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Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A —
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Effect of Vitamin D 3 on Cadmium Retention
by Laying Hens
B. Koréneková , A. Jacková , J. Kottferová , P. Siklenka , M. Skalická & M.
Korének
Published online: 05 Nov 2010.
To cite this article: B. Koréneková , A. Jacková , J. Kottferová , P. Siklenka , M. Skalická & M. Korének
(2002) Effect of Vitamin D 3 on Cadmium Retention by Laying Hens, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section
A — Animal Science, 52:2, 81-84, DOI: 10.1080/09064700212070
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Effect of Vitamin D on Cadmium
3
Retention by Laying Hens
1
,
Kor e´ nekov a´ , B., Jackov a´ , A., Kottferov a´ , J., Siklenka, P., Skalick a´ ,
M. and Kor e´ nek, M. (Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine,
Hlinkova 1/A, and University of Veterinary Medicine, Komensk e´ ho 73,
B. Kor e´ nekov a´ *,
1
2
A. Jackov a´ , J. Kottferov a´ ,
P. Siklenka , M. Skalick a´ and
1
1
2
0
40 00 Ko s· ice, Slovak Republic). Effect of vitamin D on cadmium
M. Kor e´ nek
1
3
retention by laying hens. Accepted December 22, 2002. Acta Agric.
Scand., Sect. A, Animal Sci. 52: 81–84, 2002. © 2002 Taylor &
Francis.
Research Institute of Veterinary
Medicine, Hlinkova 1:A and
University of Veterinary Medicine,
Komensk e´ ho 73, 040 00 Ko sÏ ice,
2
Slovak Republic
The effect of cadmium (Cd) and vitamin D on Cd retention in the
3
organism of laying hens was observed. Hens (n¾48) were divided
into eight groups with six animals per group as follows: experimental
groups 1, 3 and 5 were administered Cd (0.3, 0.6 and 6.0 mg CdCl
2
¼
1
kg
body weight, respectively) daily in water and groups 2, 4 and 6
were administered the same CdCl concentrations supplemented with
2
¼
1
vitamin D (100 IU hen ). C1 was a control group without any
3
supplements and C2 a control group supplemented only with vitamin
D . Samples of inner organs were analysed by atomic absorption
3
spectrophotometry after 6 months of Cd exposure. A signiŽ cant eleva-
tion in Cd levels, mainly in the liver and kidneys, was found. A
signiŽ cant decrease (P50.01) in Cd levels in the liver was recorded
¼
1
after the addition of 6.0 mg CdCl kg
body weight and vitamin D3,
2
in comparison with the group without vitamin D (18.76 vs. 10.33 mg
3
¼
1
kg ). A similar decrease in Cd levels in the kidney (P50.001) at the
same supplementation dose of Cd was obtained in comparison with
¼
1
the group without vitamin D (145.32 vs. 60.37 mg kg ). The results
3
conŽ rmed that vitamin D is able to reduce the Cd content in the
3
organism of laying hens. The main effect of vitamin D was demon-
3
strated by decreasing Cd retention in the liver and especially in the
kidneys.
Key words: cadmium, laying hens,
retention, vitamin D3.
Introduction
tion (Proulx, 1991). Cholecalciferol is subsequently
converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3]
in the liver by the action of the hydroxylase enzyme
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D ) is obtained by absorp-
tion from dietary sources or by the conversion of
3
2
5-hydroxylase and is then transported in the blood
7
-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol in the skin by
by binding proteins to the kidney for conversion to
the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-(OH) D by the
ultraviolet (UV) light in mammals, whereas in birds
the 7-dehydrocholesterol is contained in oil from the
preening gland, which is spread on the feathers. The
2
3
renal enzyme 1a-(OH) hydroxylase (Vaiano et al.,
994). The vitamin D metabolite attaches to receptors
1
7
-dehydrocholesterol on the feathers is subsequently
in the intestinal mucosal cells, which in turn induce
the production of calcium binding protein (calbindin
D28k in birds) by the mucosal cells (Kido et al., 1991).
Calcium binding protein can bind cadmium (Cd),
irradiated by UV light and converted to both prec-
holecalciferol and cholecalciferol before oral inges-
*
Corresponding author.
