Reference

Biochemical aspects of the poisoning of Aedes aegypti larvae (Insecta, Diptera) by the d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringenesis israelensis

Biochemical aspects of the poisoning of Aedes aegypti larvae (Insecta, Diptera) by the d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringenesis israelensis. I. Hemolymph carbohydrates. Nizeyimana, Bonaventure; Bounias, Michel; Vivares, C. P. (Lab. 9005-79-2 and 50-99-7 are also occured in this study. Biochem., INRA, Montfavet 84140, Fr.). C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses Fil., 180(5), 551-63 (French) 1986. CODEN: CRSBAW. ISSN: 0037-9026. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 5 (Agrochemical Bioregulators) Carbohydrates in hemolymph of 4th instar larvae of mosquito (A. aegypti) were monitored for 30 min-36 h after larval immersion in B. thuringiensis israelensis d-endotoxin (120-12,000 IU/L). At the lowest toxin dose (which gave ￡10% mortality), hemolymph trehalose [99-20-7] increased >3-fold; trehalose decreased at the higher toxin doses. At high toxin levels, glycogen [9005-79-2] showed short-term (￡1 h) decreases; glycogen increased at low toxin doses, peaking 12 h after treatment. Increases in glucose [50-99-7] of ￡9-fold were evident in all treatments, esp. at higher toxin doses. Hemolymph trehalose and glucose were pos. correlated in untreated larvae and at low toxin doses, but neg. correlated at high doses. Toxicity may be linked to cellular lysis and uncontrolled release of trehalose. .

Preservation of dry liposomes does not require retention of residual water

Preservation of dry liposomes does not require retention of residual water. Crowe, John H.; Spargo, Barry J.Several substances are used for example 57-50-1 and 87-89-8 which are their cas registry numbers.; Crowe, Lois M. (Dep. Zool., Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616, USA). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 84(6), 1537-40 (English) 1987. CODEN: PNASA6. ISSN: 0027-8424. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 63 (Pharmaceuticals) Certain sugars, particularly trehalose [99-20-7], dramatically alter phys. properties of dry phospholipids in ways that mimic the presence of water. As a result, these sugars are capable of preserving the integrity of dry liposomes and membranes. Since these effects could be due to the presence of small amts. of water in the dry prepns. of sugar and lipid, careful measurements of the residual water contents in the dry samples was done. Lyophilized liposomes composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine [99166-23-1] and phosphatidylserine (9:1) contain at most 0.2 mol of H2O per mol of lipid. When the trehalose concn. in the dry mixts. is increased, there is no increase in the apparent water content of the samples over a wide range of sugar concns. Over the same range of trehalose contents the maximal effect of trehalose on phys. properties of the lipids and on stabilization of liposomes is achieved. Thus, the stabilization does not require retention of residual amts. of water in the dry trehalose-phospholipid prepns. Similar studies with other sugars show a relationship between the amt. of sugar interacting with the lipid and the ability of the same sugar to stabilize dry liposomes. .