6a–i were obtained via condensation of 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide
1
was performed through refluxing in absolute ethanol in the presence of thionyl chloride to produce
3
[
41], which was subsequently treated by hydrazine monohydrate
·
4
.
4
with
the appropriate unsubstituted (5a), 5-substituted (5b–h), and 5,7-disubstituted (5i) isatin derivative in
refluxing glacial acetic acid for four hours (Scheme 1).

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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Scheme 1. Synthesis of conjugates 6a–i; (i) SOCl2/reflux 6 h; (ii), (iii) 99% NH2NH2.H2O/ethanol/reflux
2 h; (iii) glacial acetic acid/reflux 4 h.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of conjugates 9a–f; (i) acetonitrile/K2CO3/reflux 4 h; (ii) 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide
4/glacial acetic acid/reflux 3 h.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of conjugates 11a, b; (i) glacial acetic acid/reflux 3 h.

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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In Scheme 2, N-substituted isatins 8a–f were prepared through N-alkylation of isatins 5a and 5c with
different alkyl halides 7a–e in boiling acetonitrile in the presence of K2CO3. Thereafter, the produced
N-substituted isatins 8a–f were condensed with the key intermediate 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide
refluxing glacial acetic acid in order to yield the target hybrids 9a–f (Scheme 2).
4 in
Lastly, treating the hydrazide
4 with 2-indanone 10a and 1-tetralone 10b in refluxing glacial acetic
acid afforded the final compounds 11a and 11b, respectively (Scheme 3).
The proposed structures for the target conjugates 6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b were in full accordance
with their spectral and elemental analyses data.
2.2. Biological Evaluation
2.2.1. Anti-Proliferative Activities towards Breast Cancer Cell Lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)
All the synthesized conjugates (6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b) were examined for the potential cytotoxic
activity towards breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, utilizing the protocol of
the sulforhodamine B colorimetric (SRB) assay [42]. With the aim of extracting a reasonable
structure–activity relationship (SAR), three series: 6, 9, and 11 were designed with diverse substituents
on C-5 and C-7 of the oxindole moiety; R and R1 in series 6a–i, and diverse substitutions on the N-1 of
the oxindole moiety; and R2 in series 9a–f, while the oxindole moiety was replaced by an indane and
tetralin rings in compounds 11a,b in order to explore the privilege of the oxindole moiety over other
pharmacophoric groups. The IC50 values for the tested conjugates were compared as an insight of
their anti-proliferative potency taking the clinically approved staurosporine as the positive control
anticancer drug (Table 1).
Table 1. Anti-proliferative activities for hybrids 6a–i
,
9a–f, and 11a
,
b
against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231
breast cancer cell lines.
IC50 (µM)a
Comp.
R1
R2
R
MCF-7
MDA-MB-231
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
6g
6h
6i
9a
9b
9c
9d
9e
9f
11a
H
F
Cl
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.12 ± 0.14
6.0 ± 0.32
15.10 ± 0.73
6.36 ± 0.29
9.48 ± 0.44
18.33 ± 0.71
22.54 ± 1.67
2.85 ± 0.9
7.19 ± 0.38
1.85 ± 0.07
NAb
2.72 ± 0.17
3.31 ± 0.11
0.39 ± 0.05
1.85 ± 0.08
5.07 ± 0.21
Br
CH3
OCH3
OCF3
NO2
CH3
H
H
H
H
H
Cl
-
-
-
21.40 ± 1.58
47.16 ± 3.02
5.50 ± 0.28
40.89 ± 3.17
67.51 ± 3.02
9.56 ± 0.61
3.70 ± 0.19
19.26 ± 0.65
84.70 ± 4.02
NAb
-CH3
-CH2CH2CH3
-CH2COOC2H5
-CH2C6H5
-CH2C6H4-4-F
-CH2CH2CH3
8.39 ± 0.27
18.50 ± 0.85
NAb
6.50 ± 0.39
1.03 ± 0.04
9.44 ± 0.35
NAb
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NAb
11b
Staurosporine
6.81 ± 0.22
10.29 ± 0.72
a
IC50 values reported as the mean
100 µM.
