RSC Advances
Paper
incubated at middle concentration were shown as represen-
tative pictures (Fig. 9c, data for other concentrations, and
pictures of IMR90 cells are not shown). Fig. 9 demonstrates
that TiO2 materials did not induce obvious cell death or
morphology changes.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the nancial support of Ministry of
Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (MOST 104-2113-M-
152-001-MY2 and MOST103-2320-B-038-006-MY2). We would
like to thank Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical
University (funding from Health and Welfare Surcharge of
Tobacco Products, MOHW105-TDU-B-212-134-001), Taiwan,
for grant support. We are also graceful to CPC Corporation for
instruments support.
In order to investigate the protection capacity of these TiO2
materials in human cells, the luciferase reporter assays were
performed. Stable non-cancerous 293T cells expressing
constructs containing promoter regions of pcDNA or ARE,
which can be activated under oxidative stress, or NFkB response
element, which can be activated during the inammatory
signaling pathway, with luciferase were applied in the luciferase
reporter assay. A positive control experiment was carried out by
using a low concentration of H2O2 (50 mM) to induce oxidative
stress or inammation signaling and activate luciferase activity.
We examined whether TiO2 materials provide protection
against oxidative stress in the ARE cells, while testing whether
TiO2 materials provide protection against inammation signals
in the NFkB cells. The results showed that H2O2-induced
luciferase activity was suppressed by most P25 series materials,
suggesting that the P25 series materials were capable of elimi-
nating H2O2-induced oxidative stress or inammation
(Fig. 10a). The TNR series materials were also investigated in the
assays, and the results showed that H2O2-induced luciferase
activity was suppressed by some of them at specic concentra-
tions, indicating that these materials were capable of reducing
inammation signals (Fig. 10b). Therefore the data suggest that
these TiO2 materials exhibit great potential for anti-oxidative
and anti-inammation applications.
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