New route for synthesis of fluorescent SnO2 nanoparticles for selective sensing of Fe(III) in aqueous media

Article abstract of DOI:10.1166/jnn.2018.15025

A simple new route for synthesis of fluorescent SnO₂ and its application as an efficient sensing material for Fe³⁺ in aqueous media is reported. The fluorescent SnO₂ nanoparticles were obtained by oxidation of SnCl₂, which when used as reducing agent for the reduction of organic nitro compounds to corresponding amino compounds in ethanol. The SnO₂ nanoparticles have been characterized on the basis of powder-XRD, IR, UV-Vis, TEM, FESEM and EDX analysis and found that this material is highly fluorescent in aqueous media. Detail study revealed that this material functions as a selective probe for Fe³⁺ out of a large number of metal ions used. The oxygen vacancies (defects) generated on the surface of the SnO₂ during synthesis, are the source of emission due to recombination of electrons with the photo-excited hole in the valance bond. The quenching of emission intensity in presence of Fe³⁺ is due to the nonradiative recombination of electrons and holes at the surface. This material is used for estimation of Fe³⁺ in real samples such as drinking water, tap water and soil.

Full text of DOI:10.1166/jnn.2018.15025

Article
Journal of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Vol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018
Copyright © 2018 American Scientific Publishers
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
www.aspbs.com/jnn
New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO2
Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of
Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
∗
Gaurav Vyas, Anshu Kumar, Madhuri Bhatt, Shreya Bhatt, and Parimal Paul
Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
A simple new route for synthesis of fluorescent SnO and its application as an efficient sensing
2
3
+
material for Fe in aqueous media is reported. The fluorescent SnO nanoparticles were obtained
2
by oxidation of SnCl , which when used as reducing agent for the reduction of organic nitro com-
2
pounds to corresponding amino compounds in ethanol. The SnO nanoparticles have been char-
2
acterized on the basis of powder-XRD, IR, UV-Vis, TEM, FESEM and EDX analysis and found that
this material is highly fluorescent in aqueous media. Detail study revealed that this material func-
3
+
tions as a selective probe for Fe out of a large number of metal ions used. The oxygen vacancies
defects) generated on the surface of the SnO during synthesis, are the source of emission due
(
2
to recombination of electrons with the photo-excited hole in the valance bond. The quenching of
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 17:40:39
+
3
emission intensity in presence of Fe is due to the nonradiative recombination of electrons and
3
+
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
holes at the surface. This material is used for estimation of Fe in real samples such as drinking
Delivered by Ingenta
water, tap water and soil.
3
+
Keywords: Fe Sensor, Fluorescent SnO , Sensing in Aqueous Media, Emission Lifetime.
2
6
1
. INTRODUCTION
during respiration. Deficiency of iron affects the delivery
Commercially available SnO2 is not fluorescent; how-
ever SnO nanoparticles prepared by some special tech-
niques such as discharge, laser ablelation,
of oxygen to cells resulting in fatigue, anaemia, poor
work performance and low immunity.
hand, its excess amount can catalyse the production of
reactive oxygen species, which can damage biomolecules
(lipids, nucleic acids and proteins). Its toxicity is asso-
ciated with disorders like Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and
Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, detection of Fe , partic-
ularly in aqueous media, is highly desirable.
7
ꢀ8
On the other
2
1
2ꢀ3
4
sol–gel,
5
hydrothermal reaction and microwave irradiation, exhibit
fluorescence and it has been used for different studies.
Interestingly, we found that SnCl · 2H O used for the
9
2
2
1
0
3+
reduction of various nitro compounds, viz. p-nitro toluene,
3
-methyl-4-nitrophenol and tetranitro-calix[4]arene into
their corresponding amino derivatives, produce SnO2
For the analysis of Fe(III), a number of instrument
based analytical techniques are available. However, many
of these methods are not simple and suitable for quick
and onsite analysis, it also requires expensive instru-
ments, tedious sample preparation procedures and some-
times detection limit is also a constraint. A few alternative
nanoparticles (F-SnO ꢁ, which are well dispersed in
2
aqueous media and exhibit strong fluorescence. Thus a
comparatively easy method has been developed for the
preparation of fluorescent SnO . These SnO nanoparticles
2
2
have been characterized thoroughly and detail investiga-
tion on its sensing property towards metal ions revealed
methods have also been reported, among which colorimet-
3
+
11–13
that it functions as a probe for selective sensing of Fe in
aqueous media.
ric and fluorometric detection are most attractive.