±
S.D. from 3 separate experiments, b NA: Hybrids possessing IC50 more than

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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Analyzing the obtained IC50 values for the tested hybrids toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells
revealed that most hybrids belonging to series
cell line with IC50 values spanning between 0.39
6
±
had excellent activity against the aforementioned
0.05 M and 6.00 0.32 M, with the exception of
3.02 M, respectively) bearing a strong electron
withdrawing 5-NO2 group and 5,7-dimethyl substitution on the oxindole moiety, respectively (Table 1).
The IC50 of the unsubstituted derivative 6a (IC50 = 3.12 0.14 M) revealed that it had double the
activity of staurosporine (IC50 = 6.81 0.22 M), which highlighted that this scaffold is a promising
one. The influence of grafting different groups on the oxindole moiety reflected that substitution
µ
±
µ
compounds 6h and 6i (IC50 = 21.4
±
1.58 and 47.16
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
with a halide was advantageous for the anti-proliferative activity in case of 5-chloro substituent in 6c
,
as it displayed slight potency enhancement compared to its unsubstituted analogue 6a (IC50 values
2.72
±
0.17
µ
M vs. 3.12
±
0.14
µ
M, respectively), while the 5-bromo derivative 6d (IC50 = 3.31
0.14
M) showed about half the activity in comparison to
±
0.11
µM), and
µM)
did not prove to be more effective than the unsubstituted derivative 6a (IC50 = 3.12
±
even the 5-fluoro derivative 6b (IC50 = 6.00
6a (IC50 = 3.12 ± 0.14 µM).
±
0.32 µ
Furthermore, C-5 monosubstitution of the oxindole motif with a methyl group in 6e (IC50 = 0.39
±
0.05
0.14
with this finding, compound 6f, bearing an electron-donating 5-OCH3 group, also exhibited excellent
anti-proliferative activity (IC50 = 1.85 0.08 M) with 1.7-fold efficacy enhancement as compared to 6a
(IC50 = 3.12 0.14 M). Unfortunately, compound 6g, which possesses a trifluoromethoxy group, did
µM) markedly boosted the activity 8-fold compared to the unsubstituted prototype 6a (IC50 = 3.12
±
µM), emphasizing that an electron donating group is advantageous for activity. In accordance
±
µ
±
µ
not exhibit superior anti-proliferative activity compared to 6a, yet it still proved to be more efficient
than the reference compound, staurosporine, with an IC50 value of 5.07 ± 0.21 µM.
On the other hand, the tested hybrids of series
9 did not show better cytotoxic action against the
MCF-7 cell line than their N-unsubstituted analogues 6a–i; (compounds 9a–e; IC50: 3.70
3.02 M vs. compound 6a; IC50 = 3.12 0.14 M) and (compound 9f; IC50 = 19.26
compound 6c; IC50 = 2.72 0.17 M), indicating that both N-alkylation and N-benzylation for the
±
0.19–67.51
±
µ
±
µ
±
0.65 M vs.
µ
±
µ
oxindole nucleus is not advantageous for the growth inhibitory action toward MCF-7 breast cancer cell
line. N-1 substitution of the oxindole moiety with a methyl group produced compound 9a, which
is slightly more potent toward the MCF-7 cell line compared to the reference staurosporine (IC50
5.50 0.28 M vs. 6.81 0.22 M, respectively). Alternatively, compound 9b, bearing an n-propyl
group, and 9c, possessing an ester group, showed very poor anti-proliferative action against MCF-7
cancer cells with IC50s equal to 40.89 3.17 M and 67.51 3.02 M, respectively. While compound
9d, bearing a benzyl ring, showed moderate anti-proliferative activity with an IC50 value of 9.56
=
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
±
0.61 µM, compound 9e, with a fluorobenzyl group, proved to be three-fold more potent compared to
its counterpart 9d with an unsubstituted benzyl group with an IC50 of 3.70 ± 0.19 µM, Table 1.
Moreover, the 5-chlorooxindole-based hybrid 9f, bearing an n-propyl group, displayed about
two-fold enhanced activity (IC50 = 19.26
±
0.65 µM) toward the MCF-7 cell line than its C-5 unsubstituted
counterpart 9b (IC50 = 40.89 3.17 M), highlighting that C-5 substitution may be beneficial for the
±
µ
growth inhibitory activity of the N-substituted oxindole-based hybrids against MCF-7 cells. Moreover,
it indicates that a chloro substitution at the oxindole C-5 is beneficial for activity, as also seen in
compound 6c.
