Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aromatic amide-substituted benzimidazole-derived chalcones. The effect of upregulating TP53 protein expression

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules25051162

A series of benzimidazole-derived chalcones containing aromatic amide substituent were designed and synthesized. All of the chalcone compounds were tested for their in vitro antitumor activity against human cancer cell lines (HCT116, HepG2, A549, and CRL-5908). The antiproliferative activity of compounds 3, 6, 9, 14, 15, 16 against HCT116 cells was significantly better than that that of 5-Fluorouracil (IC50: 94.63 μM). The antitumor activity of these compounds showed obvious differences between the wild type HCT116 and mutant HCT116 (TP53-/-) cells. A preliminary mechanistic study suggested that these compounds act by upregulating the expression of TP53 protein in tumor cells without inhibiting the MDM2-TP53 interaction.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules25051162

molecules
Article
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of
Aromatic Amide-Substituted Benzimidazole-Derived
Chalcones. The Effect of Upregulating TP53
Protein Expression
Lintao Wu 1 , Yuting Yang 2, Zhijun Wang 1, Xi Wu 1 , Feng Su 1 , Mengyao Li 1
,
Xiaobi Jing 3,
*
and Chun Han 1,
*
1
Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, China; ltwu@live.cn (L.W.);
czxywzj@163.com (Z.W.); wuxi040252768@163.com (X.W.); sufeng1788@126.com (F.S.);
lmysummer@126.com (M.L.)
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; yutyang@umich.edu
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
Correspondence: xbjing@yzu.edu.cn (X.J.); coldspringfibre@126.com (C.H.)
2
3
*
ꢀꢁꢂꢀꢃꢄꢅꢆꢇ
ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢅꢆ
Received: 10 February 2020; Accepted: 29 February 2020; Published: 5 March 2020
Abstract: A series of benzimidazole-derived chalcones containing aromatic amide substituent were
designed and synthesized. All of the chalcone compounds were tested for their in vitro antitumor
activity against human cancer cell lines (HCT116, HepG2, A549, and CRL-5908). The antiproliferative
activity of compounds
3,
6,
9,
14,
15
, 16 against HCT116 cells was significantly better than that that
of 5-Fluorouracil (IC50: 94.63
µ
M). The antitumor activity of these compounds showed obvious
differences between the wild type HCT116 and mutant HCT116 (TP53−/−) cells. A preliminary
mechanistic study suggested that these compounds act by upregulating the expression of TP53 protein
in tumor cells without inhibiting the MDM2-TP53 interaction.
Keywords: aromatic amide-substituted; chalcones; antiproliferative activities; TP53 protein;
upregulating
1. Introduction
Malignant neoplasms, or cancers, belong to a class of diseases associated with defects in the
regulatory loop that controls the dynamic stability of the intracellular environment (including
proliferation, differentiation, as well as cell migration and death) [1,2]. Although some progress
has been made in the treatment of cancers in the past few decades, cancers still have one of the highest
mortality rates worldwide.
With the advances in cancer research, scientists have found that the TP53 gene is among the tumor
suppressor genes that is most frequently associated with human tumors [3]. Its biological function
is to maintain the stability of the genome by regulating cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis [
4].
Mutations in the TP53 gene occur in about 50% of human cancers. However, in non-mutated tumors,
TP53 is inactivated by its inhibitors, such as MDM2, which block its transcription and lead to its
degradation [5]. It has been reported that when the TP53 gene is activated, tumors may be completely
cleared [6,7].
Since cancer-driver mutations like those of the TP53 gene are specifically selected during tumor
evolution, tumor cells are particularly sensitive to the increase in TP53 expression. Recently, a study
by Martins et al. on the recombination of TP53 in established tumors in mice have shown that TP53
is a highly potent inhibitor of tumor growth without causing further toxicity, which supports the
Molecules 2020, 25, 1162; doi:10.3390/molecules25051162
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

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activation of TP53 expression as a cancer treatment strategy [
8]. In recent years, great progress has
been made in targeting the MDM2-TP53 interaction to improve TP53 expression, and a series of
small-molecular inhibitors with good inhibitory effect on the MDM2 protein have been developed, such
as Nutlins [
Pyrrolidone [18,19].
