the heavy-duty cycle (Figure S-2), although the changes were
not always found to be significant at the p e 0.05 level. Similar
reductions (64-70%) in SOF-associated mutagenic activity
with the OCC were found for both fuels, in large part due to
the combined effects of the OCC and the low levels of SOF
produced at this heavier load operating cycle. Unlike the
results from the light-duty cycle, mutagenic activity was
detected with all of the heavy-duty cycle vapor-phase (XOC)
samples (Figure S-2). Similar changes in activity (about 90%
reductions) were found with the D2 and biodiesel fuels when
the OCC was used.
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Literature Cited
Particle (SOF)-associated mutagenic activity was also
monitored in an earlier study comparing a RSME fuel and
petroleum diesel fuels varying in parameters such as sulfur
and aromatics contents (7). All tests were conducted without
OCCs or any other types of aftertreatment devices. The
results were generally similar to those found in this study
with the soy methyl ester biodiesel fuel. The mutagenic
activity with the RSME fuel was about half or more than that
of the low sulfur, petroleum diesel fuels on a mass basis
(
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1
9
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(
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. B. T. McClure, David Purcell, and the
technical staff of the USBM Diesel Technology Group for
their assistance with project planning and the engine test-
cell portion of this project. At MTU, the authors extend thanks
to Barbara Heard, Department of Mechanical Engineering-
Engineering Mechanics, who conducted portions of the
chemical analysis laboratory work, and Greg Kleinheinz,
Department of Biological Sciences, who assisted in conduct-
ing the mutagenicity analyses. Funding for this project was
provided by the USBM, the National Biodiesel Board (Jef-
ferson City, MO), the Agricultural Utilization Research
Institute (Marshall, MN), and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture-CSRS.
(
(
(
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terization and Application. M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota,
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(122), 33042-33142.
Five tables giving the engine specifications, fatty acid
distribution, HPLC method parameters, and the effects of
fuels, OCC, and engine operating conditions and two figures
showing the brake-specific emissions (9 pp) will appear
following these pages in the microfilm edition of this volume
of the journal. Photocopies of the Supporting Information
from this paper or microfiche (105 × 148 mm, 24× reduction,
negatives) may be obtained from Microforms Office, Ameri-
can Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., NW, Washington, DC
(
2
0036. Full bibliographic citation (journal, title of article,
(
23) International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Diesel and
Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes; World Health
Organization: Lyon, France, 1989; Vol. 46.
names of authors, inclusive pagination, volume number, and
issue number) and prepayment, check or money order for
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21.00 for photocopy ($23.00 foreign) or $12.00 for microfiche
$13.00 foreign), are required. Canadian residents should
add 7% GST. Supporting Information is also available via
(24) Gratz, L. D.; Bagley, S. T.; King, K. S.; Baumgard, K. J.; Leddy,
D. G.; Johnson, J. H. The Effect of a Ceramic Particulate Trap
1
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / VOL. 32, NO. 9, 1998