78-30-8 Usage
Uses
Used in the Paint and Coating Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a plasticizer in lacquers and varnishes, enhancing their flexibility and durability.
Used in the Plastics Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a plasticizer to increase the flexibility and workability of plastics, making them easier to process and use in various applications.
Used in the Textile Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a waterproofing agent, providing water-resistant properties to fabrics and improving their performance in outdoor and wet conditions.
Used in the Automotive Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a gasoline additive to control preignition, ensuring a smoother and more efficient combustion process in engines.
Used in the Lubricant Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a synthetic lubricant, providing reduced friction and wear in various mechanical systems.
Used in the Chemical Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as an extreme pressure additive, enhancing the performance of lubricants under high stress conditions.
Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical manufacturing, contributing to the production of various drugs and medications.
Used in the Construction Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a heat exchange medium, facilitating the transfer of heat in various systems and processes.
Used in the Petroleum Industry:
TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE is used as a lead scavenger in gasoline, helping to reduce the harmful effects of lead on engines and the environment.
Production Methods
Prepared from cresol and phosphorus oxychloride, phosphoric acid, or phosphorus
pentachloride. The grades of cresol commonly used are the isomeric (o-, m-, /p-),
and meta-para mixtures from coal tar and cresylic acid from petroleum. Purification
of the product is based on the intended use; the commercial product is
generally obtained as a mixture. A 'refined grade' of tricresyl phosphate is
prepared by vacuum distillation, or alternatively by washing with 2% NaOH and
water (Lowenheim and Moran 1975).
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. The
oisomer is highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg/m3 (skin);
not classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Non-industrial:
During the prohibition era in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s, Jamaican
ginger extract was used as an additive to beverages for popular consumption. An
outbreak of polyneuritis, an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 cases, led to the discovery
that the ginger extract, used because of its alcohol content, was contaminated with
TOCP, leading to the polyneuritis. This syndrome thus came to be known as
'jake', 'ginger jake', and 'jake leg' (Baron 1981; Morgan 1982). The discovery of
the polyneuritis associated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate led to much research on this
compound (Lillie and Smith 1932; Smith and Elvove 1930; Smith and Lillie 1931; Smith et al 1930, 1932) and related materials, particularly the organophosphorus
insecticides, in which polyneuritis was associated with a delayed neuropathy
characterized by degeneration of axons with subsequent secondary degeneration
of myelin (Abou-Donia 1981). Man may very well be the most sensitive species.
The best known and most studied incidences of poisoning by TOCP, therefore,
are associated with the contamination of Jamaican ginger extract with 0.5 to 3%
tri-o-cresyl phosphate during the 1930s in the United States (Abou-Donia 1981;
Baron 1981; Calabrese 1971; Morgan 1982; Morgan and Penovich 1978). However,
other cases of poisoning have been reported in connection with the use of
contaminated cooking oil in Japan (Yuasa et al 1970) and Morocco (Smith and
Spalding 1959), gingili oil in Sri Lanka (Senanayake and Jeyaratnam 1981), and in
other situations as summarized by Morgan (1982).
Industrial:
Cases of poisoning associated with the use of TOCP have been reported in workers
in the shoe industries of Italy (Capellini et al 1968; Cosi et al 1973; Desantis 1979;
Faggi et al 1971) and Spain (Bermejillo 1971a,b). The glues and adhesives used,
apparently contaminated with TOCP, are associated with symptoms characteristic
of TOCP poisoning. However, Morgan (1981) suggests caution in assigning
causation in such situations because of the possibility of the presence of other
chemicals which may cause similar symptomology.
Health Hazard
TOCP is a highly poisonous compound. Its toxicity is greater than that of the meta- or para-isomer. The toxic routes are inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin; and the symptoms varied with the species and the route of admission. Ingestion of 40–60 mL of the liquid can be fatal to humans. An oral dose of 6–7 mg/kg has produced serious paralysis in humans (Patty 1949). The toxic symptoms from oral intake can be gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea, weakness, muscle pain, kidney damage, and paralysis. The target organs are the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, central nervous system, and neuromuscular system.LD50 value, oral (rabbits): 100 mg/kgSomkuti et al. (1987) reported testicular toxicity of TOCP in adult leghorn roosters. Birds dosed with 100 mg/kg/day exhibited limb paralysis in 7–10 days. Such symptoms are characteristics of delayed neurotoxicity caused by organophosphorus compounds. Analysis at the termination of 18 days indicated a significant inhibition of neurotoxic esterase activity in both brain and testes, and a decrease in sperm motility and brain acetylcholinesterase activity. TOCP caused adverse reproductive effects in mice, such as increased maternal mortality and a decreased number of viable litters. An LD50 value of 515 mg/kg/day is reported (Environmental Health Research and Testing 1987)..