In our previous work, benzimidazole group-containing chalcones were found to have good
antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo 20]. Moreover, the experimental results also revealed that the
9,10], Imidazol [11,12], Benzodiazepines [13,14], Spirooxindole [15,16], Isoquinolinones [17],
[
antitumor mechanism of these compounds is mediated through inhibition of the interaction between
TP53 and MDM2 [20].
It has been reported that the key protein-binding surface of MDM2-TP53 interaction is three
hydrophobic cavities [21]. Therefore, in this study, an aromatic ring was added in the way of amide
bond connection based on previous study, hoping to enhance the hydrophobicity of the compounds
and improve the binding ability to MDM2 protein.
Therefore, in this study, based on the previous research, the structure of these chalcones was
further modified, and a series of benzimidazole-derived chalcones containing aromatic substituent
groups were designed and synthesized. Measurement of their in vitro anti-proliferation activity against
several tumor cell lines revealed that they all have satisfactory anti-tumor activity. In addition, the
structure-activity relationship was preliminarily evaluated. The mechanism validation experimental
results showed that, with Nutlin-3a as a positive control, these compounds exerted their antitumor
activity by upregulating the expression of TP53 protein in tumor cells without inhibiting the
MDM2-TP53 interaction. These mechanism validation experimental results were further verified by
coimmunoprecipitation analysis and cell cycle analysis results.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
All the compounds were synthesized from commercially available o-phenylenediamine (Scheme 1).
First, o-phenylenediamine was condensed with lactic acid to obtain the intermediate 2-hydroxyethyl
benzimidazole, which was oxidized with an equal amount of chromium trioxide in acetic acid under
reflux, to obtain the intermediate 2-acetylbenzimidazole. Next, using sodium hydroxide as the base,
2-acetylbenzimidazole and multiple aromatic aldehydes were further condensed in ethanol and then
acidified to obtain benzimidazole-α, β-unsaturated ketones. The obtained chalcones were acetylated
and condensed with various arylamines in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to ultimately obtain the
target compounds.
Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: (
) terephthalaldehydic acid, 10% NaOH aqueous, ethanol, rt; (
Aromatic amine, 0–5 ◦C.
a
) lactic acid, 4 M HCl, reflux; (
b
) CrO3, acetic acid, 90–105 ◦C
) K2CO3, DMF,
(c
d) SOCl2, DMF, reflux; (e

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2.2. In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity and Structure-Activity Relationship
The in vitro antitumor activity of the 16 obtained target compounds was determined in human
colon cancer cell line HCT116, human liver cancer cell line HepG2, and human lung cancer cell lines
A549 and CRL-5908 using the MTT assay with 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and Nutlin-3a as positive
control drugs. The results, shown in Table 1, revealed that all the target compounds had a good
inhibitory effect on these four cancer cell lines. In fact, most compounds showed higher inhibitory
activity than the positive control drugs 5-fluorouracil and Nutlin-3a. Most compounds exhibited a
stronger antiproliferative activity against HCT116 cells. Furthermore, in this experiment, compared
with 5-fluorouracil, the antiproliferative activity of compound 6 against HCT116 cells was about
100-fold higher.
Table 1. The in vitro antiproliferative activities of the synthesized compounds a.
