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5-hydroxymethylfurfural. ACS Catal 7:2199–2212
and CDs could be easily reused after removed the EtOAc
and H2O. As shown in Fig. 6, the yield of HMF still retained
91.4% in EtOAc even the six recycles of the CDs catalyst,
confrming that the catalytic system was recyclable without
signifcant deactivation of CDs.
9. Chinnappan A, Jadhav AH, Kim H et al (2014) Ionic liquid
with metal complexes: an efcient catalyst for selective dehy-
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4 Conclusions
11. Zhang Z, Liu B, Zhao ZK (2012) Conversion of fructose into
5-HMF catalyzed by GeCl4 in DMSO and [Bmim]Cl system at
room temperature. Carbohyd Polym 88:891–895
In conclusion, nanosized CDs possessing abundant SO3H,
COOH, and OH groups were economically fabricated
through air oxidation of waste plastic bottles followed by
the sulfonation of H2SO4. Such nanomaterials as a novel
solid acid could well dispersed in [BMIM]Cl/ethanol sol-
vent to form a quasi-homogeneous catalytic state, that ena-
bled the high-yield production of HMF from fructose at
low-temperature. Easy separation of HMF was realized by
EtOAc extraction, and the CDs based catalytic system was
actually recyclable. This work provides new opportunities
for large-scale synthesis of HMF under mild conditions for
application on conversion biomass to biofuels.
12. Zhang J, Yu X, Zou F et al (2015) Room-temperature ionic liquid
system converting fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in high
efciency. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:3338–3345
13. Sun S, Zhao L, Yang J et al (2020) Eco-friendly synthesis of SO3
H-containing solid acid via mechanochemistry for the conversion
of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. ACS Sustain Chem
Eng 8:7059–7067
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5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by tungsten salts at low tem-
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Amberlyst 70, PO43-/niobic acid, or sulfuric acid catalysts. Appl
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Acknowledgements This project was funded by the fnancial support
from Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDB-SSW-JSC037), Ningbo
Science and Technology Bureau (2018B10056, 2019B10096), and
Fujian Institute of Innovation (FJCXY18020202).
17. Hafzi H, Najaf Chermahini A, Saraji M et al (2016) The catalytic
conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over acid-
functionalized KIT-6, an ordered mesoporous silica. Chem Eng J
294:380–388
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no competing fnancial in-
terests.
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bium oxide catalyzed 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation from
sugars. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:14225–14233
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ylfurfural over sulfated TiO2-SiO2, Ti-SBA-15, ZrO2, SiO2, and
activated carbon catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:5220–5225
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21. Wang J, Xu W, Ren J et al (2011) Efcient catalytic conversion
of fructose into hydroxymethylfurfural by a novel carbon-based
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