INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY
787
6. Doull IJM, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST 1998 Growth of prepuber-
tal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclometha-
sone dipropionate. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:1715–
1719.
urine using a column-switching method. J Chromatogr 613:
43–49.
20. Packe GE, Douglas JD, McDonald AF, Robins SP, Reid DM
1992 Bone density in asthmatic patients taking high dose
inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and intermittent system-
atic corticosteroids. Thorax 47:414–417.
21. Boulet LP, Milot J, Gagnon L, Poubelle PE, Brown J 1999
Long-term influence of inhaled corticosteroids on bone metab-
olism and density. Are biological markers predictors of bone
loss? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:838–844.
22. Wong CA, Walsh LJ, Smith CJP, Wisniewski AF, Lewis SA,
Hubbard R, Cawte S, Green DJ, Pringle M, Tattersfield AE
2000 Inhaled corticosteroid use and bone-mineral density in
patients with asthma. Lancet 355:1399–1403.
23. Delmas PD, Stenner D, Wahner HW, Mann KG, Riggs BL
1983 Increase in serum bone ␥-carboxyglutamic acid protein
with aging in women. J Clin Invest 71:1316–1321.
24. Melton LJ III, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Riggs
BL 1997 Relationship of bone turnover to bone density and
fractures. J Bone Miner Res 12:1083–1091.
25. Price PA, Parthemore JG, Deftos LJ 1980 New biochemical
marker for bone metabolism. J Clin Invest 66:878–883.
26. Eastell R 1995 Management of corticosteroid-induced osteo-
porosis. UK Consensus Group Meeting on Osteoporosis. J In-
tern Med 237:439–447.
27. Canalis E 1996 Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone:
Implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 81:3441–3447.
28. Stepan JJ, Pospichal J, Presl J, Pacovsky V 1987 Bone loss and
biochemical indices of bone remodeling in surgically post-
menopausal women. Bone 8:279–284.
7. Kerstjens HAM, Postma DS, van Doormaal JJ, van Zanten
AK, Brand PL, Dekhuijzen PN, Koeter GH 1994 Effects of
short-term and long-term treatment with inhaled corticoste-
roids on bone metabolism in patients with airways obstruction.
Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax 49:652–656.
8. Ip M, Lam K, Yam L, Kung A, Ng M 1994 Decreased bone
mineral density in premenopausal asthmatic patients receiving
long-term inhaled steroids. Chest 105:1722–1727.
9. Herrala J, Puolijoki H, Impivaara O, Liippo K, Tala E, Niemi-
nen MM 1994 Bone mineral density in asthmatic women on
high-dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Bone 15:
621–623.
10. Nagasaka Y, Fujita E, Okawa K, Tanaka A, Nanbu Y, Toda A,
Nakajima S 1994 Effect of inhaled steroid on bone metabolism
in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Allergy 43:1398–1404.
11. Hanania NA, Chapman KR, Sturgridge WC, Szalai JP, Kesten
S 1995 Dose related decrease in bone density among asthmatic
patients with inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol
96:571–579.
12. Toogood JH, Baskerville JC, Markov AE, Hodsman AB, Fra-
her LJ, Jennings B, Haddad RG, Drost D 1995 Bone mineral
density and risk of fracture in patients receiving long-term
inhaled steroid therapy for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol
96:157–166.
13. Packe GE, Robb O, Robins SP, Reid DM, Douglas JG 1996
Bone density in asthmatic patients taking inhaled corticoste-
roids: Comparison of budesonide and beclomethasone dipro-
pionate. J R Coll Physicians Lond 30:128–132.
29. Manolagas SC, Jilka RL 1995 Bone marrow, cytokines, and
bone remodeling. N Engl J Med 332:305–311.
30. Hall GM, Daniels M, Doyle DV, Spector TD 1994 Effect of
hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid
arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis
Rheum 37:1499–1505.
31. Feldman D, Dziak R, Koehler R, Stern P 1975 Cytoplasmic
glucocorticoid binding proteins in bone cells. Endocrinology
96:29–36.
32. Tobias JH, Compston JE 1999 Does estrogen stimulate osteo-
blast function in postmenopausal women? Bone 24:121–124.
14. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr 1988 Age and bone
mass as predictors of fracture in prospective study. J Clin
Invest 81:1804–1809.
15. Falch JA, Sandvik L 1990 Perimenopausal appendicular bone
loss: A 10-year prospective study. Bone 11:425–428.
16. Soda M, Mizunuma H, Honjo S, Okano H, Ibuki Y, Igarashi M
1993 Pre- and postmenopausal bone mineral density of the
spine and proximal femur in Japanese women assessed by
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: A cross-sectional study.
J Bone Miner Res 8:183–189.
17. America Thoracic Society Committee on Diagnostic Standards
1962 Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis,
asthma, and pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 85:
763–768.
18. Hosoda K, Eguchi H, Nakamoto T, Kubota T, Honda H, Jindai
S, Hasegawa R, Kiyoki M, Yamaji T, Shiraki M 1992 Sand-
wich immunoassay for intact human osteocalcin. Clin Chem
38:2233–2238.
Address reprint requests to:
Soji Kasayama, M.D.
Department of Medicine III
Osaka University Medical School
2–2 Yamada-oka
Suita-city, Osaka 565–00871, Japan
19. Yoshimura Y, Ohnishi K, Hamamura M, Oda T, Sohda T 1993
Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic determi- Received in original form July 17, 2000; in revised form December
nation of hydroxy-lysyl pyridinoline and lysylpyridinoline in 7, 2000; accepted December 11, 2000.