Scrutinizing the IC50 profile for the tested hybrids against the MDA-MB-231 cell line unravels very
interesting results. All the compounds showed a narrower range of IC50 values against MDA-MB-231
as compared to their corresponding values toward the MCF-7 cell line. The IC50s were ranging
from 1.03
potent growth inhibitory action against TNBC, MDA-MB-231, with the exception of conjugates 6i
9c 11a, and 11b, which showed no activity toward the tested cell line. Regarding the IC50 values of
series 6a–i, the unsubstituted derivative, 6a, did not show superior activity to staurosporine (IC50
values 15.10 0.73 M vs. 10.29 0.72 M, respectively), whereas C-5 substitution of the oxindole
nucleus with a halide was suggested to be advantageous for the anti-proliferative action regarding the
±
0.04
µM to 22.54
±
1.67 µM, which proves that the examined conjugates exhibited more
,
,
±
µ
±
µ

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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fluoro substitution in 6b (IC50 = 6.36
±
0.29
µ
M), which is more potent than the reference compound
(IC50 = 10.29
staurosporine (IC50 values 9.48
afforded 6d (IC50 = 18.33 0.71
±
0.72
µ
M). Moreover, grafting a chloro group afforded 6c with comparable potency to
0.44 M vs. 10.29 0.72 M), while substitution with a bromo group
M), which is much less potent than staurosporine. This proves that
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
increasing the size of the halide group is detrimental for the cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231.
Unexpectedly, grafting a methyl group was not advantageous for the growth inhibitory action toward
breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in contrast to activity recorded against MCF-7, as the IC50 of 6e against
MDA-MB-231 was 22.54
grafting a stronger electron donating group, a methoxy group, boosted the activity of 6f (IC50 = 2.85
0.9 M) 3.6-fold as compared to staurosporine (IC50 = 10.29 0.72 M). In addition, substitution with
a trifluoromethoxy group imparted 6g, which is more potent than the reference drug (IC50 values 7.19
0.38 M vs. 10.29 0.72 M). Surprisingly, grafting a strong electron withdrawing group, a nitro
±
1.67 µM, which is almost half the potency of staurosporine. Fortunately,
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
±
µ
group, afforded 6h, which is 5.56-fold more potent compared to staurosporine (Table 1).
Regarding the antiproliferative action of series 9a–f against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, all the
tested conjugates displayed excellent to moderate activity except for 9c, which had no anti-proliferative
activity. N-substitution of the oxindole moiety with a methyl group afforded 9a, which is more potent
than staurosporine (IC50 values 8.39
to a propyl group afforded 9b which has a greater IC50 value (18.25
increasing the bulkiness of the alkyl group is unfavorable for the anti-proliferative activity. Conversely,
±
0.27
µ
M vs. 10.29
±
0.72
µ
M). Increasing the alkyl group
±
0.85 M), suggesting that
µ
substitution with a benzyl group afforded 9d, which exhibited good anti-proliferative activity in
comparison to staurosporine (IC50 values 6.50
±
0.39
µ
M vs. 10.29
±
0.72 µM). Replacement of the
benzyl ring with a fluorobenzyl group even boosted the activity ten-fold as compared to staurosporine
(IC50 values 1.03 ± 0.04 µM vs. 10.29 ± 0.72 µM).
Finally, bioisosteric replacement of the oxindole moiety with indane and tetralin carbocyclic rings
afforded carbocycle–indole conjugates (11a,b), which did not exert any significant anti-proliferative
action toward MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines (Table 1), emphasizing the importance of the
oxindole motif as a privileged pharmacophoric group for the desired anticancer activity.
