62499-27-8 Usage
Description
Gastrodin is extracted from the dry root of the orchid plant, Gastrodia elata. The
source of raw materials is Yunnan Province. Traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia
elata (Gastrodia elata Bl.) is also known as Chi Jian, Ding Feng Cao, Shui Yang Yu,
and so on, belonging to special symbiosis perennial herb of Orchidaceae and
Armillaria mellea. The medicinal part is its tubers. It has sweet flavor and liver
channel tropism and is neutral in nature. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that
its main functions are to expel wind and relieve convulsion, calm the liver and suppress liver-yang, and expel wind evil and channel. There are 23 chemical ingredients extracted from Gastrodia elata, including gastrodin, gastrodia glycosides,
vanilla alcohol, vanilla aldehyde, beta steroid valley alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, carrot glycosides, and so on, among which the highest content of single active
ingredient is Gastrodia glycosides, namely, gastrodin
Chemical Properties
White solid
Physical properties
Appearance: white prismatic crystal, odorless, and bitter; little hygroscopicity.
Solubility: soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonyl acetate, insoluble in chloroform, and poorly soluble in ethyl ether. Melting point: ?153 to 156?°C.
Specific optical rotation: ?68 to ?72° .
History
It has been more than 30?years since the chemical composition of Gastrodia elata
was analyzed. It includes phenols, organic acids, sterols, and so on. At present, the
studies of the composition of Gastrodia elata focus on the fingerprint, but the studies of gastrodin were centered on the activity. The studies showed that gastrodin has
many pharmacological effects with safety and few side effects; moreover, it is not easy to accumulate in the body. Based on traditional medicinal experience of
Gastrodia elata, gastrodin has been developed as a medicine for the treatment of
insomnia, headaches, and other symptoms related to the functions and indications
of Gastrodia elata. At present, many pharmaceutical factories in China have produced active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and general preparation of gastrodin,
such as Gastrodia tablet, Gastrodia capsule, and Gastrodia injection. To reduce the
frequency of administration, the fluctuations of blood drug concentration, as well as
side effects, some new dosage forms have been developed in recent years, such as
Gastrodia dispersible tablets, Gastrodia sustained-release tablet, sustained-release
pellets and osmotic pump tablets, etc. . Although gastrodin has been applied
clinically, a lot of studies still need to be done to confirm the pharmacological
effects of gastrodin. Recent studies found that other compositions of Gastrodia
elata also showed rather excellent biological activity, suggesting that the study of
Gastrodia elata and gastrodin needs further investigation.
Uses
Gastrodin up regulates heme oxygenase-1 expression through activation of p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway thus protecting the SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced oxidative cell death.
Indications
Gastrodin is included in the International Pharmacopoeia (5th ed.).
The dosage forms include injections, tablets, and capsules. They are widely used
for the treatment of vertigo (Meniere’s disease, medicinal dizziness, traumatic vertigo, sudden deafness, vestibular neuronitis, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, etc.),
headache (vascular headache, migraine, etc.), neuralgia (trigeminal neuralgia, sciatica, etc.), neurasthenia syndrome, and brain traumatic syndrome .
Pharmacology
Gastrodin has the pharmacological effects of hypnosis, sedation, and anticonvulsive. The pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep time test and sodium barbital-induced
sleep onset latency test demonstrated that gastrodin can prolong the sleeping time
and shorten the sleep onset latency in mouse, suggesting that gastrodin has the sedative and hypnotic effects .Gastrodin also has antiepileptic effect. It suggested that gastrodin may inhibit the
hippocampal excitatory neurotransmitter receptors of amino acid glutamate, activate hippocampal inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor of GABA, reduce the excitability of the cerebral cortex, and thus attenuate the development of epilepsy to play
a role of antiepileptic effect .Additionally, research has shown that gastrodin has certain pharmacological
effect on scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the central nerve cell apoptosis,
etc., which may be related to antiaging and neural protection . According to the
available references, the researches of pharmacology and clinical efficacy of gastrodin are very preliminary; more research evidences still need to confirm whether
gastrodin is the active constituent of rhizoma gastrodiae.