IC50(µM)
COMPOUND
A549
CRL-5908
HCT116
HepG2
1
2
3
4
>50
6.01 ± 0.77
14.41 ± 1.36
>50
24.96 ± 1.45
6.55 ± 0.93
9.82 ± 1.16
>50
>50
3.05 ± 2.64
1.56 ± 0.94
>50
>50
4.21 ± 0.14
8.75 ± 0.80
>50
5
6
7
8
1.91 ± 0.29
4.23 ± 0.78
4.44 ± 0.63
>50
29.15 ± 1.30
4.99 ± 0.52
5.71 ± 0.33
>50
2.269
2.017
1.34 ± 0.12
5.40 ± 1.13
>50
6.80 ± 0.29
24.11 ± 0.66
>50
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
25.34 ± 2.16
11.91 ± 0.24
1.63 ± 0.15
7.18 ± 3.73
>50
9.52 ± 0.44
>50
>50
>50
22.60 ± 1.34
13.29 ± 0.68
>50
8.72 ± 0.43
39.43 ± 1.23
10.11± 1.70
72.70
39.84 ± 1.75
12.66 ± 0.36
27.51 ± 1.48
9.60 ± 0.50
13.57 ± 0.76
9.50± 1.33
67.33
>50
4.51 ± 1.70
25.89 ± 1.52
>50
>50
1.87 ± 0.72
1.84 ± 1.57
1.99 ± 1.08
94.63
8.65 ± 0.55
7.59 ± 2.31
6.41 ± 1.65
76.73
16
5-FUOROURACIL
NUTLIN-3A
PACLITAXEL
49.53
0.062
52.70
0.043
37.81
0.037
60.21
0.020
a
The antitumor activity of each compound was tested by a MTT assay. The IC50 values are the mean values
calculated from three independent experiments.
Regarding the structure-activity relationship, the antitumor activity of all 16 derivatives was
meticulously analyzed. The results revealed that the antitumor activity of the derivatives substituted
at the 3-position (3, 6, 9, 12, 15) of the aromatic ring was higher than that of the same derivatives
substituted at the 2-position or 4-position or unsubstituted benzene ring. It should be noted that while
derivative 10 had a strong inhibitory activity towards HCT116 cells, it showed low activity towards
the other three tumor cell lines, indicating certain selectivity.
2.3. Cell Cycle Analysis
In order to gain a better insight into the antiproliferative mechanism of these compounds,
compounds 6 and 9, as well as the positive control drug Nutlin-3a, were selected for further evaluation
based on the in vitro antiproliferative activity results obtained with these compounds Figure 1.
Additionally, the changes in the cell cycle distribution of HCT116 cells were analyzed using flow
cytometry. The results showed that compound
a dose-dependent manner, and this ability was more potent than Nutlin-3a at the same concentration.
Meanwhile, compound also exhibits a certain G2/M blocking effect at high concentration. In addition,
we also found that compound showed an obvious ability to induce apoptosis especially at low
9 was able to block HCT116 cells in the G2/M phase in
6
9

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concentrations, which was superior to Nutlin-3a. Compound 6 also could induce apoptosis at high
concentrations. Therefore, both compounds and may exert their antiproliferative activity against
6
9
HCT116 cells through G2/M blocking and apoptosis induction, which were significantly higher
than Nutlin-3a.
Figure 1. G2/M phase arrest and the induction of apoptosis in HCT116 cells after treatment with
compounds 6, 9, and Nutlin-3a.
2.4. Western Blot Analysis
In order to investigate the mechanism of these compounds, we detected the protein expression in
HCT116 cells by Western blot analysis. As is all established, Nutlin-3a can activate the TP53 pathway
in cancer cells by inhibiting the interaction between TP53 and MDM2. Then we firstly detected the
protein-protein interaction between TP53 and MDM2 in HCT116 cells by Co-Immunoreaction after
treated with 25 µM of compounds 6 and 9. It can be seen from Figure 2a that compounds 6 and 9 did
not increase the expression of MDM2, suggesting that they had no effect on the interaction between
MDM2 and TP53.
Figure 2b shows that the expression of TP53, as well as its downstream protein p21 were
upregulated in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the protein level of cdc2 was decrease following
the treatment with 5 µM and 25 µM of compounds 6 and 9 for 72 h.
Taken together, these results compellingly indicated that these compounds could activated TP53
pathway without inhibiting the MDM2-TP53 interaction.

Molecules 2020, 25, 1162
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Figure 2. The activation of p53 pathway and p53 up regulation in HCT116 cells by compounds 6,
9 (western blotting).
2.5. In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity Against HCT116 (p53−/−
)
It has been reported that chalcone derivatives display antitumor effects by acting on TP53
protein-related pathways. In this study, the antitumor mechanism of the prepared chalcones was
preliminarily explored. In order to determine whether the in vitro antitumor activity of these
compounds depends on TP53, the selectivity for tumor cell lines with different genotype of compounds
3, 6, 9, 14, and 15, which have better antitumor activity against HCT116 cells, was evaluated against
HCT116 (TP53−/−) cells Table 2. The results showed that the inhibitory activity or the half maximal
inhibitory concentration (IC50) of these compounds against HCT116 (TP53−/−) cells was much lower
than that against wild-type HCT116 cells, which confirms that the antitumor effect of the target
compounds is TP53 dependent.