In
these methods of detection, mainly designed organic com-
pounds have been used as chelate for selective binding of
Among transition metal ions, iron belongs to essen-
tial category and is associated with major metabolic path-
ways such as uptake and transport of oxygen to tissues
3
+
Fe in various solvents and the sensing event is monitored
1
1–16
optically by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
With recent development in nanotechnology, nanoparticles
are emerging as important colorimetric and fluorometric
∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
3954
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2018, Vol. 18, No. 6
1533-4880/2018/18/3954/006
doi:10.1166/jnn.2018.15025

Vyas et al.
New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
2
1
7–19
receptor for various metal ions.
However, in the case
3
+
of Fe , nanoparticle based sensors are not common,
recently there are some reports with quantum/carbon dots
attached with some organic sensing moiety.
of metal oxide based nanoparticles as sensing probe for
2
0–23
Examples
3
+
24
Fe is rarely reported. Herein we report preparation and
characterization of F-SnO and its application for sensing
2
of Fe3 in aqueous media. To the best of our knowledge,
+
no fluorescent SnO nanoparticles have been reported so
2
3
+
far for sensing of Fe .
2
. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2
+
Figure 1. The reduction reaction (nitro to amino), which oxidized Sn
2
.1. Materials and Methods
4
+
to Sn and generated fluorescent SnO2 is shown; (i) reaction condition
is SnCl ·2H O, Glacial acetic acid (1 ml), Ethanol, 24 hrs, 90–100 C.
Infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer spectrum
GX FT-system as KBr pellets. The UV/Vis and lumines-
cence spectra were recorded on a CARY 500 Varian spec-
trophotometer and model Fluorolog Horiba Jobin Yvon
spectrofluorimeter, respectively at room temperature.
The reagent stannous chloride of AR grade was pur-
chased from SRL and used as such. The compounds
ꢀ
2
2
Figure 1. The F-SnO nanoparticles were isolated in solid
state and were characterized on the basis of powder-XRD,
IR, UV-Vis, SEM, TEM and EDX analysis. The powder-
XRD pattern of the F-SnO nanoparticles, recorded after
drying the sample, is shown in Figure 2 (magenta colour)
and that after calcination at 500 C for 4 h is shown
in red colour in the same figure. It may be noted that
the peaks have not been changed after calcination sug-
gesting that the compound is stable at 500 C, up to
which it is tested. The peaks in the diffractogram of the
2
2
3
-methyl-4-nitrophenol was purchased from Spectrochem
ꢀ
and p-nitro toluene was purchased from SDFCL and used
as such. The starting compounds p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene
and calix[4]arene were synthesized as described in the
ꢀ
literature.25ꢀ26
F-SnO have been indexed to that of tetragonal SnO2
2
.2. Preparation of Fluorescent (F-SnO2)
2
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 17:40:39
(
JCPDS no. 98-001-6635, P42/mnm, a = b = 4ꢂ7360 Å,
Nanoparticles
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
c = 3ꢂ1855 Å). The diffraction peaks (110), (101) and
F-SnO nanoparticles were obtained during the synthe-
sis of amino derivatives from the corresponding nitro
compounds using SnCl as a reducing agent. In a typi-
cal experiment nitro compounds (3-methyl-4-nitrophenol,
2
Delivered by Ingenta
(
211) are clearly seen in the XRD profiles. The plane
distance of, F-SnO nanoparticles have an average lat-
2
2
tice plane separation of 0.33 nm in the [110] direc-
tion and analysis of TEM image (discussed below) has
p-nitro toluene and tetranitro-calix[4]arene) and SnCl ·
2
2
7
also shown similar value. The IR spectrum (Fig. 3) of
2
H O were taken in ethanol and then glacial acetic acid
2
−1
−1
F-SnO exhibits strong peaks at 568 cm and 668 cm ,
(
1 ml) was added as catalyst and the reaction mixture
2
which are assigned to Sn–O–Sn and Sn–OH for tetrag-
was heated under reflux for 24 h in dark (reaction ves-
sel was covered by aluminium foil). After reflux, the hot
solution was allowed to stand for 2–3 minutes for settling
down some suspended large sized particles. The solution
was then decanted separating the larger particles settled
at the bottom and allowed to cool to room temperature.
