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7440-44-0 Usage

Description

All our SWNTs come packed as dry powders, which can be dispersed within the user's solvent of choice.

Chemical Properties

Carbon, C, is a nonmetallic element, grey solid. It is found in nature as graphite (specific gravity2.25), diamond(specific gravity 3.51), and coal (specific gravity 1.88). Carbon is found in all living things, is insoluble in common solvents,and forms an almost infinite numberof organic compounds. Anaturally occurring radioactive isotope,14C, has a half-life of 5780 years and is used in archaeo logical investigations to date artifacts and ancient documents. Other uses of carbon depend on its form. For example, diamonds for jewels and abrasives,graphite for lubricants, activated carbon to absorb color and gases, and wood carbon for fuel are some common examples.

Physical properties

All the elements in group 14 have four electrons in their outer valence shell. Carbon exhibitsmore nonmetallic properties than do the others in group 14 and is unique in several ways.It has four forms, called allotropes:1. Carbon black is the amorphous allotrope (noncrystal form) of carbon. It is produced byheating coal at high temperatures (producing coke); burning natural gas (producing jetblack); or burning vegetable or animal matter (such as wood and bone), at high temperatureswith insufficient oxygen, which prevents complete combustion of the material, thusproducing charcoal.2. Graphite is a unique crystal structure of carbon wherein layers of carbon atoms are stackedparallel to each other and can extend indefinitely in two dimensions as in the shafts ofcarbon fiber golf clubs. Graphite is also one of the softest elements, making it an excellentdry lubricant.3. Diamonds are another allotrope whose crystal structure is similar to graphite. Naturaldiamonds were formed under higher pressure and extreme temperatures. Synthetic diamondshave been artificially produced since 1955.4. Fullerenes are another amorphous (no crystal structure) form of carbon that have the basicformula of C60H60 and are shaped like a soccer ball. (See the “Atomic Structure” sectionof the book for more on fullerenes.)The different allotropes of carbon were formed under varying conditions in the Earth,starting with different minerals, temperature, pressure, and periods of time. Once the distinctcrystal structures are formed, they are nearly impossible to change.Carbon-12 is the basis for the average atomic mass units (amu) that is used to determinethe atomic weights of the elements. Carbon is one of the few elements that can form covalentbonds with itself as well as with many metals and nonmetals.

Isotopes

There are 15 isotopes of carbon, two of which are stable. Stable carbon-12makes up 98.89% of the element’s natural abundance in the Earth’s crust, and carbon-13 makes up just 1.11% of carbon’s abundance in the Earth’s crust. All the otherisotopes of carbon are radioactive with half-lives varying from 30 nanoseconds (C-21) to5,730 years (C-14).

Origin of Name

Carbon’s name is derived from the Latin word carbo, which means, “charcoal.”

Occurrence

Carbon is the 14th most abundant element, making up about 0.048% of the Earth’s crust.It is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, which contains 3.5 atoms of carbonfor every atom of silicon. Carbon is a product of the cosmic nuclear process called fusion,through which helium nuclei are “burned” and fused together to form carbon atoms withthe atomic number 12. Only five elements are more abundant in the universe than carbon:hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and nitrogen.

Characteristics

Carbon is, without a doubt, one of the most important elements on Earth. It is the majorelement found in over one million organic compounds and is the minor component in mineralssuch as carbonates of magnesium and calcium (e.g., limestone, marble, and dolomite),coral, and shells of oysters and clams.The carbon cycle, one of the most essential of all biological processes, involves the chemicalconversion of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates in green plants by photosynthesis. Animalsconsume the carbohydrates and, through the metabolic process, reconvert the carbohydratesback into carbon dioxide, which is returned to the atmosphere to continue the cycle.

History

Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the wellknown carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C. Of recent interest is the discovery of all-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 carbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain superconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the Earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. A new brittle form of car- 4-8 The Elements bon, known as “glassy carbon,” has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high resistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Glassy carbon is available at a cost of about $35/10g. Fullerene powder is available at a cost of about $55/10mg (99%C10). Diamond powder (99.9%) costs about $40/g.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 7440-44-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Crucibles, retorts, foundry facings, molds, lubricants, paints and coatings, boiler compounds, powder glazing, electrotyping, monochromator in X-ray diffraction analysis, fluorinated graphite polymers with fluorine-to-carbon ratios of 0.1–1.25, electrodes, bricks, chemical equipment, motor and generator brushes, seal rings, rocket nozzles, moderator in nuclear reactors, cathodes in electrolytic cells, pencils, fibers, self-lubricating bearings, intercalation compounds.
2. There are many uses for the very versatile element carbon. It, no doubt, forms morecompounds than any other element, particularly in the world of modern carbon chemistry.Carbon’s nature allows the formation-rings and straight- and branched-chains types of compoundsthat are capable of adding hydrogen as well as many different types of elemental atomsto these structures. (See figure 5 in the book’s section titled “Atomic Structure” for a depictionof a snake eating its tail as an analogy for the carbon ring of benzene.) In addition, theseringed, straight, and branched carbon molecules can be repeated over and over to form verylarge molecules such as the polymers, proteins, and carbohydrates that are required for life.Carbon is an excellent reducing agent because it readily combines with oxygen to form COand CO2. Thus, in the form of coke in blast furnaces, it purifies metals by removing the oxidesand other impurities from iron.Carbon, as graphite, has strong electrical conductivity properties. It is an importantcomponent in electrodes used in a variety of devices, including flashlight cells (batteries).Amorphous carbon has some superconduction capabilities.Graphite is used for the “lead” in pencils, as a dry lubricant, and as electrodes in arc lamps.Of course, carbon is a popular jewelry item (e.g., diamonds).Future uses of carbon in the forms of fullerenes (C60 up to C240) and applications of nanotechnologywill provide many new and improved products with unusual properties.
3. Glassy carbon rod is used as an electrode material in electrochemistry. It is also used as high temperature crucibles. Used as a component of some prosthetic devices. Used electrical conductor ion-selective membrane.