2.2.2. Cell Cycle Analysis
Most of the cytotoxic agents wield their anti-proliferative effect by arresting the cell cycle at some
checkpoints. Cell cycle analysis employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells within the different cell
cycle phases. In this work we inspected the effect of two of the most potent compounds, 6e and 6f
on the cell cycle progression in order to explore the definite phase at which cell cycle arrest takes place
in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were treated by the IC50 of the two conjugates and
their impact on the cell population was recorded. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 6e and 6f resulted
in significant decline in the cell population at the G0/G1 phase with 19.23% and 22.19%, respectively,
compared to that of the control, which was 56.45% (Table 2, Figure 2). This was accompanied
by discernible escalation in the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase by 2.80- and 2.46-fold with
concomitant elevation in the sub-G1 phase by 17.8 and 16.25-fold, respectively, in comparison to the
control (DMSO). This obviously indicates that our compounds halted the cell cycle proliferation of
MCF-7 cells in the G0/G1 phase.
,
Table 2. Effect of compounds 6e and 6f on the cell cycle phases of MCF-7 cells.
Comp.
%G0–G1
%S
%G2/M
%Sub-G1
6e
6f
Control
19.23
22.19
56.45
14.81
19.29
27.45
41.47
36.26
14.73
24.49
22.26
1.37

Molecules 2020, 25, 2031
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Figure 2. Impact of conjugates 6e and 6f on the cell cycle phases of MCF-7 cells.
2.2.3. The Effect on the Apoptotic and Anti-Apoptotic Marker Levels
The influence of conjugates 6e and 6f on the expression levels of the distinguishable apoptotic
markers (Bax, caspase-3, and p53) and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was investigated to prove that our
tested compounds exert their antiproliferative activity by driving the cell to apoptosis. Auspiciously,
both conjugates evidently enhanced the level of the proapoptotic Bax protein by 8.5- and 7-fold,
respectively. Homogeneously, both conjugates were able to decrease the level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2
protein by 2.12-, and 1.7-fold, respectively (Table 3). As a more analytical variable, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio
was verified to be amplified by conjugates 6e and 6f, 18- and 12-fold, respectively. This further shows
that these compounds prompt apoptosis by considerably augmenting the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (Table 3,
Figure 3).
Table 3. Effect of conjugates 6e and 6f on the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in MCF-7 cancer cells.
Cpd.
Bax (pg/mg of Total Protein)
Bcl-2 (ng/mg of Total Protein)
Bax/Bcl-2
6e
6f
Control
325.3 ± 12.1
268.7 ± 9.5
38.3 ± 2.2
2.19 ± 0.10
2.73 ± 0.13
4.65 ± 0.23
148.5
98.6
8.2
20
15
10
5
0
6e
6f
6e
6f
6e
6f
6e
6f
Bax
Bax/Bcl-2 Caspase-3
p53
Figure 3. The extent of fold increase on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, in addition to expression levels of Bax,
caspase-3, and p53 in MCF-7 cells after treatment with compounds 6e and 6f, as compared to the control
(1% DMSO).
In addition, their influence on the level of caspase-3 and p53 was estimated in the MCF-7 cell line.
The results revealed that 6e and 6f boosted the expression level of caspase-3 by 11.45- and 10.1-fold,
respectively, in comparison to the control (Table 4, Figure 3). Moreover, they increased the level of
p53 by 17- and 13.3-fold, respectively, as compared to the control. These results indicate that our
compounds induce apoptosis, resulting in their anti-proliferative activity.

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Table 4. Effect of compounds 6e and 6f on the expression levels of active caspase-3 and p53 in MCF-7
cancer cells.
Cpd.
Caspase-3 (pg/mg)
p53 (pg/mg)
6e
6f
Control
411.70 ± 12.3
364.15 ± 14.8
35.92 ± 1.8
704.39 ± 32.8
547.60 ± 29.5
41.26 ± 2.7
2.2.4. Annexin V-FITC (Anx V) Apoptosis Assay
Anx V-based flow cytometry assay represents a helpful tactic for determining whether death of
cells is attributed to programmed apoptosis or to uncontrolled necrosis.
Since conjugates 6e and 6f showed the highest anticancer action toward the MCF-7 cell line,
both conjugates were selected to be tested for their effect on the cell cycle of the aforementioned cell
line. The results revealed a significant elevation in the percent of Anx V-FITC by 29.7% and 25.17%,
respectively (Figure 4), which parallels an increase for the entire apoptosis percentages by 33.75- and
28.60-fold, correspondingly, in comparison to the control (DMSO). This clearly verifies that cell death
resulting from the anti-proliferative action of the target hybrids was attributable to physiological
apoptosis and not to nonspecific necrosis.