Clinical Use
Gastrodin has sedative and hypnotic, analgesia, and immune enhancement function
and is used for the treatment of tension headache to relieve pain and intense sentiment and thus further relieve the related symptoms . Clinical usage of gastrodin
acupoint injection to treat insomnia also achieves certain effect . Moreover, gastrodin agents have been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and microcirculation system, such as hypertension and coronary heart disease without
obvious side effects .It is also reported that gastrodin can treat epilepsy, vascular dementia, deafness,
tinnitus, herpes zoster, osteoarthritis, cognitive impairment, and so on but still needs
further investigation.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 62499-27-8 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 6,2,4,9 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 7 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 62499-27:
(7*6)+(6*2)+(5*4)+(4*9)+(3*9)+(2*2)+(1*7)=148
148 % 10 = 8
So 62499-27-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C13H18O7/c14-5-7-1-3-8(4-2-7)19-13-12(18)11(17)10(16)9(6-15)20-13/h1-4,9-18H,5-6H2/t9-,10-,11+,12-,13-/m1/s1
62499-27-8Relevant articles and documents
Rapid biosynthesis of phenolic glycosides and their derivatives from biomass-derived hydroxycinnamates
Zhao, Mingtao,Hong, Xulin,Abdullah,Yao, Ruilian,Xiao, Yi
supporting information, p. 838 - 847 (2021/02/09)
Biomass-derived hydroxycinnamates (mainly includingp-coumaric acid and ferulic acid), which are natural sources of aromatic compounds, are highly underutilized resources. There is a need to upgrade them to make them economically feasible. Value-added phenolic glycosides and their derivatives, both belonging to a class of plant aromatic natural products, are widely used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, their complex aromatic structures make their efficient biosynthesis a challenging process. To overcome this issue, we created three novel synthetic cascades for the biosynthesis of phenolic glycosides (gastrodin, arbutin, and salidroside) and their derivatives (hydroquinone, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and homovanillyl alcohol) fromp-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Moreover, because the biomass-derived hydroxycinnamates directly provided aromatic units, the cascades enabled efficient biosynthesis. We achieved substantially high production rates (up to or above 100-fold enhancement) relative to the glucose-based biosynthesis. Given the ubiquity of the aromatic structure in natural products, the use of biomass-derived aromatics should facilitate the rapid biosynthesis of numerous aromatic natural products.
Synthesis method and application of gastrodin semihydrate
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Paragraph 0066-0088, (2020/05/01)
The invention belongs to the technical field of bulk drug synthesis, and particularly relates to a synthesis method of gastrodin semihydrate. The synthesis method of the gastrodin semihydrate comprises a step of reacting 2-bromo-alpha-D-glucose tetraacetate with 4-hydroxymethylphenol in the presence of an alkali, a phase transfer catalyst, water and an organic solvent so as to obtain the gastrodinsemihydrate. The synthesis method is reasonable in reaction route, simple and feasible in operation process, high in the yield and purity of the gastrodin semihydrate, reasonable in cost and more beneficial for industrial production of the gastrodin semihydrate.
Synthesis method of gastrodin
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Paragraph 0031; 0032; 0033; 0034, (2017/07/19)
The invention discloses a synthesis method of gastrodin. The synthesis method of the gastrodin comprises the following steps: putting 4-formylphenyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and a reducing agent into a solvent, and conducting reaction at 0 to 30 DEG C for 0 to 3 hours; after complete reaction, adding water and performing quenching reaction; separating and taking an organic phase, concentrating the organic phase under the vacuum condition, and adding methanol in amount which is 2 to 5 times that of the organic phase; adding organic amine, performing refluxing reaction and performing alcoholysis; after complete reaction, adding activated carbon to decolor, filtering, concentrating, crystallizing and drying. By adoption of the synthesis method provided by the invention, the processes of the production process are reduced, and the method is safe, simple and convenient in operation, low in cost, low in pollution and suitable for large-scale production; furthermore, the prepared gastrodin product has stable quality and the purity is 99.9 percent or higher.