Definition

Different sources of media describe the Definition of 7440-44-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. The crystalline allotropic form of carbon.
2. A porous form of carbonproduced by the destructive distillationof organic material. Charcoalfrom wood is used as a fuel. All formsof charcoal are porous and are usedfor adsorbing gases and purifyingand clarifying liquids. There are severaltypes depending on the source.Charcoal from coconut shells is a particularlygood gas adsorbent. Animalcharcoal (or bone black) is made byheating bones and dissolving out thecalcium phosphates and other mineralsalts with acid. It is used in sugarrefining. Activated charcoal is charcoalthat has been activated for adsorptionby steaming or by heatingin a vacuum.
3. carbon: Symbol C. A nonmetallic element belonging to group 14 (formerly IVB) of the periodic table; a.n. 6; r.a.m. 12.011; m.p. ~3550°C; b.p. ~4827°C. Carbon has three main allotropic forms. Diamond (r.d. 3.52) occurs naturally and can be produced synthetically. It is extremely hard and has highly refractive crystals. The hardness of diamond results from the covalent crystal structure, in which each carbon atom is linked by covalent bonds to four others situated at the corners of a tetrahedron. The C–C bond length is 0.154 nm and the bond angle is 109.5°.Graphite (r.d. 2.25) is a soft black slippery substance (sometimes called black lead or plumbago). It occurs naturally and can also be made by the Acheson process. In graphite the carbon atoms are arranged in layers, in which each carbon atom is surrounded by three others to which it is bound by single or double bonds. The layers are held together by much weaker van der Waals’ forces. The carbon–carbon bond length in the layers is 0.142 nm and the layers are 0.34 nm apart. Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It has a variety of uses including electrical contacts, high-temperature equipment, and as a solid lubricant.Graphite mixed with clay is the ‘lead’ in pencils (hence its alternative name). The third crystalline allotrope is fullerite. There are also several amorphous forms of carbon, such as carbon black and charcoal. There are two stable isotopes of carbon (proton numbers 12 and 13) and four radioactive ones (10, 11, 14, 15). Carbon–14 is used in carbon dating.Carbon forms a large number of compounds because of its unique ability to form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and also with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur atoms, resulting in the formation of a variety of compounds containing chains and rings of carbon atoms.

General Description

Black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability. May heat spontaneously if not properly cooled after manufacture.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Dust is explosive when exposed to heat or flame. Freshly prepared material can heat and spontaneously ignite in air. The presence of water assists ignition, as do contaminants such as oils. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Carbon is incompatible with very strong oxidizing agents such as fluorine, ammonium perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, dichlorine oxide, chlorine trifluoride, potassium peroxide, etc. . Also incompatible with air, metals, unsaturated oils. [Lewis].

Hazard

Different sources of media describe the Hazard of 7440-44-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. (Powder, natural) Fire risk.
2. Many compounds of carbon, particularly the hydrocarbons, are not only toxic but alsocarcinogenic (cancer-causing), but the elemental forms of carbon, such as diamonds andgraphite, are not considered toxic.Carbon dioxide (CO2) in its pure form will suffocate you by preventing oxygen from enteringyour lungs. Carbon monoxide (CO) is deadly, even in small amounts; once breathed intothe lungs, it replaces the oxygen in the bloodstream.Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant gas in the atmosphere at sea level. Excess CO2produced by industrialized nations is blamed for a slight increase in current temperaturesaround the globe. CO2 makes up only 0.03+ percent by volume of the gases in the atmosphere.However, even a small amount in the upper atmosphere seems to be responsible forsome global warming. Since pre-industrial times, the concentration of CO2 in the Earth’satmosphere has risen by approximately one-third, from 280 ppm (parts per million) to about378 ppm. At the same time methane (CH4) doubled its concentration over the years to about2 ppm in the atmosphere. Methane is many times more effective as a “greenhouse” gas than iscarbon dioxide, even though it breaks down in a shorter period of time. Some Scandinaviancountries have experimented with pumping excess CO2 produced by their industries deeponto the ocean floor where it will reenter the carbon cycle just as it does through trees andvegetation on the surface of the Earth. There are a number of super-computer programsattempting to predict the extent of global warming. The problem is the number of variablesaffecting climate change. The process is akin to trying to determine the shape of a cloud overthe next hour. Unfortunately, neither well-meaning politicians nor scientists can agree onthe extent of potential damage that excess carbon dioxide may do to the Earth in the future.Global warming and cooling are cyclic, which means that these processes have been alternatingover eons of time.

