Catalytic hydrohydrazination of a wide range of alkenes with a simple Mn complex

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200460811

Enhanced activity, lower catalyst loading, shorter reaction times, and expanded substrate scope are the advantages of [Mn(dpm)₃] over Co catalysts in the hydrohydrazination reaction of alkenes (see scheme). Thus, sterically hindered alkenes, including tetrasubstituted alkenes, can now also readily undergo this reaction.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200460811

Angewandte
Chemie
Alkene Hydrazination
Catalytic Hydrohydrazination of a Wide Range of
Alkenes with a Simple Mn Complex**
JØrôme Waser and Erick M. Carreira*
Heterofunctionalization reactions of olefins are highly desir-
able processes as they convert readily available starting
materials into value-added building blocks for chemical
synthesis.[1–4] In this respect,the best illustration is the role
played by epoxides and diols in chemical synthesis which
arises from the availability of a plethora of epoxidation
reagents and catalysts[2,5,6] and advances in olefin dihydrox-
ylation.[7] However,despite the numerous processes for the
[*] J. Waser, Prof. Dr. E. M. Carreira
Laboratorium für Organische Chemie
ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H335
8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
Fax: (+41)1-632-1328
E-mail: carreira@org.chem.ethz.ch
[**] This research was supported by a Swiss National Science Founda-
tion Grant.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4099 –4102
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460811
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Communications
Table 1: Hydrohydrazination reactions of simple alkenes with [Mn(dpm)3]
(1).
introduction of oxygen functions,there are relatively few
methods available for the introduction of nitrogen-containing
functional groups.[8–13] We have recently reported a Co
complex[14] that mediates the conversion of simple olefins
into the corresponding hydrazides with azodicarboxylates as
the nitrogen source.[15] The hydrohydrazination reaction
complements existing methods that involve azodicarboxylates
to access hydrazine derivatives,[16–24] which are useful building
blocks and precursors to free amines.[25,26] In our continuing
interest in discovery and development of additional new
catalysts for such a process we have identified a simple MnIII
complex,namely [Mn(dpm) 3] (1),[27,28] which catalyzes the
reaction of azodicarboxylates and alkenes [Eq. (1)] (Boc =
tert-butoxycarbonyl) with much higher activity and larger
scope than the known Co catalysts we had previously studied.
The introduction of a new catalytic system that differs both in
metal and ligand to carry out the hydrohydrazination reaction
sets the stage for further investigations of the process,
including the development of its stereoselective counterpart.
In the earlier study involving the use of a Co catalyst for
olefin hydrohydrazination we noted that substrates such as
cyclohexene,crotyl alcohol,and tetrasubstituted alkenes were
not sufficiently reactive to lead to product formation in useful
yields; moreover,full conversion of the starting material was
observed only with PhSiH3 as reductant,even with the most
reactive substrates. We subsequently focused our efforts in
identifying improved conditions and catalysts,with particular
attention on enhanced reactivity in order to expand the scope.
Entry Alkene
Product[a]
Regioselectivity[b] Yield [%][c]
1
>20:1
5.5:1
9:1
94
94
87
2
3
4
>20:1
86
5
6
>20:1
88
90
1.8:1
[a] Major product shown. [b] With the Co catalyst, the regioselectivity was
generally higher than 20:1, except for entry 6 (3:1). [c] Standard con-
ditions: alkene (0.5 mmol), PhSiH3 (0.5 mmol), 3 (0.75 mmol), catalyst 1
(2 mol%), 2-propanol (2.5 mL), N2, 08C.
(2 mol%) together with PhSiH3 (1.0 equiv) and
di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (3; 1.5 equiv) are
employed at 08C in 2-propanol.[35] The adducts
are obtained for 1,2- along with 1,1-disubstituted
alkenes and a,b-unsaturated esters in 86–94%
yield (Table 1,entries 1–5),which is comparable
with the Co system (66–92%) but with shorter
reaction times (2–3 h at 08C instead of 5–20 h at
238C). Interestingly,crotyl alcohol (Table 1,
entry 6),which had proven to be a rather poor
substrate with the Co system (25% yield,3:1
mixture of regioisomers) furnished a 1.8:1 mix-
ture of the bis-N-Boc-protected 3- and 2-hydra-
zinobutan-1-ol in 90% combined yield.
The initial set of reactions described above
A broad-based study of numerous metal salts and com-
plexes led us to examine [Mn(dpm)3] (1).[29] This complex has
