151-21-3 Usage
Anionic surfactants
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is an anionic surfactant, and is a typical representative of sulphate-based surfactant. It is abbreviated as SDS, and also known as AS, K12, coco alcohol sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate and foaming agent. The commercial products are usually white to light yellow crystalline powder. It is non-toxic, slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ether, soluble in water, and has good anionic and nonionic complex compatibility. It has good emulsibility, foamability, and foaming, infiltrating, decontaminating and dispersing properties. It is abundant in foams and quickly biodegradable, and has solubility next only to fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate (abbreviated as AES). It is not sensitive to alkali and hard water, but its stability is inferior to general sulfonate under acidic conditions and is close to AES. It is not favorable to exceed 95 °C upon long-term heating, and its irritation is at the middle level among surfactants, with an irritation index of 3.3 for a 10% solution, which is higher than AES and lower than sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (abbreviated as LAS). Toxicity LD50 is 1300mg/kg. There is no evidence that this product is carcinogenic, but high doses may indeed irritate the skin. However, in general sanitary products the concentration is limited when used as a forming agent, and is in line with national standards. So there is no need to concern.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a major component of detergent. It is usually used in the DNA extraction process to separate DNA after protein denaturation. It is often misread as sodium dodecyl sulfonate. It is widely used as a foaming agent in toothpaste, soap, shower gel, shampoo, detergent and cosmetics. 95% of personal care products and household cleaning products contain sodium lauryl sulfate.
The above information is edited by the lookchem of Jin Yinxue.
Toxicity
It can be safely used for food, but the content of sodium lauryl sulfate should not be less than 90% (FDA, §172.822, 2000). LD50 is 1288mg/kg (rat, oral).
Sodium dodecyl sulfonate
There is certain universality of confusion and misuse for them, both of which belong to the anionic surfactants and the English abbreviations are both SDS. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (abbreviated as SDS) is also called sodium lauryl sulfate (abbreviated as SLS), belongs to sulfate salt and has a molecular weight of 288.38. It is a white or light yellow crystal, and is easily soluble in water. Sodium dodecyl sulfonate (abbreviated as SDS) belongs to sulfonate, has a molecular weight of 272.38, and differs with the structure of sodium dodecyl sulfate in that it lacks one oxygen atom and the carbon atom is directly connected to the sulfur atom. Please note the difference so as to avoid misuse.
Utilization limitation
(FDA, §172.822, 2000, mg/kg): dry protein 1000; frozen protein 125; liquid protein 125; marshmallow foaming agent used in an amount of 0.5% gelatin; as a surfactant for solid drinks acidified with fumaric acid and juice drinks acidified with fumaric acid, 25; as moisturizers for grease, 10 (amount of grease). According to the regulation of (FDA, §172.210, 2000), it can be used as a citrus fruit surface coating agent, and the amount is limited per GMP.
Chemical property
It is a white to pale yellow powder, has a slight special smell, and is easily soluble in water.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 151-21-3 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate has excellent detergency, emulsification and foaming power, can be used as detergents and textile auxiliaries, and is also used as an anionic surfactant, toothpaste foaming agent, mine fire extinguishing agents, foaming agents for fire extinguishers, emulsion polymerization emulsifiers, emulsifying and dispersing agents for medical use, shampoo and other cosmetic products, wool detergent, detergent for silky class fine fabrics and flotation agent for metal beneficiation.
GB 2760-96 stipulates as processing aids for food industry. It used as foaming agents; emulsifying agents; and anionic surfactants. It is used for cakes, drinks, proteins, fruits, fruit juice, and edible oil, and so on.
It is used as surfactants, detergents, foaming agents, and wetting agents, and so on.
It is used as relatively low-level ion-pairing reagents, and is cheaper than sodium heptanesulfonate and sodium pentanesulfonate when less demanding.
It is used as raw material for modifying materials.
It is used as additives in capillary electrophoresis analysis and is generally used as molar solution.
It is also used in other analysis such as flow column analysis.
2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate is an emulsifier and whipping aid that has a solubility of 1 g in 10 ml of water. It functions as an emulsifier in egg whites. It is used as a whipping aid in marshmallows and angel food cake mix. It also functions to aid in dissolving fumaric acid.
3. Anionic detergent
4. hydrophilic tablet lubricant
5. Wetting agent, detergent, especially in the textile industry. Electrophoretic separation of proteins and lipids. Ingredient of toothpastes.
Production method
Sulphur trioxide method: the reaction apparatus is a vertical reactor. At 32 °C nitrogen gas is introduced into the reactor through the gas vents at a flow rate of 85.9 L·min-1. At 82.7 kPa lauryl alcohol is introduced at a flow rate of 58 g·min-1. The liquid sulfur trioxide is fed into flash evaporator at 124.1 kPa, the flash temperature is maintained at 100 °C, and sulfur trioxide flow rate is controlled to be 0.907 2 kg·h-1. Sulfated product is then rapidly quenched to 50 °C, injected into the aging device and left for 10 to 20 min, and finally injected into the neutralization kettle and neutralized with a base. The neutralizing temperature is controlled at 50 °C. The material is discharged when the pH value is adjusted to 7 to 8.5, to obtain a liquid product which is spray dried to give a solid product.