Health Hazard

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

Agricultural Uses

Carbon (C) is found in every living being as it forms the major constituent of living cells. As an essential element for plants and animals, carbon is derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide assimilated by plants and photoautotrophic microbes during photosynthesis. Carbon occurs in nature both in an elemental form and as compounds. For example, coal contains elemental carbon which, upon heating in the absence of air, loses the volatile substances, and gives coke. Both coal and coke are amorphous (non-crystalline) forms of carbon. The two crystalline forms of carbon are diamond and graphite. These are called the two allotropes of carbon. Allotropes are two or more forms of an element that exist in different physical forms, and differ in the bonding or molecular structure of their fundamental units. Carbon is found in a combined state in all living organisms, as well as in fossil fuels such as methane and petroleum. It also occurs in large amounts in carbonates such as limestone. Carbon, a non-metallic element, is found at the head of Group 14 (formerly IV) in the Periodic Table. It is unique in the variety and complexity of compounds it forms, which is due to the ability of carbon atoms to bond to one another in long chains, rings and combinations of rings and chains. Carbon in combination with H, O, N, S and other elements produces such a variety of compounds, that a separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry, came into being around carbon compounds. Elemental carbon is a fairly inert substance. It is insoluble in water, dilute acids and bases, and organic solvents. Each carbon atom has four valence electrons and these tend to share with other atoms in the formation of four covalent bonds. Carbon forms two oxides - carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)-which are formed when carbon or carbon-containing compounds are burned in insufficient or inexcess air, respectively. The free element has many uses, ranging from ornamental applications as diamond in jewelry to the black-colored pigment of carbon black in automobile tires and printing inks. Graphite, another form of carbon, is used for high temperature crucibles, arc lights, dry-cell electrodes, lead pencils and as a lubricant. Charcoal, an amorphous form of carbon, is used as an absorbent for gases and as a decolorizing agent in its activated form.

Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Experimental reproductive effects. It can cause a dust irritation, particularly to the eyes and mucous membranes. See also CARBON BLACK, SOOT. Combustible when exposed to heat. Dust is explosive when exposed to heat or flame or oxides, peroxides, oxosalts, halogens, interhalogens, 02, (NH4NO3 + heat), (NH4ClO4 @ 240°), bromates, Ca(OCl)2, chlorates, (Cla + Cr(OCl)2), Cl0, iodates, 105, Pb(NO3)~, HgNO3, HNO3, (oils + air), (K + air), NaaS, Zn(NO3)a. Incompatible with air, metals, oxidants, unsaturated oils.

Purification Methods

Charcoal (50g) is added to 1L of 6M HCl and boiled for 45minutes. The supernatant is discarded, and the charcoal is boiled with two more lots of HCl, then with distilled water until the supernatant no longer gives a test for chloride ion. The charcoal (now phosphate-free) is filtered onto a sintered-glass funnel and air dried at 120o for 24hours. [Lippin et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 2871 1954.] The purification can be carried out using a Soxhlet extractor (without cartridge), allowing longer extraction times. Treatment with conc H2SO4 instead of HCl has been used to remove reducing substances.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 7440-44-0 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,4,4 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7440-44:
(6*7)+(5*4)+(4*4)+(3*0)+(2*4)+(1*4)=90
90 % 10 = 0
So 7440-44-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C

7440-44-0 Well-known Company Product Price

  • Brand
  • (Code)Product description
  • CAS number
  • Packaging
  • Price
  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (46297)  QuadraPure? C, 0.3-0.8mm, metal scavenger   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 50g

  • 515.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (46297)  QuadraPure? C, 0.3-0.8mm, metal scavenger   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 250g

  • 1784.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (46297)  QuadraPure? C, 0.3-0.8mm, metal scavenger   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 1kg

  • 5047.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (38007)  Glassy carbon splinter powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 10g

  • 272.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (38007)  Glassy carbon splinter powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 50g

  • 1019.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (38007)  Glassy carbon splinter powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 250g

  • 5653.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (43489)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 10-20 micron, type 1   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 50g

  • 1193.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (43489)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 10-20 micron, type 1   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 250g

  • 5963.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (43489)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 10-20 micron, type 1   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 1kg

  • 999999.99CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (42550)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 200-400 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 10g

  • 210.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (42550)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 200-400 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 50g

  • 682.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (42550)  Glassy carbon spherical powder, 200-400 micron, type 2   