Control
6e
6f
Figure 4. Influence of 6e and 6f on the percentage of annexin V-FITC-positive staining in MCF-7 cells.
2.2.5. CDK Inhibitory Activity
CDK4 Enzyme Assay
The most efficient anti-proliferative agents reported here towards MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231
cancer cell lines within both N-unsubstituted
6
and N-substituted
9
series (6a–h, 9a, and 9e) were
initially evaluated for their percent inhibition of CDK4 at a dose of 20
µM (Table 5). The inhibitory

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results obtained for CDK4 were variable for the tested compounds. Where compounds 6a (92%) and 6e
(93%) showed stunning inhibitory activities, the rest of the examined hybrids showed low to moderate
activity with percent inhibition spanning in the range of 12% to 46% (Table 5).
Table 5. Inhibitory effect of compounds 6a–h, 9a, and 9e on CDK4 at a single-dose of 20 µM, and IC50
values of the most potent compounds 6a and 6e.
CDK4
% Inhibition
Comp.
IC50 (µM)
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
6g
6h
92
33
28
43
93
14
19
46
20
12
99
1.82
-
-
-
1.26
-
-
-
9a
9e
-
-
Staurosporine
0.017
Accordingly, compounds 6a and 6e were further evaluated for their IC50 values against CDK4.
As presented in Table 5, both of the tested conjugates displayed good inhibitory activity toward CDK4
with IC50 values equal 1.82 and 1.26 µM, correspondingly.
Screening of CDK2 and CDK9 Inhibitory Activities
With the aim of screening and profiling the inhibitory activity for the target compounds toward
other CDK isoforms, compounds 6a–h, 9a, and 9e were screened for their potential inhibitory activities
against CDK2 and CDK9 isoforms. The ten compounds were tested for their single dose percent
inhibition (20 µM) (Table 6).
Table 6. Inhibitory effect of compounds 6a–h
,
9a, and 9e on CDK2 and CDK9 at a single-dose of 20
µM.
% Enzyme Inhibitory Activity
Comp.
CDK2
CDK9
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
6g
6h
78
48
57
85
68
50
14
67
41
5
20
7
11
32
18
8
4
10
13
9
9a
9e
Staurosporine
99
98
The presented results in Table 6 revealed that CDK9 was weakly inhibited by all the examined
compounds with percent inhibition range of 4%–32%, which proves that these compounds do not have
significant inhibitory activity against this isoform.
On the other hand, inhibition of CDK2 ranged from good to weak, with percent inhibition range
of 45%–85% (Table 6). In particular, 6a and 6d were the best developed CDK2 inhibitors here with
percent inhibition of 78% and 85%, respectively. In addition, compounds 6c, 6e, 6f, and 6h displayed
percent inhibition equal to or higher than 50% toward this isoform at a concentration of 20 µM.

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In conclusion, the results of inhibition of the three tested CDK isoforms (CDK2, 4, and 9) disclosed
the inability of the target compounds to inhibit CDK9 significantly, with concomitant good inhibitory
activities against CDK2 and CDK4. Accordingly, further optimization for the here reported oxindoles
considering their plausible dual CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitory actions are currently in development and
expected to be conveyed in the future.
2.3. CDK4 Molecular Docking Study and Structure–Activity Relationship
A protein data bank (PDB) search showed that there are not any CDK4 protein structures
co-crystalized with an inhibitor available (holoprotein). The available structures are apoprotein
structures for CDK4 in complex with cyclin D such as PDB ID 2W96, 2W9Z, 2W9F, and 2W99 [43].
On the other hand, there are more than two hundred crystal structures obtainable in the PDB for CDK2
that are co-crystalized with an inhibitor [44]. The overall homology between CDK2 and CDK4 is 45%,
suggesting that both proteins are folded in a similar fashion [45]. To define CDK4 kinase inhibitors’
binding site and to induce its bound state shape and topology, the CDK4 protein structure (PDB ID:
2W96) [43] was aligned to the CDK2 protein structure (PDB ID: 4FX3) co-crystalized with an oxindole
inhibitor. CDK2 protein was then deleted leaving behind the oxindole ligand in the CDK4 binding
site followed by energy minimization of the CDK4 protein structure. The final resulting structure
contained CDK4 protein bound to an oxindole inhibitor interacting with the key amino acids Glu94
and Val96 in the CDK4 binding site.
