Patterned monolayers of neutral and charged functionalized manganese arene complexes on a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite surface

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200805760

Complex patterns: The arene manganese tricarbonyl complexes [Mn( 5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] and [Mn( 6-1,4-dioctyloxybenzene)(CO)3] BF4 form patterned monolayers on the surface of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), as a result of hydro

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200805760

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805760
Surface Structures
Patterned Monolayers of Neutral and Charged Functionalized
Manganese Arene Complexes on a Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite
Surface**
Sang Bok Kim, Robert D. Pike, Jason S. DꢀAcchioli, Brennan J. Walder, Gene B. Carpenter, and
Dwight A. Sweigart*
Controlling the assembly of 2D nanostructures at liquid–solid
interfaces is a subject of significant interest for the efficient
production of molecular devices, such as sensors and circuits.
Self-assembly or self-organization based on specific interac-
tions between molecules allows nanopatterning on a surface
and the concominant fabrication of nanoarchitectures.[1] 3D
crystal engineering aims to predict nanostructures from the
mere knowledge of the structure of the components. The most
common interactions are hydrogen bonding and metal–ligand
coordination to a nitrogen- or carboxylate-oxygen-based
ligand. The ligands utilized in 3D work are generally
inexpensive and have well-defined directionality and selec-
tivity characteristics. Extensive research on 3D crystal
engineering[2–4] may aid the understanding of 2D structures
on surfaces.
form ordered nanostructures on a highly ordered pyrolitic
graphite (HOPG) surface.[3] In both of these cases, the 2D
nanostructure depends on the directing ability of the metal
center and the structure of the carboxylate or pyridine
ligands.
Other STM studies of various kinds of metal complexes
have been carried out including {bis[(Cn)salicylidene]-
ethylenediaminato}nickel(II) on HOPG,[12] potassium-ion-
included dibenzo[18]crown-6 on Au,[13] trans-carbonylchlor-
obis(triphenylphosphino)rhodium(I) on Au,[14] Ni tetraphe-
nylporphyrin complexes on Au, perfluorinated cobalt phtha-
locyanine on Au,[6] oligonucleotide–Rh complexes on
HOPG,[15] dinuclear Ru complexes on Au(111),[16] organome-
tallic Au and Ir complexes on TiO2(110) and Si(111),[17] and
Cu–organic polyhedra (MOP) on HOPG.[18]
Scanning tunneling microscopy has been widely used as a
powerful tool for visualizing 2D structures of monolayers and
for studying surface features with submolecular resolution.
Although supramolecular chemistry involving hydrogen
bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and metal–ligand-bond
formation has been well studied in solution, this knowledge
can not be directly applied to 2D structures on surfaces.[5–10]
The 2D ordering is a compromise between the intermolecular
interactions and the minimization of the surface free energy.
The fabrication of metal–ligand nanostructures on surfaces
has been demonstrated, including copper–pyridyl and iron–
carboxylate coordination systems on a Cu(100) substrate.[11]
Metal complexes of pyridine derivatives have been shown to
To date, the fabrication of metal–ligand complex nano-
structures on surfaces have, to our knowledge, all involved
complexes that have carboxylates, nitrogen from amines or
pyridines, or oxygen from ethers and alcohols as the ligand
donor atoms. There have been no reports of 2D nanostructure
fabrication involving organometallic arene-bonded com-
plexes. Such systems are especially interesting because the
arene ligand is available to interact with the surface. In the
case of HOPG, the graphitic surface is likely to bind the
organometallic species through a p–p interaction.