  • 7440-44-0

  • 250g

  • 5037.0CNY

  • Detail

7440-44-0SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 12, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 12, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name carbon atom

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names CARBON, ACTIVATED, CHORCARB 130 GRADE/ACTIVATED CARBON/CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Food additives
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:7440-44-0 SDS

7440-44-0Synthetic route

calcium cyanide

calcium cyanide

A

calcium cyanamide
156-62-7

calcium cyanamide

B

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With nitrogen In neat (no solvent) heating at 600°C for 2.5 h; color change from grey to black;;A 100%
B 100%
With nitrogen In neat (no solvent) heating at 600°C for 30 min; color change from grey to black;;A 99.1%
B 99.1%
With nitrogen In neat (no solvent) heating at 400°C for 5 h; color change from grey to black;;A 51.8%
B 51.8%
With nitrogen In neat (no solvent) heating at 400°C for 30 min; color change from grey to black;;A 32.8%
B 32.8%
In neat (no solvent) decompn.;;
magnesium ferrocyanide

magnesium ferrocyanide

A

iron acetylide

iron acetylide

B

magnesium cyanide

magnesium cyanide

C

magnesium nitride

magnesium nitride

D

nitrogen
7727-37-9

nitrogen

E

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
thermal decomposition of Mg2{Fe(CN)6} at 800 °C;;A n/a
B n/a
C 99.67%
D n/a
E n/a
thermal decomposition of Mg2{Fe(CN)6} at 700 °C;;A n/a
B 0.3%
C 91.85%
D n/a
E n/a
thermal decomposition of Mg2{Fe(CN)6} at 600 °C;;A n/a
B 1.03%
C 62.54%
D n/a
E n/a
2C8H6O4*C10H8N2

2C8H6O4*C10H8N2

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 600℃; for 6.5h; Inert atmosphere;66%
silver(I) acetate
563-63-3

silver(I) acetate

A

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

B

silver
7440-22-4

silver

C

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

D

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In neat (no solvent) thermic decompn.;;A 4.09-8.42
B 64.61%
C 1.21%
D 26-27
In neat (no solvent) thermic decompn. on heating in an open tube or a covered porcelain-vessel;;
methane
34557-54-5

methane

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
nickel In neat (no solvent, gas phase) byproducts: H2, C2-hydrocarbons; other Radiation; natural gas converted in flow-through reactor, catalyst heated (300-650 °C) with microwave generator; gas chromy.;62.9%
iron In neat (no solvent, gas phase) byproducts: H2, C2-hydrocarbons; other Radiation; natural gas converted in flow-through reactor, catalyst heated (300-650 °C) with microwave generator; gas chromy.;46.7%
molybdenum In neat (no solvent, gas phase) byproducts: H2, C2-hydrocarbons; other Radiation; natural gas converted in flow-through reactor, catalyst heated (300-650 °C) with microwave generator; gas chromy.;35.9%
magnesium
7439-95-4

magnesium

benzene
71-43-2

benzene

A

magnesium sesquicarbide

magnesium sesquicarbide

B

magnesium acetylide

magnesium acetylide

C

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In neat (no solvent) start of reaction at 550.degree C.; max. formation of Mg2C3 at 680.degree C. and MgC2 at 660.degree C.;;A 57%
B 0.15%
C n/a
In neat (no solvent) start of reaction at 550.degree C.; max. formation of Mg2C3 at 680.degree C. and MgC2 at 660.degree C.;;A 57%
B 0.15%
C n/a
acetylene
74-86-2

acetylene

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With thiophene; tungsten In gaseous matrix pyrolysis (750°C), fibre growth;55.4%
With thiophene; titanium In gaseous matrix pyrolysis (775°C), fibre growth;54%
With thiophene; manganese In gaseous matrix pyrolysis (700°C), fibre growth;52.4%
sodium acetate
127-09-3

sodium acetate

A

sodium carbonate
497-19-8

sodium carbonate

B

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

C

acetone
67-64-1

acetone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In neat (no solvent) decomposition at 390°C, formation of acetone, Na2CO3 and traces of C between 410 and 450°C while distilling;;A n/a
B <1
C 53%
In neat (no solvent) decomposition at 390°C, formation of acetone, Na2CO3 and traces of C between 410 and 450°C while distilling;;A n/a
B <1
C 53%
carbon disulfide
75-15-0

carbon disulfide

calcium sulfate

calcium sulfate

A

sulfur dioxide
7446-09-5

sulfur dioxide

B

pyrographite
7440-44-0

pyrographite

C

calcium oxide

calcium oxide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In neat (no solvent) at 1000°C;;A n/a
B n/a
C 46%

7440-44-0Relevant articles and documents

Aluminium powder as a reactive template for preparation of carbon flakes from CCl4

?imon, Erik,Billik, Peter,Orov?ík, ?ubomír,Nagy, ?tefan,Sasinková, Vlasta,Palou, Martin T.,?krátek, Martin,Trembo?ová, Veronika,Plesch, Gustav