While cooling, corresponding amino compounds was pre-
cipitated, which was separated by filtration using sintered
2
8
onal cassiterite SnO2.
The high resolution transmis-
sion electron microscopic (HRTEM) and scanning electron
microscopic (SEM) images of F-SnO nanoparticles are
2
shown in Figure 4. The average size of the nanoparticles
crucible (G-3), which allowed fine SnO nanoparticles to
2
pass through the filter bed. The solvent of the filtrate
was then removed by rotary evaporation, the residue was
washed three times with ethanol to remove trace amount
of impurities if any, and then the mass was dispersed in
water and stored for further use. The amino compounds
were characterized and were used for some other purpose.
3
. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3
.1. Characterization of F-SnO Nanoparticles
2
The reduction reaction (nitro to amino), which oxidized
Figure 2. XRD profiles of the F-SnO nanoparticles (Magenta colour)
and the same after calcination at 500 C (red) are shown.
2
2
+
4+
ꢀ
Sn to Sn and generated fluorescent SnO is shown in
2
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018
3955

New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
Vyas et al.
2
Figure 3. FT-IR spectrum of F-SnO nanoparticles is shown.
Figure 5. UV-vis (blue) and luminescence (red) spectra of F-SnO dis-
2
2
persed in aqueous media with respective photographic images under UV
light (inserted) are shown.
calculated from the HRTEM image (Fig. 4(a)) is found
to be 3.0–5.0 nm. From the well-resolved lattice fringes
peak at 465 nm, which are consistent to the observations
3
ꢀ15
(
Fig. 4(b)), the calculated inter-planar distances is approx-
reported for other fluorescent SnO2.
imately 0.314 nm, which matched well with the (110)
plane spacing of the tetragonal cassiterite SnO structure
3.2. Application of F-SnO as Sensor for Metal Ions
2
2
and is consistent to the observation noted in the pow-
The sensing property of F-SnO towards various metal
ions was investigated by spectrofluorometric method. For
2
2
9ꢀ30
der XRD data.
The SEM image of F-SnO , shown in
2
Figure 4(c), exhibits porous nature of the structure and the
EDX analysis (Fig. 4(d)) confirmed the presence of tin.
The UV-Vis and luminescence spectra of the aqueous dis-
this purpose, the emission spectra of F-SnO in aque-
2
ous media were recorded with variation in concentration
of the nanoparticles and also incubation time after addi-
tion of metal ions to optimise the experimental condi-
tions Figure 6. From the experimental data, the optimum
persion of F-SnO were recorded and shown in Figure 5.
2
The absorption spectrum exhibits a weak shoulder around
3
00 nm and the luminescence spectrum exhibits a strong
parameters found are 1 mg of F-SnO in 1 mL water
2
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 17:40:39
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
Delivered by Ingenta
Figure 4. (a) TEM image of F-SnO , (b) same image with high resolution showing lattice plane (inserted), (c) FESEM image of F-SnO2 showing
2
porous structure and (d) EDX data confirming the presence of tin are shown.
3956
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018

Vyas et al.
New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
2
Figure 6. Plot of reaction time versus emission intensity after addition
3
+
of Fe is shown to optimise incubation time.