Herein, we report the synthesis and crystal structure of
[Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] and demon-
strate its binding to a HOPG surface. Quinonoid complexes of
manganese tricarbonyl complexes have been studied exten-
sively. For example, [(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3] forms a 1D
polymer through hydrogen bonding.[19] Anionic [(h4-quino-
ne)Mn(CO)3]À binds to metals through the quinone oxygen
atoms to afford 1D, 2D, and 3D coordination polymers
(MOFs).[20] The fabrication of 2D structures on surfaces with
metal quinonoid complexes has, heretofore, not been
attempted. Although semiquinone manganese tricarbonyl
itself has very limited solubility, owing to intermolecular
hydrogen bonding, it can be rendered highly soluble in
organic solvents by functionalization of the arene with long-
chain alkyl substituents. An advantage of arene manganese
tricarbonyl complexes lies in the possibility of replacing one
of the carbonyl ligands with other functional ligands. Fur-
thermore, the arene itself can be functionalized,[21] which
means that the quinonoid manganese tricarbonyl system can
be elaborated into a variety of modified forms. Another
generic advantage of quinonoid manganese tricarbonyl com-
plexes is that the charge on the complex can be switched from
[*] S. B. Kim, Prof. G. B. Carpenter, Prof. D. A. Sweigart
Department of Chemistry, Brown University
Providence, RI 02912 (USA)
Fax: (+1)401-863-9046
E-mail: Dwight_Sweigart@Brown.edu
Prof. R. D. Pike
Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary
Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795 (USA)
Prof. J. S. D’Acchioli, B. J. Walder
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
Stevens Point, WI 54481 (USA)
[**] We are grateful to the donors of the Petroleum Fund, administered
by the American Chemical Society, and to the National Science
Foundation (CHE-0308640) for support of this research. It is a
pleasure to acknowledge Prof. Matthew Zimmt of Brown University
and his students, Yanhu Wei, Xiaoliang Wei, and Wenjun Tong for
help and discussions concerning the STM results.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200805760.
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positive to neutral and even to negative by sequential
deprotonation of the h6-arene complex, without affecting
the metal.[19] The construction of 2D structures by the use of
quinonoid organometallic complexes is expected to prove
generally possible, and not limited to manganese complexes.
In particular, the use of catalytically active metals, such as Ru
and Rh, to construct such systems should be possible.
Additionally, the general arene metal tricarbonyl complex
system can be neutral or positive, depending on the nature of
the metal center.[22]
Herein, we report the formation of 2D metal–organic
systems on a HOPG surface. In particular, [Mn(h5-2,5-
didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] has very strong inter-
molecular hydrogen bonding and also displays pronounced
alkyl chain interdigitation on the HOPG surface. To study a
positively charged arene metal complex on the surface, [(h6-
1,4-dioctyloxybenzene)Mn(CO)3][BF4] was synthesized and
its 2D structure on HOPG determined, with hydrophobic
interactions between the long carbon chains as well as an
electrostatic interaction between the positively charged com-
plex and counteranion.
molecule based on Mn2, both side chains are in a plane
roughly orthogonal to the ring plane. One chain starts in the
plane, but makes a twist of approximately 908 around the
bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms; the other
side chain is twisted mainly about the bond between the
oxygen atom and a ring carbon atom. The two differently
oriented molecules are linked into chains by strong hydrogen
bonds from hydroxy to the carbonyl oxygen of the semi-
quinone. The chains of SQMTC cores run along the a axis
direction and the side chains extend in both directions along
the c axis, thus forming a ribbon. Side chains from an adjacent
ribbon, related to the first by an inversion center between
them, interdigitate with those of the first. The consequence is
a layer of molecules held together by H bonds and “hydro-
phobic” interactions (Figure 1b). These layers stack together
more loosely in the b direction to form the 3D structure
(Figure 1c).
Figure 2a and b depict representative STM images of
[Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] adsorbed at
In the 3D crystalline state, [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-
semiquinone)(CO)3] contained two independent molecules,
both with a semiquinone manganese tricarbonyl (SQMTC)[21]
core and two dodecoxy substituents at the 2- and 5- positions.
In the molecule based on Mn1 (Figure 1a), one, all-trans,
hydrocarbon chain is nearly in the plane of the hydroquinone,
whereas the other chain is nearly orthogonal to the plane of
the ring, as a result of an approximately 908 twist about the
bond between the first and second carbon atoms. In the
Figure 2. STM image of [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3]
on HOPG (258C, ambient pressure) at Iset =100 pA and Vbias =1 V.
a) large-scale image (50ꢀ50 nm2); b) enlarged image (25ꢀ25 nm2).