, p. 4599 - 4607 (2020)

Abstract: This work presents a simple procedure for the preparation of 2D carbon flakes by a catalyst-free redox reaction in the range of 400–600?°C at atmospheric pressure. Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) was reduced by aluminium flakes (Al), which also serve as a?template for carbon flakes, for either 60?min or 120?min. Gaseous aluminium chloride (AlCl3) was released from the?synthesis. According to BET analysis, the prepared carbon flakes exhibit a mesoporous structure with surface area in?the?range of 300–500?m2?g?1. The 2D morphology and amorphous character was confirmed by XRD, Raman spectra and TEM analyses. In addition, SEM and TEM images revealed the carbon flakes are composed from carbon layers which can be also folded. A?mechanism of their formation was also proposed. At?higher reaction temperature, e.g., 700?°C, 1D carbon nanostructures with worm-like morphology was obtained. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Chemical vapor deposition of methane for single-walled carbon nanotubes

Kong, Jing,Cassell, Alan M.,Dai, Hongjie

, p. 567 - 574 (1998)

We report the synthesis of high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of methane at 1000°C on supported Fe2O3 catalysts. The type of catalyst support is found to control the formation of ind

STRUCTURE OF THE RESIDUAL CARBON MADE BY FLUOROCARBON PYROLYSIS

Fialkov, A. S.,Dobryakov, S. N.,Khorkhorin, A. V.,Tyan, L. S.,Polyakova, N. V.,et al.

, p. 413 - 416 (1990)

Fluorocarbon defluorination products show an anusual temperature dependence for the paramagnetic susceptibility in the range 77-300 K after pyrolysis at 650-1000 deg C, which is explained from dynamic equilibrium between the formation and dissociation of free radicals involving a bond eergy of 11.22 kJ/mole.The ESR line width initially increases with temperature but then decreases.The width of the inhomogeneously broadened line has been calculated as a function of the frequencies of the static and dynamic spin exchange, which shows that at low temperatures there is alocal increase in the radical concentration, but at higher temperatures, the dynamic exchange averages out this dipole spin-spin interaction.A suggestion confirmed by x-ray structures analysis is that the products contain a linear form of carbon.

Electrical and thermoelectric power measurements of GaInSe2 single crystals

Mobarak

, p. 1259 - 1263 (2009)

A single crystal of GaInSe2 was prepared from melt using a vertical Bridgman technique. The crystal was characterized by X-ray diffraction and Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). Electrical conductivity, hall effect, and

Decomposition of methane over iron catalysts at the range of moderate temperatures: The influence of structure of the catalytic systems and the reaction conditions on the yield of carbon and morphology of carbon filaments

Ermakova,Ermakov,Chuvilin,Kuvshinov

, p. 183 - 197 (2001)

Decomposition of high-purity methane in the presence of α-Fe-based catalysts to produce filamentous carbon was studied at 650°-800°C. Filamentous carbon was formed at temperatures not lower than 680°C in the presence of both bare α-Fe and catalysts based

The surface decoration and electrochemical hydrogen storage of carbon nanofibers

Yan, Xiaoqi,Gao, Xueping,Li, Ying,Liu, Zhanquan,Wu, Feng,Shen, Yutian,Song, Deying

, p. 336 - 341 (2003)

The tube-like carbon nanofibers (CNF) with cone-shaped structure were synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of methane over Ni/MgO catalyst at 550°C for 30 min. The outer diameter of CNF with a rough surface increased to ~ 50-80 nm due to the deposition of Ni-P alloy particles in a ball shape. In the dark field under the selected electron diffraction, the Ni-P alloy particles with fine crystallites existed along the outer surface of CNF, like chain morphology. The heat treatment of CNF decorated with Ni-P alloy particles led to higher crystallization of surface alloy particles. The maximum discharge capacities of the composites with Ni-P content of 76.3 wt % before and after heat treatment were 101 and 149 mA h/g, respectively.

Magnetotransport in the amorphous carbon films prepared from succinic anhydride

Prasad,Subramanyam

, p. 168 - 176 (2005)

In this paper, we report the low-temperature electrical conductivity of amorphous carbon films prepared from an organic precursor succinic anhydride at different pyrolysis temperatures (700-980 °C). The films prepared at low temperatures show activation behavior. The films prepared at 900 °C and above show metal-like behavior, with positive temperature coefficient and a resistivity hump below about 25 K in the R-T behavior. The metal-like behavior at low temperatures was suppressed by the application of a magnetic field. The magnetoconductance in the metal-like films at low and high field limits were analyzed in terms of weak localization and electron-electron interaction models. Negligible magnetoconductance was observed at higher temperatures.