First, the molecular docking protocol was validated by performing self-docking for the added
oxindole ligand in the vicinity of the CDK4 binding site. The self-docking validation replicated the
binding pattern for the added ligand, efficiently demonstrating the aptness of the used setup for the
planned docking study, and this was confirmed by the low RMSD of 0.879 Å between the docked pose
and the added ligand (energy score (S) = −9.72 kcal/mol) (Figure 5).
(A)
(B)
Figure 5. (A) The 2D diagram for the docking pose of the oxindole ligand in CDK4 binding site; (B) 3D
illustration of the superimposition for the docking pose (green) and the added (red) oxindole ligand in
the CDK4 binding site (RMSD = 0.879 Å).
Compounds 6a–i showing promising cytotoxic as well as CDK4 inhibitory activity were docked in
the CDK4 binding site in order to justify their inhibitory action and investigate their binding patterns.
In general, hybrids 6a–i achieved similar binding patterns, where the oxindole framework was fitted
in the ATP adenine binding pocket like that of the added ligand in the hinge region. As observed in
Figures 6 and 7, the oxindole ring was engaged in hydrogen bond interactions via both (NH) and
(C=O) functional groups with the key Glu94 and Val96 amino acids, respectively, which indicates the
importance of the unsubstituted NH to be available for interaction with Glu94, which rationalizes

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the lower activity of series
9
with N-substituted derivatives. Moreover, the oxindole ring interacts
by its phenyl part through π–π stacking interaction with the side chain phenyl of Phe93 and through
hydrophobic interaction with the side chains of Phe93 and Ala157. A hydrophobic substituent with the
appropriate size on the oxindole ring 5-position could improve the binding affinity, which rationalizes
the promising activity of 6e with a 5-methyl substitution. Thus, derivatives in this series carrying
substituents with hydrophilic characters, 6b, 6f, and 6g, or bulky size, 6c, 6d, 6h, and 6i, showed lower
CDK4 inhibitory activity as reflected in their CDK4 inhibitory actions and docking scores (Tables 5
and 7).
The indole part of the target hybrids was fitted in a hydrophobic sub-pocket of CDK4 active
site and engaged in a hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic pocket depicted by the amino
acids Ile12, Val20, and Gln98 lining this sub-pocket (Figures 6 and 7, and for further details see
Supplementary Materials).
(A)
(B)
Figure 6.
(A
) The 2D diagram; (
B) 3D representation for hybrid 6a displaying its interaction with the
CDK4 binding site.
(A)
) The 2D diagram; (
(B)
Figure 7.
(A
B
) 3D representation for hybrid 6e displaying its interaction with the
CDK4 binding site.

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Table 7. Docking energy scores (S) in kcal/mol for the conjugates 6a–i and the added oxindole ligand in
the CDK4 binding site.
Comp.
Energy Score (S) kcal/mol
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
6g
6h
6i
−8.60
−8.43
−8.27
−7.83
−8.36
−7.62
−6.61
−7.65
−8.04
−9.72
Oxindole ligand
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemistry
3.1.1. General
Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded as KBr disks by the use of a Schimadzu FT-IR 8400S
spectrophotometer. NMR spectra were recorded on JEOL ECA-500 II (500/125 MHz) or Bruker
(400/100 MHz) NMR spectrophotometers using deuterated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d6). All coupling
constant (J) values were expressed in hertz. The used abbreviations are as following: s, singlet;
d, doublet; m, multiplet. Compound
3 [41], 8a–f [46,47], 4 [48], and 6a–d [49] were synthesized in
accordance with the literature procedures.
3.1.2. Preparation of Key Intermediate 1H-Indole-2-Carbohydrazide 4
An excess of 99% hydrazine monohydrate (3.7 mL, 75 mmol) was added to a hot solution of ethyl
indole-2-carboxylate (2.84 g, 15 mmol) in ethyl alcohol (25 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was
heated under reflux for two hours. Thereafter, it was cooled to r.t. and then poured over crushed ice.
The formed solid was filtered-off, washed with water (3 5 mL), and recrystallized from isopropyl
3
×
alcohol to produce the key intermediate 1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide 4.
