259793-96-9 Usage
Description
Favipiravir, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide, is a new broad-spectrum antiviral drug targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) developed by Japan's Toyama Chemical Pharmaceutical Company. It was approved for marketing in Japan in March 2014 for the treatment of new and recurrent influenza. During the outbreak of the new coronavirus, the results of the Phase I clinical study of the drug published in March 2020 showed that the drug may have the effect of speeding up virus clearance to alleviate the progress of new coronavirus pneumonia.
History
Favipiravir was originally developed in the late 1990s by a company that was later purchased by the Japanese firm Fujifilm as part of its transition from the photo business to healthcare. After being tested against a range of viruses, the drug was approved in Japan in 2014 for emergency use against flu epidemics or to treat new strains of influenza.
Uses
Favipiravir is used for the treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection in a small animal model. It suppressed the replication of Zaire Ebola virus and prevented a lethal outcome in 100% of the animals. Based on the studies, Favipiravir can be a candidate for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Favipiravir can be used for antiviral treatment of influenza A and B. Studies have shown that in addition to influenza virus, the drug also exhibits good antiviral activity against a variety of RNA viruses, such as Ebola virus, arena virus, Bunia virus, rabies virus and now COVID-19.
Definition
ChEBI: Favipiravir is a member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan. It has a role as an antiviral drug, an anticoronaviral agent and an EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor. It is a primary carboxamide, a hydroxypyrazine and an organofluorine compound.
Mechanism of action
Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that selectively inhibited the RdRP of influenza virus. It showed specific activity against all three influenza A, B, and C (Furuta et al., 2013). It also inhibited the RV replication in HeLa cells, with an EC50 of 29 μg/mL (Furuta et al., 2002). Analysis showed that the primary mechanism of action of favipiravir against the influenza virus was specific inhibition of vRNA polymerase (Furuta et al., 2005). It is predicted that a similar mechanism might occur with other viruses, such as PV and RV, inhibited by favipiravir, which may account for its broad-spectrum inhibition. Mechanistic studies show that the favipiravir and its form favipiravir-RMP (favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-50-monophosphate) do not inhibit influenza RNA polymerase activity, but it is the phosphoribosylated form, favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-50-triphosphate (RTP) that inhibits the enzyme.
Synthesis
Favipiravir was synthesized in only six steps from 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid with an overall yield of about 22.3%. Key intermediates 3 and 6 were obtained in excellent purity via recrystallization from optimized solvents, which was beneficial to large-scale production. In the key synthetic reaction, 3,6-dichloropyrazine-2-carbonitrile (6) was reacted sequentially, in one pot, with KF and 30% H2O2 to give (after crystallization from 95% EtOH) favipiravir as colorless crystals, with a 60% yield for this final step of the synthesis. (DOI:10.1007/s11696-017-0208-6)645 grams of sodium hydroxide were dissolved in 9L of water, the temperature was lowered to 5°C, and 1.29 kg of 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-cyanopyrazine was added in batches, stirred, and heated slightly, and the temperature of the reaction system was controlled to -10°C, it takes 3.5 hours to complete the addition, after holding for 1 hour, the temperature is raised to 40°C for 1 hour. Add 100g of activated carbon to the reaction solution, hot filter, cool the mother liquor to 5°C, adjust the pH to 3-4 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, precipitate a large amount of solids, filter and dry to obtain a crude off-white powder, beaten with 2.8 liters of 15% methanol aqueous solution and filter After drying, 1.34 kg of white powder favipiravir was obtained. 1H-NMR (DMSO, 600MHz): δ 13.38 (s, 1H), 8.73 (1s, 1H), 8.51-8.49 (d, J=12, 2H) (yield 91%).
References
1) Furuta?et al.?(2002),?In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Anti-Influenza Virus Compound T-705; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,?46?977
2) Takahashi?et al.?(2003)?In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of T-705 and Oseltamivir Against Influenza Virus; Antivir. Chem. Chemother.,?14?235
3) Sleeman?et al.?(2010)?In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Favipiravir (T-705) against Drug-Resistant Influenza and 2009 A(H1N1) Viruses; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,?54?2517
4) Furuta?et al.?(2005)?Mechanism of action of T-705 against influenza virus; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,?49?981
5) Furuta?et al.?(2013)?), Favipiravir (T-705), a Novel Viral RNA Polymerase Inhibitor; Antiviral Res.,?100?446
6) Dong?et al.?(2020)?Discovering Drugs to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); Drug Discov. Ther.,?14?58
7) Tu?et al.?(2020)?A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials; Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21?E2657
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 259793-96-9 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 2,5,9,7,9 and 3 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 6 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 259793-96:
(8*2)+(7*5)+(6*9)+(5*7)+(4*9)+(3*3)+(2*9)+(1*6)=209
209 % 10 = 9
So 259793-96-9 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
259793-96-9Relevant articles and documents
PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF FAVIPIRAVIR
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, (2021/12/08)
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of favipiravir and salts thereof. The present invention also relates to salts of 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarbonitrile with inorganic base, process for their preparation and conversion thereof to favipiravir. The present invention also relates to salts of 6-bromo-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide with organic and inorganic base and their use in the preparation of favipiravir.
Preparation method of fluoropyrazine compound
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Paragraph 0041-0045; 0052-0069, (2021/07/08)
The invention discloses a preparation method of a fluoropyrazine compound. The preparation method is characterized in that in a catalytic system, a compound A is directly subjected to a fluorination reaction to prepare the fluoropyrazine compound B. The preparation method is high in compatibility and suitable for various reaction substrates, different catalytic systems can be selected according to the activity of the reaction substrates, and the preparation method is flexible and easy and convenient to operate; and a reagent is simple and easily available, a catalytic condition is mild, and catalytic efficiency is high.
Preparation method of 6 -fluoro -3 -hydroxypyrazine -2 - formamide
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, (2021/12/07)
The invention provides a preparation method of a pyrazine compound represented by the formula (I). To the invention, 6 -fluoro -3 -hydroxypyrazine -2 - methyl cyanide is used as a starting material, dimethyl sulfoxide is added under the conditions of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide, so that generation of oxygen in the system is avoided, and the production safety is greatly improved. The method provided by the invention is safe and suitable for industrial amplification, and has great help for industrial mass production of laprevir API.