Nanodomain structure of carbon-rich silicon carbonitride polymer-derived ceramics

Mera, Gabriela,Tamayo, Aitana,Nguyen, Hong,Sen, Sabyasachi,Riedel, Ralf

, p. 1169 - 1175 (2010)

The presence of nanodomains in polymer-derived ceramics constitutes one of the most intriguing features of this class of materials. In the present work, the nanostructure of novel carbon-rich silicon carbonitride (SiCN) ceramics synthesized via thermolysis of poly(methylphenylsilylcarbodiimide), -[Ph(CH 3) Si-NCN]n-, at 1300°, 1500°, 1700°, and 2000°C is investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The structural information obtained from these experimental methods is combined together with theoretical modeling of the SAXS data to obtain a detailed model of the temperature-dependent evolution of nanodomains comprised of free carbon, SiC, and Si3N4 in SiCN-based ceramics.

Synthesis and characterization of SiC nanowires through a reduction-carburization route

Hu,Lu,Tang,Deng,Jiang,Qian,Yu,Zhou,Liu,Wu

, p. 5251 - 5254 (2000)

Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) nanowires were synthesized through a reduction-carburization route by using silicon powders and tetrachloride (CCl4) as Si and C sources, and metallic Na as the reductant at 700 °C. The as-prepared SiC nanowires were characterized and studied by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman backscattering, and photoluminescence spectra at room temperature. The SiC nanowires produced from the present route typically have diameters of 15-20 nm and lengths of 5-10 μm. The influencing factors of the formation of the SiC nanowires were discussed and a possible growth mechanism for the SiC nanowires was proposed.

Synthesis of 15R polytype of diamond in oxy-acetylene flame grown diamond thin films

Kapil,Mehta,Vankar

, p. 2520 - 2522 (1996)

15R polytype of diamond has been synthesized using a specially designed oxy-acetylene flame system along with 3C diamond and cubic carbon on polycrystalline molybdenum substrates. X-ray diffraction has been used to detect the 15R phase as the dominant phase in these films. Rapid changes in the substrate temperature during the growth process are expected to be responsible for the growth of these phases.

One-step and template-free preparation of hierarchical porous carbons with high capacitive performance

Zhou, Jin,Zhang, Zhongshen,Li, Zhaohui,Zhu, Tingting,Zhuo, Shuping

, p. 46947 - 46954 (2015)

Considering the wide application of hierarchical porous carbon materials (HPCs), one-step and template-free preparation of HPCs is very attractive. In this work, HPCs are prepared by direct carbonization of phenolic resin carboxylic salt xerogels. The morphology and porosity of the prepared carbon materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The obtained HPCs possesses typically hierarchical porosity combined interconnected mesopores and highly accessible micropores with short diffusion length. Due to its unique hierarchical pore texture, the prepared carbon materials shows superior capacitive performance with high specific capacitance, excellent rate capability, and good long-term cycle stability in both KOH and N(C2H5)4BF4/acetonitrile electrolyte. Remarkable energy densities of 29.1 and 6.1 W h kg-1 are delivered by HPC-9d in organic and KOH electrolyte, respectively. At a very high power density of 10000 W kg-1, the energy densities of HPC-9d still reach up to 14.4 and 4.5 W h kg-1 in organic electrolyte and KOH electrolyte, respectively, suggesting the prepared HPCs possess both high energy density and high power density.

Few-layer epitaxial graphene grown on vicinal 6H-SiC studied by deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy

Kisoda, Kenji,Kamoi, Susumu,Hasuike, Noriyuki,Harima, Hiroshi,Morita, Kouhei,Tanaka, Satoru,Hashimoto, Akihiro

, (2010)

Few layer epitaxial graphenes (1.8-3.0 layers) grown on vicinal 6H-SiC (0001) were characterized by deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy. Shallow penetration depth of the probe laser enabled us to observe G-peak of graphene without subtraction of the SiC s

Thermal conductivity of hard carbon prepared from C60 fullerene

Smontara,Biljakovic,Staresinic,Pajic,Kozlov,Hirabayashi,Tokumoto,Ihara

, p. 160 - 162 (1996)

We report measurements of thermal conductivity in 30-350 K range of hard fullerene-based carbon. The material has been prepared from C60 fullerene under pressure and has an unusual combination of large hardness and relatively high electrical co

Carbon-hydrogen bonding in near-frictionless carbon

Johnson,Woodford,Rajput,Kolesnikov,Schleuter,Eryilmaz,Erdemir

, (2008)

The uniquely low friction behavior of near-frictionless carbon (NFC) as compared to conventional diamondlike carbon (DLC) is determined by the bonding within the film. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to probe the bonding environment of carbon and hydrogen; both INS and FTIR can probe the whole sample. Previous work has focused on surface studies; the present results show that in the film as a whole the majority of the hydrogen is adjacent to s p3 -bonded carbon. In addition this work has determined the absence of any molecular hydrogen in NFC.

Krishnaswamy, J.,Rengan, A.,Narayan, J.,Vedam, K.,McHargue, C. J.