Table 2. The antiproliferative activities of selected compounds for HCT116 (p53/) cells.
IC50(µM)
Compound
HCT116 +/+
HCT116 −/−
3
6
9
14
15
1.56 ± 0.94
1.34 ± 0.12
1.63 ± 0.15
1.87 ± 0.72
1.84 ± 1.57
34.26 ± 0.33
49.70 ± 0.26
44.38 ± 1.57
39.26 ± 2.50
28.19 ± 1.07
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization
The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and 13C NMR spectra were recorded using
tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard in deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) or
deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), respectively, on a Bruker spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH,
Rheinstetten, Germany) at 500 MHz. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) spectra were recorded
on a Bruker compact
™ QTOF system (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). The melting points
(m.p.) were determined using an SRS-OptiMelt Automated Melting Point System (Stanford Research
Systems, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) without correction. Flash column chromatography was performed
with a silica gel (200–300 mesh) purchased from Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co. Ltd., (Qingdao,
Shandong, China).

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3.1.1. General Procedure for all Derivatives
Compounds
b–
e
were synthesized using our previously reported method [20].
4-(1-
benzimidazol-2-propene)benzoic acid (compound
e
, 1.50 g, 5.00 mmol), thionyl chloride (SOCl2,
18 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 0.50 mL) were added into a 100-mL round-bottom flask
for reflux. After conducting the reaction for 8 h, the reaction mixture was dried in a rotary evaporator
to obtain a layer of a brownish red solid. The next reaction was carried out directly, but adding
potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and DMF (18 mL). After the mixture was completely dissolved in an
ice bath, the substituted aromatic amines were added and the reaction was continued in the ice bath.
After conducting the reaction e for 4 h, the reaction mixture was dried in a rotary evaporator, and a
dichloromethane (20 mL) and methanol (10 mL) were added. Extraction was then performed with
distilled water. Then, the water phase was evaporated in the rotary evaporator to obtain the solid
product (1–16).
3.1.2. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-phenylbenzamide (1)
Following general procedure, compound
solid (yield 55%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3)
(d, J = 15.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.61–7.50 (m, 4H), 7.36–7.21 (m, 4H), 7.11–7.03 (m, 1H), 6.87
(d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H).; 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
179.61, 167.56, 143.42, 139.01,
e
was reacted with aniline to afford compound
1 as a yellow
δ
9.62 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93
δ
138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 136.67, 135.28, 129.03, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 124.90, 123.62, 123.32, 122.48, 118.49,
115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C23H17O3N2 + H]+, 368.1394; found, 368.1356.
3.1.3. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(o-tolyl)benzamide (2)
Following general procedure, compound
yellow solid (yield 46%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6)
Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.73–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.23 (dqd, J =
34.6, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 4H), 7.12–7.03 (m, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H).; 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
e
was reacted with o-toluidine to afford compound
2 as a
δ
9.32 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, J = 15.2
δ
179.61, 166.67, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 136.28, 135.28, 131.42, 129.83, 128.77, 128.08, 127.66,
126.22, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.12, 17.35. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N2 + H]+,
382.1550; found, 382.1531.
3.1.4. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(m-tolyl)benzamide (3)
Following general procedure, compound
e
was reacted with m-toluidine to afford compound
3 as a
white solid (yield 63%), m.p. 282.7–284 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
δ
9.72 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J =
7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.60–7.43 (m, 3H), 7.34–7.16 (m, 4H), 6.96
(dt, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR
Solvents) δ 179.61, 167.56, 143.42, 138.99, 138.79, 137.88, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 128.80, 128.08, 127.24,
126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 122.22, 120.66, 118.49, 115.12, 21.20. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N2 +
H]+, 382.1550; found, 382.1513.