The distance between the rowsꢀ25 ꢁ; c) X-ray single-crystal structure
of [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] on a and c axes. All
hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. C gray, Mn green, O red;
d) enlarged image (15ꢀ15 nm2). Center-to-center distance between
adjacent bright spots in a row=11.3Æ0.1 ꢁ. Inset: schematic diagram
of Mn atoms on the surface of HOPG.
the interface between HOPG and a solution of [Mn(h5-2,5-
didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] in phenyloctane. The
images clearly show that [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semi-
quinone)(CO)3] forms a 2D structure on HOPG. Whereas the
bright contrast indicates a large tunneling current through the
{(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3} moieties of the adsorbed mole-
cules, the hydrocarbon groups are dim. The distance between
Figure 1. a) X-ray single-crystal structure of [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-
semiquinone)(CO)3];. b) the spatial arrangement of the molecules in
the ac plane in the crystal; c) stacking of 2D layers along the b axis
direction.
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the rows was measured to be 25 Æ 1 ꢀ, which is close to that
found in the X-ray crystal structure for the intermolecular
distance between arene manganese carbonyl moieties in the
ac plane, 22.3 ꢀ (the length of the c axis in the unit cell;
Figure 2c).
It is reasonable that the distance between the rows
(bright) differ somewhat from the intermolecular distance
between the {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3} moieties along the
c axis in the crystal. On the HOPG surface, an additional p–p
interaction is expected, which is not present in the crystalline
state.
The center-to-center distance between bright spots within
the same row is 11.3 Æ 0.1 ꢀ (Figure 2d). This distance is in
agreement with the value of 11.5 ꢀ for the Mn–Mn distance
(Figure 1c) of every other (h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3 moiety
on the a axis of the crystal. The reason why the center-to-
center distance (11.3 Æ 0.1 ꢀ) between bright spots in the
STM image is almost the same as the Mn–Mn distance of
alternate {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3} moieties in the crystal
may be due to a difference in the height from the HOPG
surface of the adjacent {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3}. In the
crystal structure, the Mn of one {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3}
group is higher than the adjacent {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3}
group by roughly 2.4 ꢀ in an “up and down” sequence that
repeats along the a axis (Figure 1c). It seems likely that the
difference in the brightness in a row in the STM image is
closely related to the distance from the HOPG surface to the
Mn center of the {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3} moieties, and
that the periodicity (11.3 Æ 0.1 ꢀ) in the STM image (Fig-
ure 2d) is related to the “higher” {(h5-semiquino-
ne)Mn(CO)3} moieties rather than the “lower” ones. It is
likely that intermolecular hydrogen bonding is more impor-
tant than the p–p interaction between the organometallic
complex and the HOPG surface in the observed 2D surface
structure. The agreement between the value (11.3 Æ 0.1 ꢀ)
from the 2D structure on HOPG for the center-to-center
distance of the bright spots and the value (11.5 ꢀ) for the Mn–
Mn distance of alternating {(h5-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3} units
along the a axis in the 3D crystal structure indicates indirectly
that the hydrogen bonding interaction plays an important role
in the 2D organization.
Figure 3. STM image of [Mn(h6-1,4-dioctyloxybenzene)(CO)3][BF4] on
HOPG (258C, ambient pressure) at Iset =80 pA and Vbias =1 V:
a) large-scale image (41ꢀ41 nm2, constant current mode), b) enlarged
image (10ꢀ10 nm2, constant current mode), and c) STM image at
constant current mode (10ꢀ10 nm2) and enlarged image (5ꢀ5 nm2).
The center-to-center distance between adjacent [Mn(h6-1,4-
dioctyloxybenzene)(CO)3][BF4] complexesꢀ10 ꢁ. Inset: schematic dia-
gram of Mn ions (small) and BF4À counteranions (large) on the
surface of HOPG; d) crystal structure of [(h6-dimethoxybenzene)-
Mn(CO)3][BF4]. B pink, C gray, F cyan, H white, Mn blue, O red.
center distance between adjacent arene manganese tricar-
bonyl moieties within the same row is approximately 10 ꢀ.