, p. 2455 - 2457 (1989)

Monolayer graphene film/silicon nanowire array Schottky junction solar cells

Xie, Chao,Lv, Peng,Nie, Biao,Jie, Jiansheng,Zhang, Xiwei,Wang, Zhi,Jiang, Peng,Hu, Zhizhong,Luo, Linbao,Zhu, Zhifeng,Wang, Li,Wu, Chunyan

, (2011)

Schottky junction solar cells were constructed by combining the monolayer graphene (MLG) films and the Si nanowire (SiNW) arrays. Pronounced photovoltaic characteristics were investigated for devices with both p-MLG/n-SiNWs and n-MLG/p-SiNWs structures. Due to the balance between light absorption and surface carrier recombination, devices made of SiNW arrays with a medium length showed better performance and could be further improved by enhancing the MLG conductivity via appropriate surface treatment or doping. Eventually, a photoconversion efficiency up to 2.15% is obtained by the means of filling the interspace of SiNW array with graphene suspension.

Self-assembly of carbon nanohelices: Characteristics and field electron emission properties

Zhang, Guangyu,Jiang, Xin,Wang, Enge

, p. 2646 - 2648 (2004)

The fabrication of self-assembled carbon nanohelices (CNH) on iron needles using microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition was discussed. The microstructures and morphologies of CNH were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, high-reso

Milligan,Jacox

, p. 1387 (1966)

Monolayer graphene growth on Ni(111) by low temperature chemical vapor deposition

Addou, Rafik,Dahal, Arjun,Sutter, Peter,Batzill, Matthias

, (2012)

In contrast to the commonly employed high temperature chemical vapor deposition growth that leads to multilayer graphene formation by carbon segregation from the bulk, we demonstrate that below 600 °C graphene can be grown in a self-limiting monolayer growth process. Optimum growth is achieved at ~550 °C. Above this temperature, carbon diffusion into the bulk is limiting the surface growth rate, while at temperatures below ~500 °C a competing surface carbide phase impedes graphene formation.

Fluorination of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Mickelson,Huffman,Rinzler,Smalley,Hauge,Margrave

, p. 188 - 194 (1998)

Purified single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were fluorinated at several different temperatures. Product stoichiometries were determined and electron microscopy was used to verify whether or not the fluorination was destructive of the tubes. SWNTs fluori

Synthesis of Fe (Co or Ni) loaded mesoporous carbon composites and their adsorption behaviors for methyl orange

Jiang, Tingshun,Fang, Weibing,Zhao, Qian,Liu, Wangping,Zhao, Haibo,Le, Shukun

, p. 5261 - 5270 (2017)

Mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) was synthesized by hard template method using SBA-15 as template and sucrose as carbon source. The magnetic mesoporous carbon materials (Fe/CMK-3, Co/CMK-3, Ni/CMK-3) were prepared by a simple impregnation method. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 physical adsorption, and the adsorption process was investigated by varying the contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of methyl orange (MO) on the Fe/CMK-3, Co/CMK-3 and Ni/CMK-3 were 187, 157 and 166 mg · g-1, respectively. The equilibrium data were described using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The experimental data were fitted well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. The negative eliv ΔSθ suggested decreasing in randomness of adsorbent species. The adsorbents are easy to be recycled in the magntic field.

Synthesis and characterization of highly ordered Co-MCM-41 for production of aligned single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT)

Lim, Sangyun,Ciuparu, Dragos,Pak, Chanho,Dobek, Frank,Chen, Yuan,Harding, David,Pfefferle, Lisa,Haller, Gary

, p. 11048 - 11056 (2003)

Highly ordered cobalt substituted MCM-41 samples were synthesized and characterized for application as catalytic templates for producing aligned single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Highly reproducible Co-MCM-41 samples were successfully synthesized using alkyl templates with 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 carbon chain lengths by direct incorporation of cobalt into the siliceous MCM-41 framework using a hydrothermal method; the pore size and the pore volume can be controlled precisely. The local environment of cobalt as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy is a mixture of tetrahedral and distorted tetrahedral structures similar to those observed in Co3O4. Cobalt atoms are uniformly distributed in the pores (about 30-40/pore) at nearly atomic dispersion probed by XAFS. Incorporation of cobalt into siliceous MCM-41 improves the structure, most likely by dehydroxylation and/or knitting the defective structure of the amorphous silica polymer. The optimum crystallization temperature and time were 100?°C and 4 days for siliceous MCM-41 and 6 days for Co-MCM-41, respectively. Co-MCM-41 is very stable against reducing and oxidation conditions at temperatures under 750?°C. The catalytic templates showed over 90% selectivity to SWNT with up to 4 wt % carbon yield. The growth of SWNT in the pores of Co-MCM-41 was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and TEM. The catalytic template maintained its structure after successive reaction cycles, which suggests that Co-MCM-41 is a very stable template for producing SWNT under harsh reaction conditions.

DIRECT CURRENT ARC-PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDES.