Figure 8. Luminescence spectral change for F-SnO is shown upon
2
3
+
addition of incremental amount of Fe (2 ꢄM to 1000 ꢄM of 2 ×
and 15 min incubation time. Subsequently all the exper-
iments were carried out under this optimized condition.
For the investigation of sensing property, the fluorescence
−4
0
3+
1
M). Inset: plot of F /F versus concentration of Fe showing the
0
linear relationship (2 ꢄM to 700 ꢄM).
fluorescence titration was carried out with addition of
spectra of F-SnO dispersed in water was recorded and the
2
3
+
increasing amount of Fe (2 ꢄM to 1000 ꢄM). The spec-
tral change and the plot of F /F versus concentration of
same upon addition of the perchlorate salts of the metal
2
+
2+
3+
2+
2+
2+
3+
+
ions such as Co , Ni , Cr , Ba , Cu , Mg , Li ,
0
3
+
2
+
+
2+
+
2+
2+
+2
Fe (inset) are shown in Figure 8. It may be noted that
Zn , Cs , Ca , K , Cd , Pb , Fe and Fe were
recoded. The spectral changes are shown in Figure 7(a),
the change in emission intensity at 465 nm (ꢃmax 400 nm)
in the form of a bar diagram and the corresponding colour
change under UV light is shown in Figure 7(b). It may
3
+
with increasing the amount of Fe added, the intensity
of the emission band is decreased and the linearity is
observed in the range 2 ꢄM to 700 ꢄM Figure 9, which
suggests that amount of Fe can be quantified if the con-
centration is within this range.
3
+
3
+
be noted that except Fe no other metal ions exhibited
any spectral as well as colour change under UV light.
To find out the concentration range, in which quenching
of emission intensity is linear as a function of the concen-
tration of metal ion added for its quantitative estimation,
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon,3 0. 39 . AE pmr i 2s s0 i 1o n8 1L 7i f: e4 - 0T : i3m9 e
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
F-SnO is a luminescent material and we were interested
2
Delivered by Ingenta
to investigate its emission life-time in absence and also
3
+
in presence of Fe . Figure 10 depicts the time resolved
emission decay curve for F-SnO dispersed in water, mea-
2
sured by the nanoLED-405 laser with excitation at 400 nm.
The decay curve could be fitted into biexponential, anal-
ysis, which resulted in emission life-times of 0.99 ns and
6
.62 ns. The fast decay component is due to the radiative
recombination process and slow part is from the defect
5
related emission. The emission decay was again recorded
3
+
upon addition of the perchlorate salt of Fe , the anal-
ysis of the decay curve (Fig. 10) also fitted with biex-
ponential pattern with life-times of 0.83 ns and 6.39 ns.
Figure 7. (a) Luminescence spectral change of F-SnO2 (1 mg in
−
3
1
(
000 ꢄL) after addition of 15 different metal ions (1 × 10
M),
b) bar diagram showing the change in emission intensity at 465 nm
(
ꢃmax 400 nm) after addition of different metal ions and photograph show-
3
+
,
ing no colour change under UV light for all metal ions, except Fe
which exhibited a distinct colour change.
Figure 9. Plot of F /F luminescence spectral as a function of micromo-
0
3
+
lar concentration of Fe (2–700 ꢄM) of F-SnO2.
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018
3957

New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
Vyas et al.
2
Table I. Experimentally obtained concentrations of Fe3 and that in the
+
spiked solutions functioned as unknown samples.
Found in samples
Spiked
By present
Samples
by ICP (ꢄM)
(ꢄM)
method (ꢄM)
Error (%)
a
S1
S2
T1
T2
D1
D2
180
230
–
–
–
–
–
95
390
170
470
177
240
83.8
388
163
507
1ꢂ6
4ꢂ3
11ꢂ8
0ꢂ5
4ꢂ1
7ꢂ8
a
b
b
c
c
–
a
b
c
Notes: Soil, tap water, drinking water.
Figure 10. Emission decay of aqueous dispersion of F-SnO in absence
(
2
data of the aqueous F-SnO containing known amount of
Fe . The amount of Fe was further confirmed by ICP
analysis (Table I). It may be noted that the ratio of the
red) and in presence of Fe+3 (blue) are shown.