Batch method: lauryl alcohol is charged into reaction kettle and pre-heated to 30 °C. Then chlorosulfonic acid 0.03 mol in excess than the theoretical amount is sprayed into the alcohol under high speed agitation. The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 to 35 °C. After the sulfation reaction, it is injected into the neutralization kettle and neutralized with 30% lye to a pH value of 7 to 8.5, and finally bleached with 0.4% (weight) hydrogen peroxide. It is spray dried to give a solid. It can also be formulated into solutions according to quality standard.
Continuous method: the reaction apparatus is tubular reactor. Lauryl alcohol is initially saturated with hydrogen chloride. Lauryl alcohol at a flow rate of 334 g·min-1 and hydrogen chloride at a flow rate of 40.5 g·min-1 are fed into saturation chamber through gauge. Then the solution of lauryl alcohol with hydrogen chloride is fed into reactor at 21.4 °C to react with chlorosulfonic acid. After the reaction is subjected to gas-liquid separation, the sulfated product flows from the bottom of the separator into neutralization kettle. It is neutralized with 30% sodium hydroxide at 50 °C to give a liquid product, which is spray dried to give a solid product.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 151-21-3 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. White crystalline flakes
2. Sodium lauryl sulfate consists of white or cream to pale yellowcolored
crystals, flakes, or powder having a smooth feel, a soapy,
bitter taste, and a faint odor of fatty substances.
Definition
An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium
alkyl sulfates that lowers surface tension of aqueous
solutions.
Production Methods
Sodium lauryl sulfate is prepared by sulfation of lauryl alcohol,
followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate.
General Description
White to pale yellow paste or liquid with a mild odor. Sinks and mixes with water.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
DODECYL SULFATE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Sodium dodecyl sulfate is also incompatible with cationic materials and with acids with pH below 2.5. Salts, basic, such as DODECYL SULFATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.
Health Hazard
Inhalation of dust causes sneezing and coughing. Ingestion of large amounts causes irritation of stomach. Dust irritates eyes and may cause burns on prolonged contact. Contact with skin causes some irritation; continued exposure to water solution causes drying out and cracking.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Sodium dodecyl sulfate are not available; however, Sodium dodecyl sulfate is probably combustible.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Sodium lauryl sulfate is an anionic surfactant employed in a wide
range of nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics.It is a detergent and wetting agent effective in both alkaline and
acidic conditions. In recent years it has found application in
analytical electrophoretic techniques: SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is one of the more widely used
techniques for the analysis of proteins; and sodium lauryl sulfate
has been used to enhance the selectivity of micellar electrokinetic
chromatography (MEKC).
Contact allergens
This anionic detergent is widely used in cosmetics and industry. As a skin irritant agent, SLS can be used in several dermatological applications. It is also a good indicator of excited skin during patch testing.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Sodium dodecyl sulphate?(SDS) helps to quickly disrupt the biological membranes. It is usually used as one of the major constituent of several reagents, that are used to purify nucleic acids. SDS can block the activity of RNase and deoxyribonuclease (DNase).
Safety Profile
Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. A human skin irritant. An experimental eye and severe skin irritant. A mild allergen. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO, and Na2O. See also ESTERS and SULFATES.
Safety
Sodium lauryl sulfate is widely used in cosmetics and oral and
topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is a moderately toxic
material with acute toxic effects including irritation to the skin,
eyes, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, and stomach.
Repeated, prolonged exposure to dilute solutions may cause drying
and cracking of the skin; contact dermatitis may develop.(3)
Prolonged inhalation of sodium lauryl sulfate will damage the
lungs. Pulmonary sensitization is possible, resulting in hyperactive
airway dysfunction and pulmonary allergy. Animal studies have
shown intravenous administration to cause marked toxic effects to
the lung, kidney, and liver. Mutagenic testing in bacterial systems
has proved negative.
Adverse reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate in cosmetics and
pharmaceutical formulations mainly concern reports of irritation to
the skin or eyes following topical application.
Sodium lauryl sulfate should not be used in intravenous
preparations for humans. The probable human lethal oral dose is
0.5–5.0 g/kg body-weight.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.25 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.12 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 1.29 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IP): 0.21 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IV): 0.12 g/kg
storage
Sodium lauryl sulfate is stable under normal storage conditions.
However, in solution, under extreme conditions, i.e. pH 2.5 or
below, it undergoes hydrolysis to lauryl alcohol and sodium
bisulfate.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container
away from strong oxidizing agents in a cool, dry place.
