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| CAS No.: | 55-48-1 |
|---|---|
| Name: | Atropine sulfate |
| Molecular Structure: | |
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|
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| Formula: | 2(C17H23NO3).H2SO4 |
| Molecular Weight: | 387.454 |
| Synonyms: | atropinsal;Atropina Solfato;atropin sulfate;davurtrop;atropine sulphate;lio-atropin;Tropintran;atropette;atropisal;Atropinsulfat;eyesule;Ryuato;corbella; |
| EINECS: | 200-235-0 |
| Density: | 1.1172 (rough estimate) |
| Melting Point: | 189-192 °C (A)(lit.) |
| Boiling Point: | 806.7 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point: | 441.7 °C |
| Appearance: | White crystalline powder |
| Hazard Symbols: |
 T+
|
| Risk Codes: | 26/28 |
| Safety: | 23-45 |
| Transport Information: | UN 1544 6.1/PG 2 |
| PSA: | 182.52000 |
| LogP: | 4.16560 |
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History
Mandragora (mandrake) was described by Theophrastus in the fourth century B.C. for treatment of gout, wounds, and sleeplessness, and as a love potion. By the first century A.D. Dioscorides recognized wine of mandrake as an anaesthetic for treatment of pain or sleeplessness, to be given prior to surgery or cautery. Atropine sulfate anhydrous extracts from the Egyptian henbane were used by Cleopatra in the last century B.C. to dilate her pupils, in the hope that she would appear more alluring. In the Renaissance, women used the juice of the berries of Atropa belladonna to enlarge the pupils of their eyes, for cosmetic reasons; "bella donna" is Italian for "beautiful lady". The mydriatic effects of atropine were studied among others by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge (1795–1867). In 1831, the pharmacist Mein succeeded the pure crystalline isolation of atropine. In 1901, the substance was first synthesized by German chemist Richard Willstätter. Atropinic shock therapy is an old and rarely-used method. Atropinic shock treatment is considered safe with careful monitoring and preparation, but it entails prolonged coma and it has many unpleasant side-effects, such as blurred vision.
Specification
Atropine sulfate anhydrous(CAS NO.55-48-1) is also named as 1-alpha-H,5-alpha-H-Tropan-3-alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester), sulfate (2:1) salt; AI3-14072; Atropen; Atropette; Atropin siran; Atropin siran [Czech]; Atropine sulfate; Atropine sulfate (VAN); Atropine sulphate; Atropine sulphate (VAN); Atropine, sulfate (2:1); Atropinium sulfate; Atropisol; Corbella. Atropine sulfate is a tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade, jimsonweed , mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects and is a competitive antagonist for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Atropine sulfate anhydrous can be synthesized by the reaction of tropine with tropic acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid.Atropine is a racemic mixture of D-hyoscyamine and L-hyoscyamine, with most of its physiological effects due to L-hyoscyamine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is an antimuscarinic agent. Atropine sulfate anhydrous is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils.