2
3
+
3+
Slight decrease in emission life-time of F-SnO upon addi-
2
fluorescence intensity (F /F) was increased with increas-
tion of Fe(III) with different concentrations, is consistent
0
3
+
3
2
ing the concentration of Fe and the data fit well on a
to the observation noted by others.
straight line in the concentration range of 2 ꢄM to 700 ꢄM
(
Fig. 11). For drinking and tap water samples, measured
3
.4. Mechanism
3
+
amount of Fe (Table I) was added into the drinking
water (D) and tap water (T) and measured amount (1 mL)
of these solutions were added into the aqueous dispersion
of F-SnO and the fluorescence spectra of these solutions
were recorded. The amount of Fe in these solutions were
then determined by plotting the value of the ratio of fluo-
As mentioned earlier, bulk SnO is non-fluorescent, how-
ever some of the SnO nanoparticles prepared by methods
such as discharge, laser ablelation, sol–gel, hydrother-
mal and microwave irradiation are fluorescent, which is
due to defects generated during preparation.
vacancies in SnO are known to be the most common
defects and the origin of the emission can be assigned to
the photo excited hole in the valance bond.
2
2
1
2ꢀ3
4
5
2
3
+
3
3ꢀ34
Oxygen
2
rescence intensity (F /F) for each solution in the standard
0
plot shown in Figure 11 and the corresponding values of
3
5ꢀ36
After addi-
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 17:40:393+
the concentration of Fe were determined, as shown in
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
Figure 11. The amounts of Fe estimated are compared
3
+
tion of Fe , the quenching of emission intensity is associ-
ated with the nonradiative recombination of elect Dr o en l si v ae nr de d by Ingenta
3+
3
7ꢀ38
with the amount added and the data for all the samples are
shown in Table I and the results are satisfactory.
holes trapped at the surface of the particles.
ently, ionic size and charge of the metal ions play a crucial
role in the quenching process.
Appar-
3
.6. Comparison of the Method with
Some Recent Reports
3
.5. Application of the Method for
Real Sample Analysis
A comparison of the present study with that of some
3
+
3
+
recent literature reports on sensing of Fe using nano-
materials and quantum/carbon dots are summarized in
Table II. It may be noted that the lower limit detection
of the present study are comparable or better than many
F-SnO is used for quantitative determination of Fe in
soil, drinking water and tap water. Drinking water (D) and
tap water (T) samples were collected from this institute’s
2
3
+
campus and was tested for Fe using F-SnO with the
2
aid of fluorescence measurement. The experiment did not
show any change in fluorescence spectra, indicating the
3
+
absence of detectable amount of Fe , which is also con-
firmed by ICP analysis. Soil samples were collected from
this institute as well as from out of the institute i.e., Rajkot,
Gujarat. The test solution of the soil samples were pre-
pared by the following procedure. 5 gm of soil was added
into 100 mL of 0.5% H SO and stirred for 2 hours at
2
4
room temperature. Resultant solution was allowed to set-
tle down and then decanted and centrifuged at 11000 rpm
for 15 minutes and the supernatant solution was collected
(
S samples) for further analysis. The fluorescence spec-
tra of F-SnO upon addition of S samples (1 mL) were
2
Figure 11. Linear plot generated by stock solution of Fe(III) in aqueous
media. Values of the spike Fe(III) in drinking water (•) and tap water
(ꢀ) and without spike in soil (ꢁ) and the corresponding values of the
3
+
recorded. For quantitative determination of Fe in the
S samples, standard calibration curve (F /F vs. concentra-
0
3
+
3+
tion plot) of Fe was prepared from fluorescent spectral
concentration of Fe found is shown in Table 1.
3958
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018

Vyas et al.
New Route for Synthesis of Fluorescent SnO Nanoparticles for Selective Sensing of Fe(III) in Aqueous Media
2
Table II. Comparison of various parameters of the present study with
4
. V. S. Anitha, S. S. Lekshmy, and K. Joy, J. Alloys Compd. 675, 331
that of some other recent reports based on nanomaterials for sensing of
(2016).