3.1.5. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(p-tolyl)benzamide (4)
Following general procedure, compound
white solid (yield 59%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.60–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.3–.20 (m, 6H), 6.87 (d, J
= 15.2 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H).; 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
179.61, 167.56, 143.42,
e
was reacted with p-toluidine to afford compound
4 as a
δ
9.47 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 7.5
δ
139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 136.04, 135.28, 134.76, 129.33, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 120.53,
118.49, 115.12, 21.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N2 + H]+, 382.1550; found, 382.1497.

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3.1.6. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)benzamide (5)
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 2-chloroaniline to afford compound as a
bright yellow solid (yield 50%), m.p. 293.5–297.2 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
9.60 (s, 1H),
8.10–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.70–7.60 (m, 2H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 7.37 (s,
1H), 7.26 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
e
5
δ
δ
179.61, 166.67, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 134.89, 130.49, 128.77, 128.14, 127.85, 127.24,
126.06, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C23H16ClO3N2 + H]+, 402.1004; found,
402.0974.
3.1.7. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)benzamide (6)
Following general procedure, compound
e
was reacted with 3-chloroaniline to afford compound
6 as a
light yellow solid (yield 67%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
δ
9.74 (s, 1H), 8.09–7.95
(m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.69–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H),
7.35 (s, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR
Solvents) δ 179.61, 167.56, 143.42, 139.01, 138.72, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 133.77, 129.62, 128.77, 128.08,
126.05, 125.78, 123.62, 123.32, 121.90, 120.58, 118.49, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C23H16ClO3N2 +
H]+, 402.1004; found, 402.1050.
3.1.8. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)benzamide (7)
Following general procedure, compound
yellow solid (yield 60%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
2H), 7.92 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 2H), 7.74–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.56 (dd, J = 19.6, 2.7 Hz, 4H), 7.45–7.30 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d,
J = 10.9 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
179.61, 167.56, 143.42,
e
was reacted with 4-chloroaniline to afford compound
7 as a
δ
9.61 (s, 1H), 8.09–7.95 (m,
δ
139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 136.20, 135.28, 129.97, 128.98, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 123.04,
118.49, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C23H16ClO3N2 + H]+, 402.1004; found, 402.1100.
3.1.9. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide (8)
Following general procedure, compound
e
was reacted with 2-aminopyridine to afford compound
8 as
a gray solid (yield 43%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
δ
8.39 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H),
8.21 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.98–7.91 (m, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (td, J =
7.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.35–7.22 (m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz,
Common NMR Solvents)
δ 179.61, 167.48, 152.17, 147.92, 143.42, 139.72, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50,
135.28, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 119.04, 118.49, 115.88, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for
[C22H16O4N2 + H]+, 369.1346; found, 369.1317.
3.1.10. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (9)
Following general procedure, compound
e was reacted with 3-aminopyridine to afford compound 9 as
a light gray solid (yield 40%), m.p. 204.6–206 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 8.92 (d, J = 1.4 Hz,
1H), 8.30 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J
= 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (dt, J = 6.9, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.33–7.22 (m, 3H), 7.07 (d, J = 15.0
Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents) δ 179.61 (s, 1H), 167.56 (s, 2H), 147.61 (s, 2H),
143.38 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 3H), 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 133.22, 132.10, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05,
124.85, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C22H16O4N2 + H]+, 369.1346; found,
369.1327.
3.1.11. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamide (10)
Following general procedure, compound
as a gray solid (yield 40%), m.p. 288.5–290.2 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
2H), 8.13 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J = 14.1, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54
e
was reacted with 4-aminopyridine to afford compound 10
δ
8.50 (d, J = 7.4 Hz,

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(dt, J = 6.9, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (pd, J = 7.5, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz,
Common NMR Solvents) 179.61, 167.56, 153.12, 149.04, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28,
δ
128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.12, 113.77. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C22H16O4N2 +
H]+, 369.1346; found, 369.1317.
3.1.12. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzamide (11
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 2-methoxyaniline to afford compound 11
as a light yellow solid (yield 55%), m.p. 272.2–273.4 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
8.84 (s, 1H),
)
e
δ
8.02 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H),
7.54 (ddd, J = 6.7, 4.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (pd, J = 7.5, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (td, J = 7.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J
= 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (td, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (125
MHz, Common NMR Solvents) δ 179.61, 166.67, 149.93, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28,
128.77, 128.26, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 122.80, 121.32, 118.49, 115.12, 112.37, 56.78. HRMS (ESI)
m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N3 + H]+, 398.1499; found, 398.1464.
