Xn:Harmful;80287-53-2Relevant articles and documents
Process Development and Protein Engineering Enhanced Nitroreductase-Catalyzed Reduction of 2-Methyl-5-nitro-pyridine
Bornadel, Amin,Bisagni, Serena,Pushpanath, Ahir,Slabu, Iustina,Lepaih, Jacques,Cherney, Alan H.,Mennen, Steven M.,Hedley, Simon J.,Tedrow, Jason,Dominguez, Beatriz
supporting information, p. 648 - 653 (2021/01/09)
Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to anilines is of great interest to the chemical industry. Biocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes has made it possible to effectively produce anilines by applying nitroreductase enzymes (NR) in combination with vanadium pentoxide. Herein, the NR-catalyzed reduction of 2-methyl-5-nitro-pyridine (2) to give the desired aniline (1) was studied as a model reaction. It demonstrates the importance of process development and enzyme engineering as key approaches to overcome scale-up issues and improve yield and productivity. Moving to fed-batch allowed controlling the feeding rate of 2 to prevent the accumulation of intermediates and formation of undesired side products. Starting with a substrate (2) concentration of 200 mM (28 g/L) and enzyme loading of 5 mg/mL (18% w/w), it was possible to achieve complete conversion and 1 in 95% yield by high-performance liquid chromatography (89.1% isolated yield) over 18 h, whereas, with 500 mM (69 g/L) 2 and an enzyme loading of 10 mg/mL (14.5% w/w), the same conversion and yield were achieved in 26 h. A rational engineering of NR-4 yielded faster variants, including NR-5, in only one round. The improved rate of the new variants allowed increasing the feeding rate of 2 to shorten the reaction time to less than a day as well as decreasing the enzyme loading to 3.6%.
ARYL-SULFONAMIDE AND ARYL-SULFONE DERIVATIVES AS TRPML MODULATORS
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Page/Page column 55, (2018/12/03)
The new arylsulfonamide and arylsulfone derivatives are modulators of TRPML and are useful in treating disorders related to TRPML activities and lysosome functions such as acid-related disorders and cancer.
Structure-Activity Relationships of the p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitor 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy) naphthalen-1-yl]urea (BIRB 796)
Regan, John,Capolino, Alison,Cirillo, Pier F.,Gilmore, Thomas,Graham, Anne G.,Hickey, Eugene,Kroe, Rachel R.,Madwed, Jeffrey,Moriak, Monica,Nelson, Richard,Pargellis, Christopher A.,Swinamer, Alan,Torcellini, Carol,Tsang, Michele,Moss, Neil
, p. 4676 - 4686 (2007/10/03)
We report on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 1-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy) naphthalen-1-yl]urea (BIRB 796), an inhibitor of p38α MAP kinase which has advanced into human clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Thermal denaturation was used to establish molecular binding affinities for this class of p38α inhibitors. The tert-butyl group remains a critical binding element by occupying a lipophilic domain in the kinase which is exposed upon rearrangement of the activation loop. An aromatic ring attached to N-2 of the pyrazole nucleus provides important π-CH 2 interactions with the kinase. The role of groups attached through an ethoxy group to the 4-position of the naphthalene and directed into the ATP-binding domain is elucidated. Pharmacophores with good hydrogen bonding potential, such as morpholine, pyridine, and imidazole, shift the melting temperature of p38α by 16-17 °C translating into Kd values of 50-100 pM. Finally, we describe several compounds that potently inhibit TNF-α production when dosed orally in mice.
