791-92-4Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Deoxygenation of tertiary and secondary alcohols with sodium borohydride, trimethylsilyl chloride, and potassium iodide in acetonitrile
Kato, Yuichi,Inoue, Tomoka,Furuyama, Yuuki,Ohgane, Kenji,Sadaie, Mahito,Kuramochi, Kouji
supporting information, (2021/11/16)
The deoxygenation of tertiary and secondary alcohols to give the corresponding alkanes is conventionally performed using an organosilane and a strong acid. In this study, a deoxygenation method was developed for tertiary and secondary alcohols, using trimethylsilane and trimethylsilyl iodide generated in situ from sodium borohydride and trimethylsilyl chloride, and trimethylsilyl chloride and potassium iodide, respectively. With our method, tertiary and secondary alcohols, which provided stable carbocations, were converted into the corresponding alkanes. This paper also presents the optimization of the reaction conditions, the reaction mechanism, as well as the scope and limitations of the method.
Friedel–Crafts Alkylation with Carbenium Ions Generated by Electrochemical Oxidation of Stannylmethyl Ethers
Jirgensons, Aigars,Lielpetere, Anna
, (2020/07/27)
The electrochemical activation of stannylmethyl ethers was exploited for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of arenes at near-neutral conditions. Single cell anodic oxidation of stannylmethyl ethers leads to oxonium ions which fragment to carbenium ions in the pre
Ambident Reactivity of Phenolate Anions Revisited: A Quantitative Approach to Phenolate Reactivities
Mayer, Robert J.,Breugst, Martin,Hampel, Nathalie,Ofial, Armin R.,Mayr, Herbert
, p. 8837 - 8858 (2019/07/08)
Prompted by the observation that the regioselectivities of phenolate reactions (C versus O attack) are opposite to the predictions by the principle of hard and soft acids and bases, we performed a comprehensive experimental and computational investigation of phenolate reactivities. Rate and equilibrium constants for the reactions of various phenolate ions with benzhydrylium ions (Aryl2CH+) and structurally related quinone methides have been determined photometrically in polar aprotic solvents. Quantum chemical calculations at the SMD(MeCN)/M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level confirmed that O attack is generally favored under kinetically controlled conditions, whereas C attack is favored under thermodynamically controlled conditions. Exceptions are diffusion-limited reactions with strong electrophiles, which give mixtures of products arising from O and C attack, as well as reactions with metal alkoxides in nonpolar solvents, where oxygen attack is blocked by strong ion pairing. The Lewis basicity (LB) and nucleophilicity (N, sN) parameters of phenolates determined in this work can be used to predict whether their reactions with electrophiles are kinetically or thermodynamically controlled and whether the rates are activation- or diffusion-limited. Comparison of the measured rate constants for the reactions of phenolates with carbocations with the Gibbs energies for single-electron transfer manifests that these reactions proceed via polar mechanisms.
KOtBu as a single electron donor? Revisiting the halogenation of alkanes with CBr4 and CCl4
Emery, Katie J.,Young, Allan,Arokianathar, J. Norman,Tuttle, Tell,Murphy, John A.
, (2018/05/22)
The search for reactions where KOtBu and other tert-alkoxides might behave as single electron donors led us to explore their reactions with tetrahalomethanes, CX4, in the presence of adamantane. We recently reported the halogenation of adamantane under these conditions. These reactions appeared to mirror the analogous known reaction of NaOH with CBr4 under phase-transfer conditions, where initiation features single electron transfer from a hydroxide ion to CBr4. We now report evidence from experimental and computational studies that KOtBu and other alkoxide reagents do not go through an analogous electron transfer. Rather, the alkoxides form hypohalites upon reacting with CBr4 or CCl4, and homolytic decomposition of appropriate hypohalites initiates the halogenation of adamantane.
Simple Method for sp2-sp3 and sp3-sp3 Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation in 2-Substituted 1,3-Diketones
Aoyama, Tadashi,Hayakawa, Mamiko,Kubota, Sho,Ogawa, Sumire,Nakajima, Erika,Mitsuyama, Emi,Iwabuchi, Taku,Kaneko, Haruki,Obara, Rina,Takido, Toshio,Kodomari, Mitsuo,Ouchi, Akihiko
supporting information, p. 2945 - 2956 (2015/09/28)
Simple and efficient methods were developed for sp2-sp3 and sp3-sp3 C-C bond-activation reactions of 2-substituted 1,3-diketones. 3-Substituted 3-bromopentane-2,4-diones were deacylated in the presence of an aromatic compound and a silica gel supported Bronsted acid containing sulfonic groups. The carbocation formed by cleavage of the sp3-sp3 C-C bond of the dione alkylated the aromatic compound.
NiXantphos: A deprotonatable ligand for room-temperature palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl chlorides
Zhang, Jiadi,Bellomo, Ana,Trongsiriwat, Nisalak,Jia, Tiezheng,Carroll, Patrick J.,Dreher, Spencer D.,Tudge, Matthew T.,Yin, Haolin,Robinson, Jerome R.,Schelter, Eric J.,Walsh, Patrick J.
