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2-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid, also known as CHEMBL3166830, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C17H14O3. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoylbenzoic acids and derivatives, characterized by an anthranilic acid where the amino group is replaced by a benzoyl group. These compounds contain a benzoylbenzoic acid moiety, which consists of a benzoyl group attached to a benzoic acid. The pure compound is generally found in a solid state.

1151-14-0

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1151-14-0 Usage

Uses

Used in Chemical Research:
2-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid is used as a research chemical for studying its properties and potential applications in various chemical reactions and processes.
Used in Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturing:
2-(4-Ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate or a starting material in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. Its specific structural features may contribute to the development of new drugs with potential therapeutic benefits.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 1151-14-0 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,1,5 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1151-14:
(6*1)+(5*1)+(4*5)+(3*1)+(2*1)+(1*4)=40
40 % 10 = 0
So 1151-14-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C16H14O3/c1-2-11-7-9-12(10-8-11)15(17)13-5-3-4-6-14(13)16(18)19/h3-10H,2H2,1H3,(H,18,19)

1151-14-0SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 19, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 19, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name 2-(4-ETHYLBENZOYL)BENZOIC ACID

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 4'-Aethyl-o-benzoyl-benzoesaeure

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:1151-14-0 SDS

1151-14-0Synthetic route

phthalic anhydride
85-44-9

phthalic anhydride

ethylbenzene
100-41-4

ethylbenzene

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aluminum (III) chloride at 25 - 60℃; for 3h;96%
With aluminum (III) chloride In chlorobenzene at 20 - 40℃; for 4h;91%
In chlorobenzene at 55 - 75℃; for 6h; Temperature;53.6%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-ethylanthraquinone
84-51-5

2-ethylanthraquinone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid at 50 - 120℃; for 0.5h; Temperature;95.5%
With fuming sulphuric acid at 135℃; Temperature; Milling;94.3%
Stage #1: 2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid With thionyl chloride at 70℃; for 1h;
Stage #2: With aluminum (III) chloride at 70℃; for 0.666667h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;
94%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-one

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrazine hydrate In ethanol for 5h; Heating;89%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-benzo[d][1,2]oxazin-1-one
120450-32-0

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-benzo[d][1,2]oxazin-1-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxylamine hydrochloride; sodium acetate In ethanol for 2h; Heating;82%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

di(n-butyl)tin oxide
818-08-6

di(n-butyl)tin oxide

bis(dicarboxylatotetrabutyldistannoxane)

bis(dicarboxylatotetrabutyldistannoxane)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene for 8h; Reflux; Dean-Stark;70.1%
phenylstannoic acid
2273-44-1

phenylstannoic acid

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

[PhSnO(2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoate)]6

[PhSnO(2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoate)]6

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene for 8h; Reflux; Dean-Stark;67.1%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

4-(methylsulfonyl)phenylhydrazine
877-66-7

4-(methylsulfonyl)phenylhydrazine

4-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]phthalazin-1-one

4-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]phthalazin-1-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol Reflux;42.6%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

5-chloro-2-nitrophenylhydrazine
1966-16-1

5-chloro-2-nitrophenylhydrazine

2-(2-nitro-5-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1(2H)-one
300730-53-4

2-(2-nitro-5-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1(2H)-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid In ethanol at 100 - 120℃; for 1.5h;35%
With sulfuric acid In ethanol for 1.5h; Reflux;35%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

4-hydrazinobenzene-1-sulfonamide hydrochloride
17852-52-7, 27918-19-0

4-hydrazinobenzene-1-sulfonamide hydrochloride

4-[4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl]-benzenesulfonamide

4-[4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1-oxophthalazin-2(1H)-yl]-benzenesulfonamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol Reflux;30.5%
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid
36778-39-9

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide; copper(I) sulfate; zinc
palladium In N-methyl-acetamide; water; acetic acid
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

furan-2,3,5(4H)-trione pyridine (1:1)

furan-2,3,5(4H)-trione pyridine (1:1)

zinc dust

zinc dust

ammoniacal copper sulfate

ammoniacal copper sulfate

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid
36778-39-9

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

9-chloro-5-(4-ethylphenyl)benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]phthalazine