81

B. Kor e´ nekov a´ et al.
Table 1. Experimental design
Supplementation
Material and methods
Laying hens, 10 months old, a laying hybrid of Tetra
SL, were included in the experiment. Cadmium
¼
1
(CdCl ; Merck, Germany) at the deŽ ned doses and
CdCl2 (mg kg
body weight)
Vitamin D3
(IU)
2
¼
1
Group
vitamin D
3
(Galena, Czech Republic) 100 IU hen
,
in the form of solution, were administered daily in
water to the hens (Table 1). The biological trial lasted
for 6 months. The birds (n¾48) were divided into
eight groups with six animals per group. Group C1
did not have vitamin D3 added to the water and
group C2 was supplemented with vitamin D3
Hens were fed complete feed mixture for laying
hens (HYD-10), set as full-value feed for the whole
laying period (Table 2). The composition of the feed
was in accordance with Decree of the Ministry of
Agriculture of the Slovak Republic (Decree of MA
SR, No. 1497:2-100, 1997).
1
2
3
4
5
6
C1
C2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
6.0
6.0
–
–
100
–
100
–
100
–
100
–
Water, feed mixture and grit were provided ad
libitum. The experimental conditions complied with
the requirements for ethical standards of welfare and
animal treatment. The laying hens were kept on deep
litter and under favourable microclimatic conditions
for growing. At the end of the 6 month experimental
period, 16-month-old laying hens were bled by jugu-
lar section. Samples of muscles, bones, kidneys, liver
and heart were analysed on an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS) equipped with a graphite
furnace with background correction (Unicam Solar
lead or other ions instead of calcium (Akiyama et al.,
990; Dunn et al., 1995; Fullmer, 1995). Cd is a
1
highly toxic and carcinogenic environmental contami-
nant. It forms a serious hazard to animal health and
a threat to most forms of life (Braeckman et al., 1997;
Smith et al., 1994; Kleczkowski et al., 1995). This
chemical element accumulates preferentially in the
liver and kidney, affecting the metabolism of an
animal, where it may cause irreversible changes (Ro-
bards & Worsfold, 1991; Dobrzanski et al., 1996b;
Pigman et al., 1997). Long-term exposure to Cd in
animals results in hepatic and renal dysfunction,
acute renal failure, decreased glomerular Ž ltration
rate, enteropathy, endothelial damage and carcino-
genesis (Chishti & Rotkiewicz, 1993). In avian spe-
cies, Cd exposure causes kidney damage and reduces
the egg production of laying hens (Uderwood &
Suttle, 1999).
9
39) for the presence of Cd by the method of Ko-
courek (1992). The samples were ashed in a muf e
furnace at 450°C for 8 h and the reproducibility of
the method of Cd determination was tested by the
analysis of reference material (MBH Analysis, UK).
The operating parameters used were those recom-
mended by the instrument manufacturer for Cd
(
wavelength 228.8 nm, band pass 0.5 nm). The quan-
¼
1
The objectives of this study were to observe Cd
incorporation into the organs and tissues of laying
hens, and to obtain knowledge on the interactions
between the toxic effect of Cd and supplemented
tiŽ cation limit was 0.03 mg l
0
and the detection limit
¼
1
¼ 1
.01 mg l . The standard solution (1 000 mg kg
CdCl ; Merck, Germany) and 0.1 N HNO were used
2
3
to prepare the standard curve. The recovery methods
were 96–98% and reproducibility was better than
1.0%. Cd levels were expressed on wet weight. The
vitamin D in order to eliminate the negative conse-
3
quences of Cd exposure.
Table 2. Composition of complete feed mixture for laying hens (HYD-l0)
Feed composition
Minerals
Vitamins
A
¼
1
¼ 1
¼ 1
Crude protein
Metabolizable energy
Ash
Fibre
Lysine
Methionine»cystine
Methionine
Linoleic acid
l53.0 g kg
Zn
Ca
P
Na
Mn
Fe
Cu
60 mg kg
8000 IU kg
¼
1
¼ 1
¼ 1
11.5 MJ kg
28–45 g kg
D
E
3
l600 IU kg¼ 1
¼
1
¼ 1
160.0 g kg
5 g kg
10 mg kg
¼
1
¼ 1
¼ 1
60.0 g kg
1.2–2.5 g kg
B2
4 mg kg
¼
¼
¼
1
1
1
¼ 1
¼ 1
7.0 g kg
6.0 g kg
3.5 g kg
15.0 g kg
40 mg kg¼ 1
B
12
10 mg kg
40 mg kg
4 mg kg
¼ 1
¼
1
82

Vitamin D and cadmium retention by laying hens
3
¼
1
Table 3. Concentrations of cadmium in biological samples of laying hens (mg kg , original matter)
Group
n
Muscle
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Bone
1
2
3
4
5
6
C1
C2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.0590.02
0.0590.07
0.2390.14
0.1290.07
2.1090.74
1.5090.28
0.0290.02
0.0390.02
0.3090.06
0.2790.12
0.4890.10
0.4290.16
4.1990.93
3.8890.87
0.0290.03
0.0190.01
3.6591.47
2.7791.08
13.9394.10
9.2593.19
18.7692.25
10.3394.70**
0.5690.24
0.4390.06
13.9997.48
11.3595.09
46.95927.71
43.35913.52
415.32 928.48
60.37935.49***
0.8090.12
0.01090.011
0.02590.048
0.06590.023
0.03390.027
2.53290.767
2.69590.563
0.00390.002
0.00190.001
0.8790.10
For descriptions of groups and doses, see Table 1.