3.1.3. Synthesis of Final Compounds 6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b
A solution of indole-2-carbohydrazide
4 (210 mg, 1.2 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (15 mL) was
treated with the appropriate isatin derivative 5a–i and 8a–f (1.2 mmol), or ketones 10a and 10b
(1.2 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for four hours then cooled to r.t. The obtained
precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to get a powder that was recrystallized from glacial
acetic acid to furnish the titled conjugates 6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b.
Details for the full characterization of the key intermediate (4) and the target hybrids (6a–i, 9a–f,
and 11a,b) are provided in the Supplementary Materials.
3.2. Biological Evaluation
Details for experimental protocols used in the diverse biological assays for the targeted hybrids
(6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b) are provided in the Supplementary Materials.
3.2.1. Anti-Proliferative Activities Against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Target compounds 6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b were tested for their potential anti-proliferative potency
toward two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) that obtained from American Type
Culture Collection. Cytotoxicity was assessed following the SRB colorimetric assay protocol [42],
as reported earlier [50,51].

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3.2.2. Cell Cycle Analysis
Flow cytometric analysis (FACS) was performed to assess the cell cycle distributions in MCF-7
breast cancer cells after treatment by hybrids 6e and 6f at their IC50 (0.39 and 1.85 µM, respectively),
by BD FACS Calibur flow cytometer, as described previously [36].
3.2.3. Apoptosis study
Assessment of the levels for the proapoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3, and p53) as well as the
antiapoptotic marker (Bcl-2) was carried out through the use of ELISA colorimetric kits in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions, as mentioned earlier [36]. In addition, the pro-apoptotic potential
of indoles 6e and 6f towards MCF-7 cells was evaluated through an FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection
kit by flow cytometry, in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol and referring to the reported
procedures [52].
3.2.4. CDK Kinase Inhibitory Activity
The in vitro CDK kinase inhibition assay was performed by Reaction Biology Corp. (PA, USA)
(http://www.reactionbiology.com) Kinase HotSpotSM service.
3.2.5. Molecular Modeling Study
Defining CDK4 Binding Site and Adjusting Its Shape and Topology
The CDK2 protein structure (PDB ID: 4FX3) co-crystalized with an oxindole inhibitor and the
CDK4 protein structure (PDB ID: 2W96) [43] were downloaded from the protein data bank. Protein
structures were aligned using their backbone α-carbons using the MatchMaker command available in
UCSF Chimera package 1.12 [53]. Then, the CDK2 protein was deleted, leaving behind the oxindole
ligand in CDK4 binding site. MOE 2010.10 software was used for energy minimization of the CDK4
protein structure containing the added oxindole ligand. These procedures yielded a final structure
containing CDK4 protein bound to an oxindole inhibitor interacting with the key amino acids in the
CDK4 binding site, Glu94 and Val96 (Figure 1).
Molecular Docking
For carrying out the molecular docking for the target hybrids in the CDK4 binding site, the following
procedures were adopted.
(A) Ligand preparation: The synthesized hybrids as well as the added oxindole ligand were
built as 3D structures using Discovery Studio Visualizer 2017R2 [54]. The OMEGA 3.0.0.1 program in
OpenEye package was used to generate optimal conformers to be used for docking pose prediction
using Pose mode [55,56].
(B) Protein preparation: The generated structure for CDK4 in step 3.2.5.1. with the added oxindole
inhibitor was used in this step. Using Discovery Studio Visualizer 2017R2 [54], the protein was prepared
for the docking study. The cyclin D chain, water molecules, and ligands that were not involved in
the binding were removed. The GUI module “MakeReceptor 3.2.0.2” from the “OEDocking 3.2.0.2”
program in OpenEye package was used for further protein preparation and to define the active site
and the docking box for molecular docking [57–60].
(C) Molecular docking: The HYBRID docking module of “OEDocking 3.2.0.2” program in OpenEye
package was utilized to carry out the molecular docking for the generated conformers of the herein
reported hybrids as well as the oxindole inhibitor in the CDK4 binding site using the Chemgauss4
scoring function [57–60].