À
Although the BF4 counterions could not be seen clearly
in the STM image, it can be assumed that BF4À anions play a
role in connecting each positively charged complex within the
same row by electrostatic interactions. To confirm that the
À
BF4 counteranions are located between the cationic com-
plexes, the crystal structure of the complex [(h6-
dimethoxybenzene)Mn(CO)3][BF4] was determined. The
À
BF4 counteranions are located between the cations and the
Two of the major interactions within the 2D structure of
[(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3] on HOPG
are intermolecular hydrogen bonding of semiquinone units
and van der Waals interactions between the alkyl chains and
the HOPG surface.[23] To reduce or remove these two factors,
[(h6-1,4-dioctyloxybenzene)Mn(CO)3][BF4] was synthesized.
This complex can not form hydrogen bonds and would have
weaker interactions between the alkyl chains and HOPG
than [(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)Mn(CO)3] does
because the length of the aliphatic tail is shortened from C12
to C8. In spite of the ionic charge and relatively short alkyl
chains, [(h6-1,4- dioctyloxybenzene)Mn(CO)3][BF4] was suf-
ficiently soluble in phenyloctane to allow a monolayered 2D
structure to form on HOPG (Figure 3). The distance between
the rows was measured to be approximately 15 ꢀ. The
lamellar width (roughly 15 ꢀ) fits well with the expected
length of the interdigitating C8 alkyl chains and the aromatic
units in accordance with the model used above. The center-to-
distance between Mn metals along the c axis is 10.9 ꢀ
(Figure 3d). The Mn–Mn distance in the crystal is compatible
with the center-to-center distance from the STM image
(Figure 3c).
In summary, we have shown that arene manganese
tricarbonyl complexes with alkyl chains form monolayered
2D structures on HOPG in two ways; 1) hydrogen bonding
and hydrophobic interaction and 2) electrostatic and hydro-
phobic interaction. In this manner, an ordered array of metal
atoms on the surface is attained. Present work is focused on
extending studies of 2D structures and modification of the
monolayer surface by replacing one of the three coordinated
carbonyl ligands with other species. The construction of 2D
structures by the use of organometallic arene complexes is
expected to prove to be generally possible and not limited to
manganese systems. The resultant 2D structure can be tuned
by variation of the alkyl chain length and the counterion, if
there is one. Correspondingly, this concept should apply to a
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Experimental Section
Measurements were carried out using a Nanoscope III scanning
tunneling microscope (Digital Instruments) operating under ambient
conditions at 188C. Images were collected at the liquid–solid interface
by adding 5–10 mL of solution to the freshly cleaved surface of highly
ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG, Advanced Ceramics, ZYB
Grade) immediately adjacent to the STM tip. Imaging commenced
within 5 min. The tip was prepared by cutting a 0.25 mm diameter
platinum/rhodium (87/13) wire (Omega).The specific tunneling con-
ditions are given in the Figure captions. The images were analyzed by
an external calibration with respect to the basal plane of HOPG (the
observed interatomic spacing was compared with the known values).
The overall error was then determined to be below Æ 5%. [Mn(h6-1,4-
dioctaoxybenzene)(CO)3][BF4] complex was dissolved in 1-phenyl-
octane (Aldrich) at below 0.1 mm concentration. The [Mn(h5-2,5-
didodecoxy-1,4-semiquinone)(CO)3] complex was first dissolved in
CH2Cl2 followed by dispersion in 1-phenyloctane (below 0.1 mm).
The CH2Cl2 was allowed to evaporate before STM imaging. STM
imaging was performed both at the constant height mode by changing
the tunneling parameters (voltage applied to the tip and the average
tunneling current) for [Mn(h5-2,5-didodecoxy-1,4-semiquino-
ne)(CO)3] and at the constant current mode for [Mn(h6-1,4-dioctyl-
oxybenzene (CO)3][BF4]. The relative separation at constant current
mode and the relative tunneling current at constant height mode
between STM tip and the surface are color-coded. At constant current
mode, yellow (bright) indicates topographically higher regions of the
monolayer (tip withdrawn from the surface) and black (dark)
corresponds to topographically lower regions. At constant height
mode, yellow indicates higher current generating regions of the
monolayer and black corresponds to lower current generating region.
CCDC 707879 and 707880 contain the supplementary crystallo-
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Keywords: arene ligands · manganese · monolayers ·
scanning probe microscopy · surface chemistry
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