3
+
.
Fe
5
6
. A. Kar, S. Kundu, and A. Patra, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 118 (2011).
. E. L. Que, D. W. Domaille, and C. J. Chang, Chem. Rev. 108, 1517
Sensing
LOD
(2008).
Measure mode
nanomaterial
(ꢄM) Medium
Ref.
[20]
7. A. Aroun, J. L. Zhong, R. M. Tyrrell, and C. Pourzand, Photochem.
Colorimetry/
Fluorimetry
Fluorimetry
Fluorimetry
Colorimetry
Fluorimetry
Fluorimetry
RBD-UCNPs
1ꢂ2 Aqueous
Photobiol. Sci. 11, 118 (2012).
8. S. Sen, S. Sarkar, B. Chattopadhyay, A. Moirangthem, A. Basu,
K. Dhara, and P. Chattopadhyay, Analyst 137, 3335 (2012).
9. J. Xu, M. D. Knutson, C. S. Carter, and C. Leeuwenburgh, PLoS
One 3, e2865 (2008).
10. V. Mahendran and J. Philip, Langmuir 29, 4252 (2013).
11. J. S. Kim and D. T. Quang, Chem. Rev. 107, 3780 (2007).
Graphene Qdot’s
TAZ-BTTC6 NPs
pHEA-1/2/3 @AuNP40
AGO
10
Aqueous
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
0ꢂ1 Aqueous
8
–
Aqueous
Aqueous
F-SnO2
2
Aqueous This work
12. S. K. Sahoo, D. Sharma, R. K. Bera, G. Crisponi, and J. F. Callan,
Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 7195 (2012).
1
3. H. Zhou, J. Wang, Y. Chen, W. Xi, Z. Zheng, D. Xu, Y. Cao, G. Liu,
W. Zhu, J. Wu, and Y. Tian, Dye. Pigment. 98, 1 (2013).
reported systems. The advantage of the present system is
that the preparation of sensing material (F-SnO ꢁ is com-
2
14. C. McDonagh, C. S. Burke, and B. D. MacCraith, Chem. Rev.
108, 400 (2008).
15. G. Zhang, B. Lu, Y. Wen, L. Lu, and J. Xu, Sensors Actuators, B
Chem. 171, 786 (2012).
paratively easy when a simple nitro compound such as
p-nitro toluene is used for this purpose and also the corre-
sponding amino compound thus obtained can be used for
16. L. Qiu, C. Zhu, H. Chen, M. Hu, W. He, and Z. Guo, Chem.
Commun. 50, 4631 (2014).
some other purpose. The F-SnO obtained by this type of
2
organic transformation is generally treats as waste material
but the present study demonstrated that it is a very useful
17. K. Saha, S. S. Agasti, C. Kim, X. Li, and V. M. Rotello, Chem. Rev.
112, 2739 (2012).
3
+
material for sensing of Fe in aqueous media.
18. C.-C. Huang and H.-T. Chang, Anal. Chem. 78, 8332 (2006).
9. J. S. Lee, M. S. Han, and C. A. Mirkin, Angew. Chemie-Int. Ed.
6, 4093 (2007).
20. Y. Ding, H. Zhu, X. Zhang, J.-J. Zhu, and C. Burda, Chem. Commun.
9, 7797 (2013).
1
4
4
. CONCLUSION
4
A simple method for the synthesis of fluorescent SnO2
21. F. Xu, H. Shi, X. He, K. Wang, D. He, L. Yan, X. Ye, J. Tang,
nanoparticles has been developed; otherwise it is difficult
J. Shangguan, and L. Luo, Analyst 140, 3925 (2015).
to prepare. The SnO thus formed during the reduction
2
22. J. Wang, X. Xu, L. Shi, and L. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
IP: 5.62.155.118 On: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 17:40:39
of nitro compounds used to treat as waste material; how-
5, 3392 (2013).