Fire Hazard
Noncumbustible solid; vapor pressure 0.02 torr at 150°C (302°F); fire retardant.
Safety Profile
Poison by
subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous,
and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic
by ingestion. Most of the cases of tri-o-cresyl
phosphate poisoning have followed
its ingestion. In 1930, some 15,000 persons
were affected in the United States, and of
these, 10 died. The responsible material was
found to be an alcoholic drink known as
Jamaica ginger, or "jake." This beverage had
been adulterated with about 2% of tri-o-cresyl
phosphate. The affected persons
developed a polyneuritis, which progressed,
in many cases, with degeneration of the
peripheral motor nerves, the anterior horn
cells, and the pyramidal tracts. Sensory
changes were absent. Since 1930 there have
been several other outbreaks of poisoning
following ingestion of the material. Tri-ocresyl
phosphate is more toxic than the mform,
and much more so than tri-p-cresyl
phosphate or triphenyl phosphate.
Experimental reproductive effects.
flame. Can react with oxidizing materials. To
fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical. When
heated to decomposition it emits highly
toxic fumes of POx. See also
PHOSPHATES.
Combustible when exposed to heat or
Potential Exposure
Tricresyl phosphate is used as an additive
in hydraulic fluids; as a plasticizer; pigment dispersant;
flame retardant; as a plasticizer for chlorinated
rubber; vinyl plastics; polystyrene, polyacrylic, and polymethacrylic
esters; as an adjuvant in milling of pigment
pastes; as a solvent and as a binder in nitrocellulose and
various natural resins, and as an additive to synthetic lubricants
and gasoline. It is also used in the recovery of phenol
in coke-oven wastewaters.
Environmental fate
Biological. A commercial mixture containing tricresyl phosphates was completely degraded by
indigenous microbes in Mississippi River water to carbon dioxide. After 4 wk, 82.1% of the
theoretical carbon dioxide had evolved (Saeger et al., 1979).
Chemical/Physical. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate hydrolyzed rapidly in Lake Ontario water,
presumably to di-o-cresyl phosphate (Howard and Doe, 1979). When an aqueous solution
containing a mixture of isomers (0.1 mg/L) and chlorine (3 to 1,000 mg/L) was stirred in the dark
at 20 °C for 24 h, the benzene ring was substituted with one to three chlorine atoms (Ishikawa and
Baba, 1988).
Decomposes at temperatures greater than 424 °C (Dobry and Keller, 1957).
Metabolism
The skin penetrating ability of a series of phosphorus esters, including tri-o-cresyl
phosphate, was studied by Marzulli et al (1965). They found a relationship
between the solubility of the compounds studied in benzene and water, the
molecular weight, and the volatility and their skin-penetrating capacity. Tri-ocresyl
phosphate was one of the least penetrating of the compounds studied in a
series of related phosphorus esters. However, Ahmed and Glees (1971) showed
that the application of 0.2 cm3/kg body weight of tricresyl phosphate daily for 10 d
on the skin of the neck of simian primates produced general symptoms of
intoxication. This observation has been confirmed in mice (Litau 1975).
Following dermal application of tri-o-cresyl phosphate to a preclipped area on
the back of the neck of male cats (Nomeir and Abou-Donia 1984), the compound
reached its maximum concentration in plasma at 12 h, while its metabolites
reached their maximum concentrations between 24 and 48 h. The subsequent
disappearance of TOCP from the plasma followed monoexponential kinetics with
a half-life of 1.2 d. Di-o-cresyl phosphate and o-cresyl phosphate were the major
metabolites in the plasma, while dihydroxymethyl TOCP was present in trace
amounts. Appreciable amounts of saligenin cyclic-o-tolyl phosphate were detected
in the plasma at all time points. TOCP was the predominant compound in the
brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve, while the liver, kidneys, and lungs contained
mostly metabolites. The major metabolite identified in these tissues was ohydroxybenzoic
acid, followed by di-o-cresyl phosphate. Di-o-cresyl phosphate
and o-cresyl phosphate were the predominant metabolites in the brain, spinal cord,
and sciatic nerve. Other metabolites identified in the tissues were ocresol,
dihydroxymethyl TOCP, as well as the stepwise oxidation products of the methyl
group of o-cresol.