been studied in the hydration of a,b-unsaturated ketones and
esters to give a-hydroxyketones and -esters,respec-
tively,[27,28,30] as well as for epoxidation of alkenes,[31] reduction
of ketones,[32] and conjugate reduction of a,b-unsaturated
ketones.[33] Based on our speculations regarding the similar-
ities between the metal-catalyzed functionalization of alkenes
using oxygen and phenylsilane[27,28,34] and the hydrohydrazi-
nation reaction,we hypothesized that this complex could also
catalyze the reaction of alkenes and azodicarboxylates.
Indeed,as shown in Table 1,a selection of olefins that serve
well in the Co-catalyzed reactions (catalyst (5 mol%),PhSiH 3
(1.0 equiv),di- tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (1.5 equiv),etha-
nol,23 8C) also afford hydrazide adducts when [Mn(dpm)3]
proved revealing in a number of important ways: 1) wider
scope; 2) higher yields; and,perhaps most importantly,3) the
rate of product formation with 5 mol% of [Mn(dpm)3] (1) was
considerably higher (5 min,23 8C)[35] than that observed for
the Co catalyst (5 mol%,6–20 h,23 8C) under otherwise
identical conditions. These observations led us to reexamine
specifically other olefins that furnished lower yields in the
earlier study. Table 2 illustrates the hydrohydrazination
reaction of additional substrates for the Mn-catalyzed reac-
tion along with a head-to-head comparison with the results for
the Co-catalyzed reaction. Interestingly,for those cases that
had given products in 62–74% yield with the Co catalyst
(cyclopentene,norbornene,cyclooctene),the hydrazides
could now be isolated in > 94% yield and it was never
necessary to use more than 1.5 equivalents of di-tert-butyl
4100
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Chemie
Table 2: Hydrohydrazination reactions of more-challenging alkenes.
corresponding adducts can now be isolated in much higher
yields (72–90%). Only acrylonitrile proved recalcitrant to
improvement (44% with Co and 45% with Mn) (Table 2,
entry 7). Given the promising results,we decided to examine
the sterically most challenging substrates for heterofunction-
alization,namely tetrasubstituted olefins,which under Co
catalysis afford products in 10–16% yield. Remarkably,for
the tetrasubstituted alkenes examined (2,3-dimethyl-2-
butene,12,-dimethylcyclohexene,91,0-dehydrodecalin,and
3-methyl-2-phenyl-2-butene) the highly substituted hydro-
hydrazination adducts could be isolated in useful yields (51–
79%; Table 2,entries 8–11).
In the studies conducted to date,we have examined the
use of PhSiH3 as the reductant,because it had proven most
convenient and effective in the Co-catalyzed process. Given
the observation of unique reactivity for the Mn complex,we
proceeded to investigate whether this catalyst would permit
the use of other silanes. We were pleased to note that in the
hydrohydrazination reaction of 4-phenylbutene with
[Mn(dpm)3] (2 mol%) the hydrazide adduct is obtained
when using PMHS (poly(methylhydrosiloxane)),a consider-
ably less-expensive and more-stable silane,in 88% yield in
12 h at 238C,whereas the Co system showed less than 20%
conversion after 24 h when using this silane.
Entry
Alkene
Product
Yield [%]
Co[a] Mn[b]
1
66
98
2
3
4
62
74
24
95
94
90
5
6
7
16
66
22[c]
44[c]
72[c]
45[c]
In summary,with [Mn(dpm) ] (1) we have identified a
3
new catalyst class for the hydrohydrazination reaction of
alkenes. The salient features of this catalyst system are the
broad substrate scope of the process (to include tetrasubsti-
tuted alkenes),faster reaction rates (minutes),higher yields,
and the compatibility with the less-expensive PMHS reduc-
tant. In this expanded scope,the hydrohydrazination process
allows access to a wider range of structurally diverse building
blocks,which should find use for drug synthesis. The avail-
ability of another class of complexes that catalyzes this
process also offers several new avenues for the development
of versatile and improved transformations that may be
amenable to development into the corresponding asymmetric
transformations. Studies in this respect are ongoing and their
results will be reported as they become available.
8
9
16
18
78
79
10
10
74
Received: May 27,2004 [Z460811]
Keywords: alkenes · homogeneous catalysis · hydrazination ·
.
manganese · silanes
11
13[c]
51[c]
[a] Standard conditions: alkene (0.5 mmol), PhSiH3 (0.5 mmol), 3
(0.75 mmol), Co catalyst[14] (5 mol%), ethanol (2.5 mL), N2, 238C.
[b] Standard conditions: alkene (0.5 mmol), PhSiH3 (0.5 mmol), 3
(0.75 mmol), catalyst 1 (2 mol%), 2-propanol (2.5 mL), N2, 08C.
[c] Only one regioisomer was observed.
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4102
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