3.1.13. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzamide (12
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 3-methoxyaniline to afford compound 12
as a yellow solid (yield 59%), m.p. 281.7–283.6 ◦C 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
9.69 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d,
)
e
δ
J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (ddd, J = 7.1, 5.2, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.42
(dt, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (pd, J = 7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (t, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87
(d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (dt, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR
Solvents) δ 179.61, 167.56, 160.39, 143.42, 138.96, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 129.20, 128.77, 128.08,
126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.20, 110.44, 106.60, 56.03. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N3 +
H]+, 398.1499; found, 398.1479.
3.1.14. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide (13
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 4-methoxyaniline to afford compound 13
as a light yellow solid (yield 70%), m.p. 258.4–260.2 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
8.42 (s, 1H),
)
e
δ
8.02 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.57–7.46 (m, 4H), 7.26 (pd, J
= 7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (dd, J = 14.5, 11.4 Hz, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR
Solvents) δ 179.61, 167.56, 157.02, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 130.94, 128.77, 128.08,
126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 122.99, 118.49, 115.12, 114.47, 56.03. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C24H19O3N3 +
H]+, 398.1499; found, 398.1872.
3.1.15. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzamide (14
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 2-aminophenol to afford compound 14 as
a dark gray solid (yield 53%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
9.25 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H),
)
e
δ
8.17 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H),
7.56 (dd, J = 7.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J = 7.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dddd, J = 12.0, 8.9, 7.4, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 6.95
(ddd, J = 7.4, 3.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common
NMR Solvents)
δ 179.61, 166.67, 149.35, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 128.77, 128.08,
127.37, 126.97, 126.05, 124.11, 123.62, 123.32, 120.78, 118.49, 115.86, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for
[C23H17O3N3 + H]+, 384.1343; found, 384.1351.
3.1.16. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)benzamide (15
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 3-aminophenol to afford compound 15 as
a gray solid (yield 62%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
9.71 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 15.0
)
e
δ
Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.56 – 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.26 (ddd, J =
13.6, 8.1, 6.3 Hz, 3H), 7.17 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J = 11.3, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (dt, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz,

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1H), 5.80 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, Common NMR Solvents)
δ
179.61, 167.56, 158.31, 143.42, 139.01,
138.72, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28, 130.62, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 115.12, 113.52, 112.88,
108.15. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for [C23H17O3N3 + H]+, 384.1343; found, 384.1034.
3.1.17. (E)-4-(3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzamide (16
Following general procedure, compound was reacted with 4-aminophenol to afford compound 16 as
a gray solid (yield 51%), m.p. >300 ◦C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO)
8.42 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 15.2
)
e
δ
Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.57–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.26 (pd, J =
7.5, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J = 15.8, 11.3 Hz, 3H), 6.80 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (125
MHz, Common NMR Solvents) δ 179.61, 167.56, 156.56, 143.42, 139.01, 138.79, 137.69, 137.50, 135.28,
129.97, 128.77, 128.08, 126.05, 124.38, 123.62, 123.32, 118.49, 116.04, 115.12. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for
[C23H17O3N3 + H]+, 384.1343; found, 384.1372.
3.2. MTT Assay
The cellular growth inhibitory activities of the compounds were determined with MTT assays and
A549, CRL-5908, HCT116 (+/+), HCT116 (
Type Culture Collection, (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The cells were seeded at 5000 (100
−
/
−
), and HepG2 cell lines (purchased from the American
L)/well into a
µ
96-well plate. After culturing in growth media at 37 ◦C for 24 h, the test compound dissolved in 100 mL
of DMSO was added. The 5-Fuorouracil, Nutlin-3a, and Paclitaxel were used as the positive control
(purchased from MedChem express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). After 48 h of incubation, 20 mL
of MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added to each well, and the plates were incubated for 4 h at 37 ◦C
with 5% CO2. After removing the culture medium, 150 mL of DMSO was added. The concentration
of the compound that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC50) was calculated. The assays were repeated
in triplicate.