In chickens, after oral administration of radiolabeled tri-o-cresyl phosphate
(Sharma and Watanabe 1974; Watanabe and Sharma 1973), nerve tissues accumulated
the compound over a period of two weeks. Other tissues examined showed
an increase over a period of 3-7 d, followed by a decline. During that period
the principal metabolite, 2-(2-methylphenoxy)-4H-l,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-
2-oxide (CBDP), represented 71 and 74% of the total in the liver at 12 and 24 h.
The concentration of TOCP and metabolites in the plasma at 24 h was only about
5% that of the liver. These workers suggest that CBDP is bound to tissues to a greater extent than TOCP, since low concentrations of the metabolite were found
in plasma; TOCP was the major circulating compound. However, the total
recovery of the administered radiolabeled compound over the first 3 d was
relatively low, emphasizing the extended period of time this chemical remains in
the body. Only 26.5% of the administered dose was excreted in 3 d.
Eto (1969) has reviewed the pathways of metabolism of tri-o-cresyl phosphate.
Shipping
UN2574 Tricresyl phosphate with >3% ortho
(o-) isomer, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous
materials.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Contact with magnesium
may cause explosion. Organophosphates, such as tricresyl
phosphate, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and
flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing
agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Partial oxidation
by oxidizing agents may result in the release of
toxic phosphorus oxides.
Waste Disposal
TOCP is dissolved in a combustible solvent and burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 78-30-8 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 7 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 3 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 78-30:
(4*7)+(3*8)+(2*3)+(1*0)=58
58 % 10 = 8
So 78-30-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C21H21O4P/c1-16-10-4-7-13-19(16)23-26(22,24-20-14-8-5-11-17(20)2)25-21-15-9-6-12-18(21)3/h4-15H,1-3H3
78-30-8Relevant articles and documents
Diphenyl Diselenide-Catalyzed Synthesis of Triaryl Phosphites and Triaryl Phosphates from White Phosphorus
Zhang, Yue,Cai, Ziman,Chi, Yangyang,Zeng, Xiangzhe,Chen, Shuanghui,Liu, Yan,Tang, Guo,Zhao, Yufen
supporting information, p. 5158 - 5163 (2021/07/20)
Industrially important triaryl phosphites, traditionally prepared from PCl3, have been synthesized by a diphenyl diselenide-catalyzed one-step procedure involving white phosphorus and phenols, which provides a halogen- and transition metal-free way to these compounds. Subsequent oxidation of triaryl phosphites produces triaryl phosphates and triaryl thiophosphates. Phosphorotrithioates are also prepared efficiently from aromatic thiols and aliphatic thiols.
Method for preparing phosphate ester derivatives from white phosphorus
-
Paragraph 0062-0064, (2021/06/23)
A method for preparing phosphate ester derivatives from white phosphorus relates to the field of chemical engineering, and comprises the following steps: adding alkali, a catalyst, a white phosphorus solution, ROH or RSH (R represents alkyl or aromatic group) into a reaction container in an inert atmosphere, and heating and stirring the mixture in a mixed solvent of toluene and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) to react for a certain time, so as to obtain three-coordinated phosphate ester derivatives; and 2) continuing to add H2O2, air or sulfur powder until the oxidation is completed, thereby obtaining the tetra-coordinated phosphate ester derivative. According to the method, chlorine, phosphorus trichloride and halogen are not needed, phosphite ester is directly prepared from elementary white phosphorus in an efficient, green and environment-friendly manner, and phosphate and thiophosphate can be directly prepared after oxidation. High pollution and high corrosivity of a traditional method are avoided in the whole process; meanwhile, white phosphorus is completely converted in the whole process, white phosphorus residues are avoided, and the post-reaction treatment process is safe.
Aerobic Oxidation of Phosphite Esters to Phosphate Esters by Using an Ionic-Liquid-Supported Organotelluride Reusable Catalyst
Mihoya, Aya,Shibuya, Yuga,Ito, Akane,Toyoda, Anna,Oba, Makoto,Koguchi, Shinichi
supporting information, p. 2043 - 2045 (2020/11/10)
We describe the synthesis of an ionic-liquid (IL)-supported organotelluride catalyst and its application as a recyclable catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of phosphite esters to phosphate esters. This method shows high conversion rates, allows the ready isolation and purification of the resulting products, and exhibits good reusability of the catalyst.