First, the molecular docking protocol was validated by performing self-docking for the added
oxindole ligand in the CDK4 binding site, producing a docking pose with energy score (S) and RMSD
equal to 9.72 kcal/mol and 0.879Å, respectively. Then, this validated docking setup was adopted to
−

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investigate the ligand–target interactions in the CDK4 active site for the prepared hybrids to explore
their binding pattern and to justify their binding affinity. PoseView 1.1.2 was used to generate the 2D
figures of the ligand–target interactions [61–64], whereas UCSF Chimera package 1.12 was used to
generate the 3D molecular graphics of the ligand–target interactions [53].
4. Conclusions
The current study presents the development of two series of oxindole–indole hybrids (6a–i and
9a–f) and carbocycle–indole hybrids (11a,b) as efficient antitumor agents with potential inhibitory
action toward CDK4. All the prepared hybrids (6a–i, 9a–f, and 11a,b) were examined for the potential
cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and TNBC MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines via SRB assay.
The synthesized oxindole–indole conjugates, except 6i
the human breast cancer MCF-7 (IC50: 0.39 0.05–21.40
0.04–22.54 1.67) cell lines, whereas bioisosteric replacement of the oxindole motif with indane or
tetralin rings (conjugates 11a ) diminished the anti-proliferative activity, indicating the importance
,
9b and 9c, efficiently affected the growth of
±
±
1.58) and/or MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 1.03
±
±
,b
of the oxindole scaffold for the antitumor activity. Moreover, hybrids 6e and 6f triggered cell cycle
arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells as explicated by their capabilities to considerably boost
the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and to up-regulate the level of caspase-3 and p53. Furthermore, single dose
(20 µM) inhibitory activity of the most efficient anti-proliferative agents (6a–h, 9a and 9e) was initially
evaluated toward CDK4. Hybrids 6a and 6e showed the most potent inhibitory activity of 92% and
93%, respectively, whereas the rest of the examined hybrids showed low to moderate activity with
percent inhibition of 12%–46%. Thereafter, the IC50 values for hybrids 6a and 6e in CDK4 were
further determined and were found to be 1.82 and 1.26 µM, respectively. The molecular docking study
revealed that the oxindole moiety was engaged in two hydrogen bonding interactions via both (NH)
and (C=O) functionalities with the key amino acids Glu94 and Val96, respectively, rationalizing the
lower activity of series
9 with N-substituted derivatives. The oxindole ring interacted by its phenyl
part through stacking interactions with the side chain phenyl of Phe93 and through hydrophobic
π–π
interaction with the hydrophobic side chains of Phe93 and Ala157. In addition, the indole framework
was stably accommodated in a hydrophobic sub-pocket, establishing a hydrophobic interaction with
the hydrophobic side chains of amino acids Ile12, Val20, and Gln98 lining this sub-pocket. Finally,
compounds 6a–h, 9a, and 9e were screened for their potential inhibitory activities against CDK2 and
CDK9 isoforms. While CDK9 was weakly inhibited with percent inhibition range of 4%–32%, inhibition
of CDK2 ranged from good to weak, with percent inhibition range of 45%–85%. Collectively, these
results highlighted hybrids 6a and 6e as good leads for further optimization as promising antitumor
drugs toward breast malignancy and CDK inhibitors.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/9/2031/s1,
Figure S1-S7: 2D diagram for target hybrids 6b-d and 6f-i showing their interactions with the CDK4 binding site;
Experimental procedures for the biological assays; Characterization of intermediate (4) and the target hybrids
(6a–i, 9a–f and 11a, b); NMR Spectra and IR Spectra.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.M.E.K., R.A., W.M.E., H.A. and Ghada Al-Ansary; Data curation,
N.A., O.I. and G.H.A.; Formal analysis, N.A. and O.I.; Funding acquisition, T.A.-W.; Investigation, T.A.-W.
and R.A.; Methodology, A.M.E.K., N.A., O.I., W.M.E. and G.H.A.; Project administration, W.M.E.; Resources,
T.A.-W.; Software, A.M.E.K.; Supervision, H.A.; Writing—original draft, A.M.E.K., O.I., W.M.E. and G.H.A.;
Writing—review & editing, T.A.-W., R.A., W.M.E. and H.A. The manuscript was written through contributions of
all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
Funding: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint
Abdulrahman University for funding this work through the Research Groups Program Grant No. RGP-1440-0025.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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