Ronsheim,Toth,Mazza,Pfender,Mitrofanov

, p. 2665 - 2674 (1981)

Chemical reactions which occur in a thermal plasma between fine powders of tungsten and graphite and between powdered tungsten and methane have been studied. When using a commercial d. c. torch and a standard reactor design, the conversion to tungsten carbide is relatively poor. With a specially designed reactor operating in a transferred-arc mode, nearly complete conversion to carbide results when operating at the same power level and with methane as a reactant. Crystal structures and particle morphologies have been studied with electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Several initial stages of the particle-particle and particle-gas reactions have been determined. A number of interesting composite particles corresponding to intermediate reaction steps has been observed.

Single-walled nanotubes by the pyrolysis of acetylene-organometallic mixtures

Satishkumar,Govindaraj,Sen, Rahul,Rao

, p. 47 - 52 (1998)

Gas-phase pyrolysis of acetylene along with a metallocene or with a binary mixture of metallocenes in flowing Ar or Ar + H2 at 1100°C yields single-walled carbon nanotubes. Pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5-acetylene mixtures in Ar at 1100°C also gives single-walled nanotubes. The diameter of the nanotubes is generally around 1 nm, showing thereby that on pyrolysis under the dilute conditions employed, the organometallic precursors give rise to very fine metal particles essential for the formation of such nanotubes.

High yield of single-wall carbon nanotubes by arc discharge using Rh-Pt mixed catalysts

Saito, Yahachi,Tani, Yoshihiko,Miyagawa, Norihisa,Mitsushima, Koichi,Kasuya, Atsuo,Nishina, Yuichiro

, p. 593 - 598 (1998)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were produced using binary mixtures of the platinum-group metals as catalysts by arc evaporation in helium gas. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy revealed that the production yield of SWNTs was remarkably enhanced when a Rh-Pt mixture was used as a catalyst. The density of SWNTs in raw soot was as high as that obtained from Fe-Ni and Y-Ni. The distribution of diameters of SWNTs was narrow (1.28±0.07 nm). The merit of this catalyst is that it is free from magnetic metals.

Synthesis, evaluation, and kinetic assessment of Co-based catalyst for enhanced methane decomposition reaction for hydrogen production

Al Mesfer, Mohammed K.,Danish, Mohd,Shah, Mumtaj

, p. 90 - 103 (2021/10/19)

In this work, the development of 10, 30, and 50?wt.% Co/TiO2–Al2O3 catalysts for catalytic methane decomposition reaction has been reported to produce pure hydrogen. The synthesis of Co particles on the surface of mesoporo

Antibacterial and anticorrosion behavior of bioactive complexes of selected transition metal ions with new 2-acetylpyridine Schiff base

Ashmawy, Ashraf M.,Deghadi, Reem G.,Elsharkawy, Ahmed E.,Mohamed, Gehad G.

, (2022/01/19)

Successful preparation of Schiff base 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)aniline derived from refluxing of 4,4-oxydianniline with 2-acetylpyridine within 2?h in 1:1 molar ratio was performed. Different transition metal complexes were synthesized by reacting metal chlorides with the formed ligand in 1:1 molar ratio. Structural features of the complexes were obtained from different tools such as infrared (IR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis), molar conductivity, thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetric (DTG), microanalysis, and mass spectrometry. All complexes had an octahedral structure and Schiff base acted as a neutral bidentate ligand that linked to metal centers via N-azomethine and N-pyridine atoms. Cr(III), Fe(III), and Ni(II) complexes were electrolytes while other complexes were nonelectrolytes. The molecular structure of Schiff base was optimized theoretically and its HOMO and LUMO energies were dictated by B3LYP/DFT calculations. The in vitro antibacterial activity versus some selected bacteria species showed that all prepared compounds were biologically active except Fe(III) complex against certain species and Co(II) complex had the highest biological activity values. Molecular docking was used to determine effective binding modes between ligand and its [Co(L)(H2O)2Cl2]·4H2O complex with active sites of 4WJ3, 4ME7, 4K3V, and 3T88 receptors. The strongest binding of Co(II) complex was with the 4ME7 receptor with lowest binding energy value ?25.4?kcal mol?1. Schiff base as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1.0-M HCl had been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The results showed that the inhibitor acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration to its maximum of 97.5% at 1?×?10?3?M solution. The adsorption model obeys the Langmuir isotherm, and Gibbs free energy was around ?40 kJ/mol, indicating that it is spontaneously and chemically adsorbed on the surface. SEM/EDX results proved the sticking of a barrier film on the mild steel sample.

Biochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity against Some Human or Phyto-Pathogens of New Diazonium Heterocyclic Metal Complexes

El-Attar, Mohamed S.,Elshafie, Hazem S.,Sadeek, Sadeek A.,El-Farargy, Ahmed F.,El-Desoky, Sameh I.,El-Shwiniy, Walaa H.,Camele, Ippolito

, (2022/01/31)

String of vanadium (IV), zirconium (IV), palladium (II), platinum (IV) and uranium (VI) chelates of 2-cyano-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)hydrazono]thioacetamide (Cnphta) were prepared and characterized by physicochemical, spectroscopic and thermal analyses. The form

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