Data are means9SD.
*
** P50.001, ** P50.01.
results were statistically analysed (Microsoft Excel
.0) using Student’s t-test at signiŽ cance levels of
D and those without vitamin D . A similar effect of
3 3
7
vitamin D was observed in the heart.
3
P50.05, P50.01 and P50.001. Data are presented
as means and standard deviations.
The Cd content in internal organs (liver, kidney)
was signiŽ cantly increased when experimental groups
1
, 3 and 5 were compared with control group C1, and
in groups 2, 4 and 6 the Cd level was higher than in
C2, depending on the dose used. Vitamin D reduced
3
Results and discussion
the Cd content in the liver in group 6 compared with
¼
1
¼
1
group 5 (10.33 vs. 18.76 mg kg ). These results are
comparable to those of Rothe et al. (1992), who
observed a reduction in Cd that in poultry fed with
The Cd content in the feed HYD-10 (0.007 mg kg
)
¼
1
and in the water (0.001 mg l ) used in the experi-
ment and for watering varied below the limit value.
The limit value for complete feed mixture is 0.5 mg
dietary vitamin D3.
¼
1
The statistical analysis of Cd levels in the kidney in
kg
(Decree of MA SR, No. 1497:4-100, 1997). The
¼
1
¼
1
groups 5 and 6 (145.32 and 60.37 mg kg ) revealed
limit value for drinking water is 0.005 mg l (Decree
of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 242,
a positive effect of vitamin D in group 6 (P50.001).
3
The protective effect of vitamin D on Cd accumula-
1993). Therefore, there was no burden on the organ-
3
tion in the organism was more pronounced at higher
Cd concentrations in the liver and kidneys. Many
authors have reported an accumulation of Cd in
laying hens, mainly in the liver and kidneys (Pritzl &
Lie, 1974; Nezel and Vogt, 1997; Mayack et al.,
ism of the poultry by the excessive supply of Cd from
feed and water.
The Cd content in muscles of laying hens is shown
in Table 3. The control groups, C1 and C2, had
¼
1
average values of 0.02 and 0.03 mg kg , respec-
tively. These values were inside the permissible limit
allowed by Codex alimentarius of the Slovak Repub-
lic (1996) for Cd in muscles, internal organs and
1
981). Owing to the long-term chronic action of Cd
on poultry, a signiŽ cant elevation in Cd levels, mainly
in the liver and kidneys, was found in the present
study. Dobrzanski et al. (1996a), Bokori et al. (1995,
1996) also reported on the accumulation of Cd in the
internal organs of poultry. Zelenka & P o¨ schl (2000)
observed that the increase in Cd in the organism of
chickens was dependent on the source of Cd and age.
It has been experimentally proven that Cd-induced
changes in an animal take place as a result of disor-
ders of vitamin D metabolism, speciŽ cally by the
¼
1
kidneys (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg , respectively).
The results obtained showed that Cd levels in the
muscles were higher in groups 1, 3 and 5 than in
control group C1; also in groups 2, 4 and 6 compared
with group C2, which were dependent on the dose of
Cd used. The mean value of muscle Cd, 2.10 mg
¼
1,
kg
mg Cd kg
supplemented with vitamin D , than in group 5
was found in group 5. A lower value of 1.50
¼
1
was observed in group 6, which was
inhibition of vitamin 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the
3
3
(
Table 3). These results are comparable with those of
active form of vitamin D ) produced in the kidneys
3
Sharma & Street (1979), who had found in laying
(Adachi et al., 1994).
The results of this study conŽ rm that vitamin D3
reduces the Cd content in the body of laying hens.
¼
1
hens exposed to Cd (10 mg kg ) throughout 6
months, retention of Cd in the muscles ranged from
¼
1
0
.32 to 1.9 mg kg . The effect of vitamin D on Cd
The main effect of vitamin D was clearly demon-
3
3
retention in muscles did not reveal any signiŽ cant
difference between groups supplemented with vitamin
strated by a decrease in Cd accumulation in the liver
and especially in the kidneys. Based on the results of
83

B. Kor e´ nekov a´ et al.
this experiment as well as on data in the literature,
the existence of relations between Cd and vitamin D3
is conŽ rmed.
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