supporting information, p. 6276 - 6287 (2014/05/20)
Although the past 15 years have witnessed the development of sterically bulky and electron-rich alkylphosphine ligands for palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings with aryl chlorides, examples of palladium catalysts based on either triarylphosphine or bidentate phosphine ligands for efficient room temperature cross-coupling reactions with unactivated aryl chlorides are rare. Herein we report a palladium catalyst based on NiXantphos, a deprotonatable chelating aryldiphosphine ligand, to oxidatively add unactivated aryl chlorides at room temperature. Surprisingly, comparison of an extensive array of ligands revealed that under the basic reaction conditions the resultant heterobimetallic Pd-NiXantphos catalyst system outperformed all the other mono- and bidentate ligands in a deprotonative cross-coupling process (DCCP) with aryl chlorides. The DCCP with aryl chlorides affords a variety of triarylmethane products, a class of compounds with various applications and interesting biological activity. Additionally, the DCCP exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity in the presence of aryl chloride substrates bearing heteroaryl groups and sensitive functional groups that are known to undergo 1,2-addition, aldol reaction, and O-, N-, enolate-α-, and C(sp2)-H arylations. The advantages and importance of the Pd-NiXantphos catalyst system outlined herein make it a valuable contribution for applications in Pd-catalyzed arylation reactions with aryl chlorides.
Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation of diarylmethanes at room temperature: Synthesis of triarylmethanes via deprotonative-cross-coupling processes
Zhang, Jiadi,Bellomo, Ana,Creamer, Andrea D.,Dreher, Spencer D.,Walsh, Patrick J.
supporting information; experimental part, p. 13765 - 13772 (2012/10/08)
Although metal-catalyzed direct arylation reactions of non- or weakly acidic C-H bonds have recently received much attention, chemists have relied heavily on substrates with appropriately placed directing groups to steer reactivity. To date, examples of intermolecular arylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in the absence of a directing group remain scarce. We report herein the first general, high-yielding, and scalable method for palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation of simple diarylmethane derivatives with aryl bromides at room temperature. This method facilitates access to a variety of sterically and electronically diverse hetero- and nonheteroaryl-containing triarylmethanes, a class of compounds with various applications and interesting biological activity. Key to the success of this approach is an in situ metalation of the substrate via C-H deprotonation under catalytic cross-coupling conditions, which is referred to as a deprotonative-cross-coupling process (DCCP). Base and catalyst identification were performed by high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and led to a unique base/catalyst combination [KN(SiMe3)2/Pd-NiXantphos] that proved to efficiently promote the room-temperature DCCP of diarylmethanes. Additionally, the DCCP exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity in the presence of substrates that are known to undergo O-, N-, enolate-, and C(sp2)-H arylation.
An efficient and general iron-catalyzed C-C bond activation with 1,3-dicarbonyl units as a leaving groups
Li, Huanrong,Li, Wenjuan,Liu, Weiping,He, Zhiheng,Li, Zhiping
supporting information; experimental part, p. 2975 - 2978 (2011/05/05)
(Chemical Equation Presented) With our compliments: The 1,3-dicarbonyl unit has been shown to be a new and useful leaving group for iron-catalyzed bond cleavage (see scheme). This new strategy can complement the traditional Friedel-Crafts reaction and was applied in the synthesis of indene derivatives.
Selective benzylic and allylic alkylation of protic nucleophiles with sulfonamides through double Lewis acid catalyzed cleavage of sp3 carbon-nitrogen bonds
Liu, Cong-Rong,Li, Man-Bo,Yang, Cui-Feng,Tian, Shi-Kai
experimental part, p. 793 - 797 (2009/09/29)
The acid-catalyzed benzylic and allylic alkylation of protic nucleophiles is fundamentally important for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, and it is a formidable challenge for benzylic and allylic amine derivatives to be used as the alkylating agents. Herein we report a highly efficient benzylic and allylic alkylation of protic carbon and sulfur nucleophiles with sulfonamides through double Lewis acid catalyzed cleavage of sp3 carbon-nitrogen bonds at room temperature. In the presence of a catalytic amount of inexpensive ZnCl2-TMSCl (TMSCl: chlorotrimethylsilane), 1,3-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto amides, malononitrile, aromatic compounds, thiols, and thioacetic acid can couple with a broad range of tosylactivated benzylic and allylic amines to give diversely functionalized products in good to excellent yields and with high regioselectivity. Furthermore, the cross-coupling reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with benzylic propargylic amine derivatives has been successfully applied to the one-step synthesis of polysubstituted furans and benzofurans.
Free radical chemistry of β-lactones. Arrhenius parameters for the decarboxylative cleavage and ring expansion of 2-oxetanon-4-ylcarbinyl radicals. Facilitation of chain propagation by catalytic benzeneselenol
Crich, David,Mo, Xue-Sheng
, p. 8298 - 8304 (2007/10/03)
2-Oxetanon-4-ylcarbinyl radicals undergo facile ring opening with cleavage of the C-O bond to give 3-butenoxyl radicals which in turn suffer loss of carbon dioxide to provide allyl radicals. When the initial radical is generated from a bromolactone with Bu3SnH and AIBN, chain propagation is poor owing to the relatively slow abstraction of hydrogen from the stannane by the allyl radical. The inclusion of catalytic Ph2Se2, reduced in situ to PhSeH, provides for much smoother cleaner reactions because of the better hydrogen donating capacity of the selenol. The oxetanon-4-ylcarbinyl radical derived from 6-benzyl-1-(bromomethyl)-8-oxa-7-oxobicyclo[4.2.0]octane is anomalous and undergoes a radical ring expansion in competition with the fragmentation process. Possible reasons for this anomaly are presented as are Arrhenius functions for the fragmentation and rearrangement. The Arrhenius function for the fragmentation of a simple 2-oxetanon-4-yl radical is also presented. Conditions are described under which the fragmentation of 2- oxetanon-4-yl radicals may be suppressed.