9-chloro-5-(4-ethylphenyl)benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]phthalazine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 35 percent / sulfuric acid / ethanol / 1.5 h / 100 - 120 °C
2: 62 percent / phosphoric acid; iron / 100 - 140 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: 35 percent / sulfuric acid / ethanol / 1.5 h / 100 - 120 °C
2: 79 percent / hydrogen / palladium on charcoal / tetrahydrofuran / 20 °C / atmospheric pressure
3: 68 percent / polyphosphoric acid / 0.17 h / 130 °C
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-phthalazinone
311317-06-3

2-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-phthalazinone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 35 percent / sulfuric acid / ethanol / 1.5 h / 100 - 120 °C
2: 79 percent / hydrogen / palladium on charcoal / tetrahydrofuran / 20 °C / atmospheric pressure
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

5-(4-ethylphenyl)-9-piperidinobenzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]phthalazine

5-(4-ethylphenyl)-9-piperidinobenzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]phthalazine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: 35 percent / sulfuric acid / ethanol / 1.5 h / 100 - 120 °C
2: 63 percent / 1.5 h / Heating
3: 66 percent / phosphoric acid; iron / 100 - 140 °C
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-(2-nitro-5-piperidinophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-phthalazinone
347315-89-3

2-(2-nitro-5-piperidinophenyl)-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-phthalazinone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 35 percent / sulfuric acid / ethanol / 1.5 h / 100 - 120 °C
2: 63 percent / 1.5 h / Heating
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-2-(2-imidazol-1-yl-ethyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-one

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-2-(2-imidazol-1-yl-ethyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 89 percent / 80percent N2H4*H2O / ethanol / 5 h / Heating
2: 70 percent / K2CO3 / dimethylformamide / 5 h / 80 °C
View Scheme
stannane
7440-31-5

stannane

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid
36778-39-9

2-(4-ethyl-benzyl)-benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In acetic acid
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

C25H21FN2O2

C25H21FN2O2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene / Reflux; Dean-Stark
2: pyridine / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

ethylenediamine
107-15-3

ethylenediamine

9b-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-1,2,3,9b-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-one
5983-41-5

9b-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-1,2,3,9b-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene Reflux; Dean-Stark;
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

ortho(4'-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid chloride
78246-03-4

ortho(4'-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid chloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With thionyl chloride at 50℃; for 2h;
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

(S)-2-(1-(4-ethylphenyl)ethyl)benzoic acid

(S)-2-(1-(4-ethylphenyl)ethyl)benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: potassium tert-butylate / tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / 0 °C / Inert atmosphere
1.2: 36 h / 0 - 20 °C / Inert atmosphere
2.1: hydrogen; bis(norbornadiene)rhodium(l)tetrafluoroborate; C24H41FeNP2 / ethanol; 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol / 12 h / 20 °C / 7500.75 Torr / Autoclave
View Scheme
2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
1151-14-0

2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
1779-49-3

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide

2-(1-(4-ethylphenyl)vinyl)benzoic acid

2-(1-(4-ethylphenyl)vinyl)benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide With potassium tert-butylate In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: 2-(4’-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 36h; Inert atmosphere;

1151-14-0Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carboxy-Directed α,α-Disubstituted Terminal Olefins via the Ion Pair Noncovalent Interaction

Wen, Songwei,Chen, Caiyou,Du, Shuaichen,Zhang, Zhefan,Huang, Yi,Han, Zhengyu,Dong, Xiu-Qin,Zhang, Xumu

, p. 6474 - 6477 (2017)

The t-Bu-Wudaphos was successfully applied into Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α,α-disubstituted terminal olefins bearing a carboxy-directed group with excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities via the ion pair noncovalent interaction (up to >99% conversion, 98% yield, 98% ee) under mild reaction conditions without base. In addition, control experiments were conducted, and the results demonstrated that the ion pair noncovalent interaction between ligand and substrate played an important role in achieving an outstanding performance in this asymmetric hydrogenation.