3.3. Cell Cycle Analysis
HCT116 cells (wild type p53) were seeded at 2
×
105 cells/well in 6-well plates and cultured for
48 h. Next, the cells were incubated with the test compounds for 48 h. The cells were then treated with
cold PBS (phosphate buffer saline). After harvest, the cells were fixed in 70% ice-cold ethanol overnight.
Subsequently, the cells were centrifuged (1200 rpm for 5 min), the supernatant was discarded and the
pellet was treated with RNase A (100 mg/mL) for 30 min at room temperature. The cells were stained
using propidium iodide at a final concentration of 50 mg/mL. The stained cells were then analysed for
cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry (BECKMAN, Atlanta, GA, USA), and the changes in the
cell cycle profiles was analysed using (CELL QUEST PRO, Franklin lake, NJ, USA)
3.4. Western Blotting
HCT116 cells (wild type p53) were treated with various concentrations of the indicated compound
for 48 h. Next, the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1000 g for 5 min. The cell pellets were
washed with PBS, resuspended in lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 0.02% NaN3, 0.01%
PMSF, 0.2% Aprotinin, and 1% TritonX-100, supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo
Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 10 min. The total protein concentration
was determined using the Bio-Rad protein assay. The proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and
transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. After blocking with 5% non-fat milk in blocking
buffer (PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5), the membrane was incubated with the indicated primary
antibody for 2 h at room temperature and then incubated with the appropriate peroxidase-conjugated
secondary antibody. The immunoreactive bands were visualised using the ECLTM Plus Western
Blotting Detection System (Piscataway, New Jersey, USA). Beta-actin was used as a loading control.

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4. Conclusions
In this study, a series of
α
,
β-unsaturated ketone derivatives containing a benzimidazole group and
an aromatic amide substituent were synthesized, and their biological activity was evaluated. All the
compounds had strong antiproliferative activity against A549, HepG2, CRL-5908, and HCT116 cells.
Among them, compounds 6 and 9 exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activity, which was much
stronger than that of the positive control drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil, and Nutlin-3a. The preliminary
structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the substituent groups at the 3-position of the
aromatic amides had a prominent effect on the activity of the compounds.
In order to further elucidate the antiproliferative mechanism of these compounds, the above two
compounds were evaluated in a series of mechanism validation experiments. The results of the cell
cycle analysis showed that these compounds, like the positive control drug Nutlin-3a, were able to
block HCT116 cells in the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot
analysis results showed that to achieve their antiproliferative activity, these compounds significantly
upregulated the expression of TP53 protein without inhibiting the MDM2 protein. The activity of these
compounds against HCT116 (TP53−/−) cells was much weaker than that against wild-type HCT116 cells.
These compounds were designed on the basis of our previous work, but their antitumor mechanism
are quite different. This result should be related to the addition of aromatic amide-substituted group.
This study achieved a very interesting result, which changed our future research direction. In the
future, we will further investigate the interactions between these compounds and p53, so as to further
clarify the specific mechanisms of these compounds, and lay the foundation for exploring a class of
leading compounds with clear mechanism and high anti-tumor activity.
In summary, these α, β-unsaturated ketone derivatives containing a benzimidazole group and an
aromatic amide substituent can clearly upregulate the expression of TP53 protein and have excellent
antiproliferative activity. They represent lead structures of novel antitumor drugs with great potential.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.W. and C.H.; methodology, X.J.; software, M.L.; validation, Z.W., X.W.
and F.S.; formal analysis, M.L.; investigation, L.W.; resources, C.H.; data curation, M.L.; writing—original draft
preparation, L.W.; writing—review and editing, Y.Y.; visualization, Y.Y.; supervision, Y.Y.; project administration,
X.J.; funding acquisition, L.W. and C.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (award Nos. 21907010
and 21402012); Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (award No. 201801D221082 and 201901D211465);
Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (award No. 2019L0913
and 2019L0900). Shanxi “1331 Project” Key Innovative Research Team.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1–16 are available from the authors.
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2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).