Catalytic synthesis of triaryl phosphates from white phosphorus
Armstrong, Kenneth M.,Kilian, Petr
experimental part, p. 2138 - 2147 (2011/06/28)
Triaryl phosphates were synthesized from white phosphorus and phenols under aerobic conditions and in the presence of iron catalysts and iodine. Full conversion to phosphates was achieved without the use of chlorine, and the reactions do not produce acid waste. Triphenyl phosphate, tritolyl phosphate and tris(2,4-di-tert-butyl)phenyl phosphate were synthesized by this method with high selectivities. Various iron(III) diketonates were used to catalyze the conversion. Mechanistic studies showed that the reaction proceeds by formation of PI3, then O=PI(OPh)2 before the final formation of the phosphate. The nucleophilic substitution of O=PI(OPh)2 with phenol to form O=P(OPh)3 was found to be the rate-limiting step.
Nickel-catalyzed amination of aryl phosphates through cleaving aryl C-O bonds
Huang, Jin-Hua,Yang, Lian-Ming
supporting information; experimental part, p. 3750 - 3753 (2011/09/14)
The amination of triaryl phosphates was achieved using a Ni(II)-(σ-Aryl) complex/NHC catalyst system in dioxane at 110 °C in the presence of NaH as base. Electron-neutral, -rich, and -deficient triaryl phosphates were coupled with a wider range of amine partners including cyclic and acyclic secondary amines, aliphatic primary amines, and anilines in good to excellent yields.
Absolute viscosity and density of trisubstituted phosphoric esters
Kannan,Kishore
, p. 649 - 655 (2007/10/03)
This paper presents measurements on the absolute viscosity (η) and density (ρ) of trisubstituted phosphoric esters which are useful in understanding their flow mechanism necessary for accessing their role as plasticizers. The effect of chain length and branching has been examined on the η and ρ trends. From η data, by using the Vogel-Tammann-Fulchur (VTF) equation, the VTF temperature (To) has been obtained which also represents the ideal glass transition temperature. To is related to the flexibility of the molecules. It is observed that To initially decreases with molecular weight, reaches a minimum, and increases thereafter. The initial decrease in To has been attributed to the enhanced flexibility of the phosphate esters. Reversal of flexibility with relative molar mass beyond 400 is due to the gentle collision of the arms of the trisubstituted phosphoric esters. This has been further corroborated from the molar mass exponent as exhibited in the η-molar mass plot. The isomeric effect on η has also been investigated in tricresyl phosphates, hitherto for the first time. The ortho isomer has highest η among the isomers. The para isomer was found to have lowest To and hence highest flexibility compared to the ortho and meta isomers.
Polymer supported reagents: An efficiant and simple method for the synthesis of triaryl phosphates
Sagar,Thorat,Salunkhe
, p. 2029 - 2033 (2007/10/02)
The reaction of phosphoryl chloride with insoluble polymer-supported phenoxide ion reagents in benzene at room temperature, produced triaryl phosphates in excellent yields. The isolation of pure products by simple filtration and evaporation is an important feature of this method.
ELECTROCHEMICALLY INDUCED PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF PHOSPHORUS ACID DERIVATIVES. 4. SYNTHESIS OF TRIALKYL PHOSPHATES FROM WHITE PHOSPHORUS
Budnikova, Yu. G.,Kargin, Yu. M.,Zaripov, I. M.,Romakhin, A. S.,Ignat'ev, Yu. A.,et al.
, p. 1585 - 1588 (2007/10/02)
The products of electrolysis in dipolar aprotic solvents on the background of tetraethylammonium iodide in the presence of white phosphorus are trialkyl phosphite (the primary product after splitting of all the P - P bonds in the phosphoric oligomers) and triaryl phosphate.It was found that the formation of triaryl phosphate from white phosphorus proceeds by way of electrochemical reduction of pentaaroxyphosphorane - an intermediate product of the reaction of triaryl phosphite with iodine and phenol.A strong dependence of the yields and distribution of the products on the composition of the electrolyte has been observed. Keywords: white phosphorus, electrosynthesis, triaryl phosphate.