Friedel - gram acylating reaction method based on phthalic anhydride and aromatic alkyl compound

-

Paragraph 0046-0056, (2021/09/08)

A part of a substituted alkylbenzene is used as a solvent and a reaction raw material for - gram acylating reaction, a part of a substituted alkylbenzene is dissolved in a reaction raw material phthalic anhydride and a chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst, and a residual part of a substituted alkylbenzene is added dropwise - to obtain - (2 - 4' - alkylbenzoyl) benzoic acid intermediate. 2 -position positioning selectivity of the method is higher, and the reaction production cost is low.

Synthesis method of 2-(4 '-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid

-

Paragraph 0018-0028, (2020/10/20)

In order to prepare the 2-(4 '-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid which is low in chlorine content, capable of being industrially implemented, mild in production condition and relatively low in cost, the invention provides a synthesis method of the 2-(4'-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid. The synthesis method comprises the following steps: (1) adding nitrobenzene or nitromethane into ethylbenzene; (2) adding phthalic anhydride; (3) adding aluminum trichloride; (4) after the reaction is finished, adding a reaction solution into diluted hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid for hydrolysis; and (5) after the hydrolysis is finished, removing the water layer, distilling the solution after the water layer is removed by using water vapor, evaporating ethylbenzene and nitrobenzene, and filtering the remaining feed liquid to obtain the 2-(4 '-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid. According to the invention, the problems of high chlorine content and difficult solvent recovery in the product are solved, the reactionconditions are mild, and the temperature does not exceed 30 DEG C; meanwhile, the wastewater treatment difficulty is reduced, and the product cost is relatively low.

Method for synthesizing 2-alkylanthraquinone

-

Paragraph 0017-0018, (2019/10/04)

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing 2-alkylanthraquinone. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a tert-butylanthraquinone intermediate BE acid from phthalic anhydride and alkylbenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid, carrying out dehydration ring closure by adopting a combined dehydrating agent composed of polyphosphoric acid and phosphorus pentoxide, pouring the obtained solution into ice water after the end of the ring closure I order to dilute the polyphosphoric acid to a certain concentration, adding xylene for extraction after water precipitation is finished, washing and concentrating the obtained extract to obtain a brown yellow block solid, and recrystallizing the solid to obtain the 2-alkylanthraquinone. The method of the invention the advantages of avoiding of using of fuming sulfuric acid and production of a large amount of dilute sulfuric acid in the phthalic anhydride method production process of anthraquinone, easily available raw materials, mild reaction conditions, easiness in application in industrial production, realization of continuous using of the byproduct phosphoric acid as the dehydrating agent after addition of phosphorus pentoxide, and good environmental protection meaning.

Preparation method of 2-ethylanthracene

-

Paragraph 0024; 0029; 0034; 0039; 0044; 0049; 0054; 0059, (2018/06/26)

The invention discloses a preparation method of 2-ethylanthracene. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid is prepared; then, 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid is subjected to a reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid in a tubular reactor comprising a T-shaped mixer, a reactor A, a Y-shaped mixer, a reactor B and a separator, and 2-ethyl anthraquinone is prepared; finally, a strong ammonia solution as a reaction medium, crystalline copper sulfate as a catalyst, zinc powder as a reducing agent, and 2-ethyl anthraquinone as a raw material aresubjected to reflux reaction at 70-80 DEG C for 1-3 h, a reaction product is cooled to the room temperature after the reaction and is subjected to silica-gel column chromatography, and 2-ethylanthracene is prepared. The disclosed method is simple to operate, and the yield of the target product is high.

Method for preparing 2-alkyl anthraquinone by taking solid super acids as catalysts

-

Paragraph 0028-0029, (2020/03/28)

The invention provides a method for preparing 2-alkyl anthraquinone by taking solid super acids as catalysts. The 2-alkyl anthraquinone (alkyl is straight or branched alkyl with the number of carbon atoms of 1-6) is obtained by adopting the solid super acids like perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin and heteropoly acid as the catalysts, taking 2-(4'-alkyl benzoyl) benzoic acid as a raw material andperforming acylated dewatering closed loop through Friedel-Crafts reaction. The method provided by the invention is characterized in that traditional smoking sulfuric acid catalysts are replaced by the solid super acids, so that the environment is friendly, and no waste acid is discharged; the operation process is simple, and the solid catalysts are easy to recover; therefore, the method is a green pollution-free new process.