Properties and Applications
INDEX/GRADE
SPECIFICATION
Appearance
Needle form without hard lumps
Active matter
92% min
Petroleum eth soluble substances
1.5% max
Inorganic salts (NaCl+Na
2
SO
4
)
5.5% max
Water
5.0% max
pH value (1% aq. solution)
7.5-9.5
Whiteness (WG)
80 min
Heavy metal
20ppm max
As
3ppm max
INDEX/GRADE
SPECIFICATION
Appearance
Needle form without hard lumps
Active matter
92% min
Petroleum eth soluble substances
1.5% max
Inorganic salts (NaCl+Na
2
SO
4
)
5.5% max
Water
5.0% max
pH value (1% aq. solution)
7.5-9.5
Whiteness (WG)
80 min
Heavy metal
20ppm max
As
3ppm max
Purification Methods
Purify this detergent by Soxhlet extraction with pet ether for 24hours, followed by dissolution in acetone/MeOH/H2O 90:5:5(v/v) and recrystallisation [Politi et al. J Phys Chem 89 2345 1985]. It has been purified by two recrystallisations from absolute EtOH, aqueous 95% EtOH, MeOH, isopropanol or a 1:1 mixture of EtOH/isopropanol to remove dodecanol, and dried under vacuum [Ramesh & Labes J Am Chem Soc 109 3228 1987]. SDS has also been purified by repeatedly foaming whereby a 0.15% aqueous solution is made to foam and the foam is discarded, then the H2O is removed in vacuo and the residue is diluted to the required concentrations [see Cockbain & McMullen Trans Faraday Soc 47 322 1951] or by liquid-liquid extraction [see Harrold J Colloid Sci 15 280 1960]. Dry it over silica gel. For DNA work it should be dissolved in excess MeOH passed through an activated charcoal column and evaporated until it crystallises out. It has also been purified by dissolving in hot 95% EtOH (14mL/g), filtering and cooling, then drying in a vacuum desiccator. Alternatively, it is crystallised from H2O, vacuum dried, washed with anhydrous Et2O and dried in vacuum again. These operations are repeated five times [Maritato J Phys Chem 89 1341 1985, Lennox and McClelland J Am Chem Soc 108 3771 1986, Dressik J Am Chem Soc 108 7567 1986]. [Beilstein 1 IV 1847.]
Incompatibilities
Sodium lauryl sulfate reacts with cationic surfactants, causing loss
of activity even in concentrations too low to cause precipitation.
Unlike soaps, it is compatible with dilute acids and calcium and
magnesium ions.
Sodium lauryl sulfate is incompatible with salts of polyvalent
metal ions, such as aluminum, lead, tin or zinc, and precipitates with
potassium salts. Solutions of sodium lauryl sulfate (pH 9.5–10.0)
are mildly corrosive to mild steel, copper, brass, bronze, and
aluminum.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(dental preparations; oral capsules, suspensions, and tablets; topical
and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines
licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable
Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 151-21-3 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 1,5 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 151-21:
(5*1)+(4*5)+(3*1)+(2*2)+(1*1)=33
33 % 10 = 3
So 151-21-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C24H50O4S.Na/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-27-29(25,26)28-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2;/h3-24H2,1-2H3;/q;+1
151-21-3Relevant articles and documents
A method for the production of sulfate or sulfonate esters
-
Paragraph 0036, (2015/03/31)
The present invention relates to method for the production of sulfate or sulfonate esters essentially comprising the steps of adding sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid to boron acid in a medium with or without solvent (121), stirring the prepared mixture 8122), removing the precipitated boric acid (123), removing the solvent in case the solvent is used (124), producing dialkyl sulfate esters, mono alkyl sulfate esters and sulfonate esters of alkali metal salts (125), and based on the acidolysis of boron esters obtained from alcohol and boric acid with sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid.
Skin Care Cosmetic Cream/Scrub Product
-
, (2009/06/27)
A series of cosmetic scrubs and creams, some containing coffee, have the ability to moisturize, soften, scrub and revitalize body parts, create natural tanning qualities, and sooth itch from burns and bug bites.
Compositions and Methods Incorporating Photocatalysts
-
, (2009/12/05)
The various embodiments provide a composition including an active material having functional groups capable of covalent attachment to a substrate in the presence of an acid or a base, a photocatalyst capable of generating an acid or a base upon exposure to light, and a vehicle. The compositions may also include surfactants, emulsifiers, oxidants, and other components. A method for treating a substrate is also disclosed. The method includes the steps of applying at least one active material having functional groups to the substrate, applying a photocatalyst to the substrate, and exposing the photocatalyst and the at least one active material to light for forming covalent attachments between the functional groups and constituent groups on the substrate. The compositions and methods described herein are useful in personal care product and consumer care product applications, for example.
F:Flammable;