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
ever the present study demonstrated its applicat iDo en li av se r ae d b y2 3I .n gD e. nJ .t aP hillips, G.-L. Davies, and M. I. Gibson, J. Mater. Chem. B
3
+
3, 270 (2015).
material for selective sensing of Fe in aqueous media.
Detail study revealed that the defect of oxygen vacancies
2
2
4. L. He, J. Li, and J. H. Xin, Biosens. Bioelectron. 70, 69 (2015).
5. C. D. Gutsche and M. Iqbal, Organic Syntheses 68, 234 (1990).
on the surface of the F-SnO generated during synthesis
2
26. C. D. Gutsche, J. A. Levine, and P. K. Sujeeth, J. Org. Chem.
is the source of emission because of the recombination of
electrons with the photo-excited hole in the valance band.
After addition of Fe , the quenching in emission inten-
sity observed is due to the nonradiative recombination of
electrons and holes at the surface of the nanoparticles. The
50, 5802 (1985).
27. X. Xu, J. Zhuang, and X. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 12527
(2008).
8. A.-H. Lim, H.-W. Shim, S.-D. Seo, G.-H. Lee, K.-S. Park, and D.-W.
Kim, Nanoscale 4, 4694 (2012).
9. R. Liu, S. Yang, F. Wang, X. Lu, Z. Yang, and B. Ding, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 4, 1537 (2012).
0. Z. Zhu, Y. Bai, X. Liu, C. C. Chueh, S. Yang, and A. K. Y. Jen, Adv.
Mater. 28, 6478 (2016).
1. J. Xu, Y. Li, H. Huang, Y. Zhu, Z. Wang, Z. Xie, X. Wang, D. Chen,
and G. Shen, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 19086 (2011).
2. P. J. Goutam, D. K. Singh, and P. K. Iyer, J. Phys. Chem. C
116, 8196 (2012).
3
+
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
F-SnO thus obtained has also been used for analysis of
2
3
+
Fe in real samples and the results are satisfactory.
Acknowledgments: CSIR-CSMCRI publication No.
1
98. Financial support in the form of Network project
(
CSC 0134) from CSIR and fellowship from University
3. Y. C. Her, J. Y. Wu, Y. R. Lin, and S. Y. Tsai, Appl. Phys. Lett.
Grant Commission (AK) are gratefully acknowledged. We
thank G. R. Bhadu, Dr. D. N. Srivastava, J. C. Chaudhary,
Laiya Riddhi P. and V. Vakani for recording TEM, SEM
images, XRD data and IR spectra, respectively.
89, 87 (2006).
4. X. T. Zhou, J. G. Zhou, M. W. Murphy, J. Y. P. Ko, F. Heigl,
T. Regier, R. I. R. Blyth, and T. K. Sham, J. Chem. Phys.
128, 144703 (2008).
35. F. Gu, S. F. Wang, C. F. Song, M. K. Lü, Y. X. Qi, G. J. Zhou,
D. Xu, and D. R. Yuan, Chem. Phys. Lett. 372, 451 (2003).
36. F. Gu, S. F. Wang, M. K. Lü, G. J. Zhou, D. Xu, and D. R. Yuan,
J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8119 (2004).
37. H. Zhang, Y. Chen, M. Liang, L. Xu, S. Qi, H. Chen, and X. Chen,
Anal. Chem. 86, 9846 (2014).
38. M. Niu, F. Huang, L. Cui, P. Huang, Y. Yu, and Y. Wang, ACS Nano
4, 681 (2010).
References and Notes
1
. X. Liu, G. Zhou, S. W. Or, and Y. Sun, RSC Adv. 4, 51389 (2014).
. J. Hu, Y. Bando, Q. Liu, and D. Golberg, Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 493
2
(
2003).
. Z. W. Chen, J. K. L. Lai, and C. H. Shek, Phys. Lett. A 345, 391
2005).
3
(
Received: 9 March 2017. Accepted: 13 May 2017.
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 3954–3959, 2018
3959