Physical properties about Atropine sulfate anhydrous are: (1)ACD/LogP: 1.528; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -1.55; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -0.94; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1.00; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1.00; (8)#H bond acceptors: 4; (9)#H bond donors: 1; (10)Flash Point: 213.7 °C; (11)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 72.22 kJ/mol; (12)Boiling Point: 429.8 °C at 760 mmHg; (13)Vapour Pressure: 3.76E-08 mmHg at 25°C
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/2C17H23NO3.H2O4S/c2*1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12;1-5(2,3)4/h2*2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3;(H2,1,2,3,4);
(2)InChIKey=HOBWAPHTEJGALG-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesS(O)(O)(=O)=O.C1[C@@H](C[C@@H]2N([C@@H]1CC2)C)OC([C@@H](c1ccccc1)CO)=O.C1[C@@H](C[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]1N2C)OC([C@@H](c1ccccc1)CO)=O;
The toxicity data is as follows:
| Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bird - wild | LDLo | oral | 226mg/kg (226mg/kg) | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. | |
| bird - wild | LDLo | subcutaneous | 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. | |
| cat | LD50 | intravenous | 36mg/kg (36mg/kg) | Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 35, Pg. 316, 1936. | |
| cat | LDLo | subcutaneous | 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) | "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931. | |
| chicken | LDLo | subcutaneous | 750mg/kg (750mg/kg) | GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| child | TDLo | oral | 20ug/kg (.02mg/kg) | KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: URINE VOLUME DECREASED BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT CARDIAC: CHANGE IN RATE | Archives of Disease in Childhood. Vol. 54, Pg. 222, 1979. |
| dog | LD50 | intravenous | 60mg/kg (60mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: OTHER (DIRECT) PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 10, Pg. 424, 1967. |
| dog | LDLo | intraperitoneal | 175mg/kg (175mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| dog | LDLo | subcutaneous | 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| duck | LDLo | subcutaneous | 250mg/kg (250mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE VASCULAR: REGIONAL OR GENERAL ARTERIOLAR OR VENOUS DILATION BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| frog | LDLo | subcutaneous | 1200mg/kg (1200mg/kg) | "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931. | |
| guinea pig | LD50 | subcutaneous | 480mg/kg (480mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: PARASYMPATHOLYTIC | Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 137, Pg. 375, 1962. |
| guinea pig | LDLo | intraarterial | 90mg/kg (90mg/kg) | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 131, Pg. 171, 1928. | |
| guinea pig | LDLo | intraperitoneal | 400mg/kg (400mg/kg) | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. | |
| guinea pig | LDLo | intravenous | 70mg/kg (70mg/kg) | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 131, Pg. 171, 1928. | |
| human | TDLo | intramuscular | 28ug/kg (.028mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP | Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 8, Pg. 635, 1956. |
| man | LDLo | oral | 357mg/kg (357mg/kg) | GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA | Hochudoku. Vol. 10, Pg. 184, 1992. |
| man | TDLo | intravenous | 28ug/kg/11H-I (.028mg/kg) | American Journal of Diseases of Children. Vol. 137, Pg. 291, 1983. | |
| man | TDLo | unreported | 14285ng/kg (.014285mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS" BEHAVIORAL: HEADACHE | Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 29, Pg. 273, 1991. |
| monkey | LDLo | subcutaneous | 150mg/kg (150mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 150mg/kg (150mg/kg) | Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 79, Pg. 4451, 1957. | |
| mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 31mg/kg (31mg/kg) | Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 16, Pg. 637, 1966. | |
| mouse | LD50 | oral | 468mg/kg (468mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: PARASYMPATHOLYTIC | Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 156, Pg. 467, 1965. |
| mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 400mg/kg (400mg/kg) | Therapie. Vol. 12, Pg. 412, 1957. | |
| pigeon | LDLo | subcutaneous | 210mg/kg (210mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 66, Pg. 389, 1914. |
| rabbit | LD50 | intramuscular | 414mg/kg (414mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS | Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 85, Pg. 1241, 1961. |
| rabbit | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: OTHER (DIRECT) PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 10, Pg. 424, 1967. |
| rabbit | LD50 | intravenous | 70mg/kg (70mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: OTHER (DIRECT) PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 10, Pg. 424, 1967. |
| rabbit | LDLo | intracrebral | 1mg/kg (1mg/kg) | Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 81, Pg. 193, 1917. | |
| rabbit | LDLo | subcutaneous | 100mg/kg (100mg/kg) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 132, Pg. 63, 1928. |
| rat | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 215mg/kg (215mg/kg) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 11, Pg. 511, 1967. |
| rat | LD50 | intravenous | 37mg/kg (37mg/kg) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 11, Pg. 511, 1967. |
| rat | LD50 | oral | 600mg/kg (600mg/kg) | Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 155, Pg. 393, 1965. | |
| rat | LD50 | subcutaneous | 540mg/kg (540mg/kg) | Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 155, Pg. 393, 1965. | |
| women | TDLo | multiple routes | 44ug/kg/1D-I (.044mg/kg) | CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION) BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS" | Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 146, Pg. 45, 1986. |
| women | TDLo | ocular | 20ug/kg/4H-I (.02mg/kg) | CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION) | Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 146, Pg. 45, 1986. |