Separating and purifying method for 2-(4-ethyl benzene formyl) benzoic acid

-

Paragraph 0045; 0046; 0050; 0051, (2017/06/23)

The invention discloses a separating and purifying method for 2-(4-ethyl benzene formyl) benzoic acid (BE acid for short).An aqueous hydrochloric acid solution is adopted as a stripping agent, a reaction system with chlorobenzene as solvent for synthesizing the BE acid is washed at certain temperature, separated liquid stands after washing, organic phases obtained through separation are put at the low temperature to be cooled and crystallized, and by means of centrifugation and drying, BE acid crystals with high purity are obtained.The method is simple, operation is easy, alchlor in chlorobenzene can be completely removed, selectivity precipitation of the BE acid is achieved, the method can replace a traditional evaporation technology, the product yield and purity are high, the energy consumption is low, and the method is an ideal technology for separating and purifying the BE acid.

Method of catalytically synthesizing 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid with silica-gel-supported cesium polyoxometalate

-

Paragraph 0012, (2017/01/09)

The invention belongs to the technical field of synthetic chemical engineering, discloses a method of synthesizing 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid and relates to preparation of a catalyst and preparation of 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid. Phthalic anhydride and ethylbenzene are used as raw materials, ethylbenzene or dichloromethane is used as solvent, silica-gel-supported CS2.5H0.5PW12O40 is used as a catalyst, and reaction is carried out under certain conditions to prepare 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid. The technical process is easy to operate, the product and the catalyst can be separated conveniently after reaction, the catalyst can be recycled, no wastewater is generated, and the method of preparing 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid is environmentally friendly.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Phthalazinone Derivatives as Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Agents

Hameed, Alhamzah Dh.,Ovais, Syed,Yaseen, Raed,Rathore, Pooja,Samim, Mohammed,Singh, Surender,Sharma, Kalicharan,Akhtar, Mymona,Javed, Kalim

, p. 150 - 159 (2016/02/09)

The chemistry of phthalazine derivatives has been of increasing interest since many of these compounds have found many chemotherapeutic applications. So this study aims to synthesize a library of phthalazine derivatives and to investigate their anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Sixteen new phthalazinone derivatives (2a-p) were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiproliferative and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. All the synthesized compounds were identified and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MS. Two compounds, 2b and 2i, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable with that of the standard drug etoricoxib in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model at 3 and 5 h, respectively. Three compounds (2h, 2j, and 2g) showed moderate sensitivity toward the renal cancer cell line UO-31. A library of new phthalazone compounds (2a-p) was synthesized as dual inhibitors (COX-2/LOX-5) and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anticancer activities. Two compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable with that of the standard drug etoricoxib, whereas three compounds showed moderate sensitivity toward the renal cancer cell line UO-31.

The discovery of 1,2,3,9b-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ones as a new class of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitors. Part 1

Bond, Silas,Draffan, Alistair G.,Fenner, Jennifer E.,Lambert, John,Lim, Chin Yu,Lin, Bo,Luttick, Angela,Mitchell, Jeffrey P.,Morton, Craig J.,Nearn, Roland H.,Sanford, Vanessa,Stanislawski, Pauline C.,Tucker, Simon P.

, p. 969 - 975 (2015/02/19)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, young children and adults. Compound 1a (9b-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1,2,3,9b-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-one) was identified as an inhibitor of A and B strains of RSV targeting the fusion glycoprotein. SAR was developed by systematic exploration of the phenyl (R1) and benzoyl (R2) groups. Furthermore, introduction of a nitrogen at the 8-position of the tricyclic core resulted in active analogues with improved properties (aqueous solubility, protein binding and log D) and excellent rat pharmacokinetics (e.g., rat oral bioavailability of 89% for compound 17).

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