112766-18-4

The synthesis of three series of dicarboxylic acid dipeptide neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) inhibitors is described.In particular, the amino butyramide 21a exhibited potent NEP inhibitory activity (IC50 = 5.0 nM) in vitro and in vivo.Blood levels of 21a were determined using an ex vivo method by measuring plasma inhibitory activity in conscious rats, mongrel dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys.Free drug concentrations were 10-1500 times greater than the inhibitory constant for NEP over the course of a 6 h experiment.A good correlation of free drug concentrations was obtained when comparing values determined by the ex vivo analysis to those calculated from direct HPLC measurements.Plasma atrial natriuretic factor (exogenous) levels were elevated in rats and dogs after oral administration of 19a.Urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion were also potentiated in anesthetized dogs treated with 21a.

Efficient palladium-catalyzed borylation of protected l-tyrosine triflate with pinacolborane was achieved despite previous reports to the contrary. In addition to the use of an inexpensive boron source, the reaction was carried out in the presence of only 0.5 mol % palladium catalyst. Furthermore, the borylation can be performed using pinacolborane prepared in situ from pinacol and borane-diethylaniline complex. This represents a practical entry to 4-borono-l-phenylalanine (l-BPA) derivatives.

Isotopically labeled amino acids are widely used to study the structure and dynamics of proteins by NMR. Herein we describe a facile, gram-scale synthesis of compounds 1b and 2b under standard laboratory conditions from the common intermediate 7. 2b is ob

The amino acid acridon-2-ylalanine (Acd) can be a valuable probe of protein conformational change because it is a long lifetime, visible wavelength fluorophore that is small enough to be incorporated during ribosomal biosynthesis. Incorporation of Acd into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli requires efficient chemical synthesis to produce large quantities of the amino acid and the generation of a mutant aminoacyl tRNA synthetase that can selectively charge the amino acid onto a tRNA. Here, we report the synthesis of Acd in 87% yield over five steps from Tyr and the identification of an Acd synthetase by screening candidate enzymes previously evolved from Methanococcus janaschii Tyr synthetase for unnatural amino acid incorporation. Furthermore, we characterize the photophysical properties of Acd, including quenching interactions with select natural amino acids and Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET) interactions with common fluorophores such as methoxycoumarin (Mcm). Finally, we demonstrate the value of incorporation of Acd into proteins, using changes in Acd fluorescence lifetimes, Mcm/Acd FRET, or energy transfer to Eu3+ to monitor protein folding and binding interactions.

An increasing number of diseases have been linked to a dysfunctional peripheral serotonin system. Given that tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis off serotonin, it represents an attractive target to regulate peripheral serotonin. Following up to our first disclosure, we report a new chemotype of TPH1 inhibitors where-by the more common central planar heterocycle has been replaced with an open-chain, acyl guanidine surrogate. Through our work, we found that compounds of this nature provide highly potent TPH1 inhibitors with favorable physicochemical properties that were effective in reducing murine intestinal 5-HT in vivo. Furthermore, we obtained a high resolution (1.90 ?) X-ray structure crystal structure of one of these inhibitors (compound 51) that elucidated the active conformation along with revealing a dimeric form of TPH1 for the first time.

Photoactivatable fluorophores are emerging optical probes for biological applications. Most photoactivatable fluorophores are relatively large in size and need to be activated by ultraviolet light; this dramatically limits their applications. To introduce photoactivatable fluorophores into proteins, recent investigations have explored several protein-labeling technologies, including fluorescein arsenical hairpin (FlAsH) Tag, HaloTag labeling, SNAPTag labeling, and other bioorthogonal chemistry-based methods. However, these technologies require a multistep labeling process. Here, by using genetic code expansion and a single sulfur-for-oxygen atom replacement within an existing fluorescent amino acid, we have site-specifically incorporated the photoactivatable fluorescent amino acid thioacridonylalanine (SAcd) into proteins in a single step. Moreover, upon exposure to visible light, SAcd can be efficiently desulfurized to its oxo derivatives, thus restoring the strong fluorescence of labeled proteins.

The C?C bond formation reaction represents a fundamental and important transformation in synthetic chemistry, and exploring new types of C?C bond formation reactions is recognized as appealing, yet challenging. Herein, we disclose the first example of rhodium-catalyzed dealkenylative arylation of alkenes with arylboronic compounds, thereby providing an unconventional access to bi(hetero)aryls with excellent chemoselectivity. In this method, C(aryl)?C(alkenyl) and C(alkenyl)?C(alkenyl) bonds in various alkenes and 1,3-dienes can be cleaved via a hydrometalation and followed by β-carbon elimination pathway for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. Furthermore, a series of novel organic fluorescent molecules with excellent photophysical properties has been efficiently constructed with this protocol.

Two process routes for LX1031, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, were developed. They shared the same left-hand and right-hand starting materials as well as the penultimate intermediate. The chiral center in

The direct reductive N-arylation of nitromethane by organophosphorus-catalyzed reductive C-N coupling with arylboronic acid derivatives is reported. This method operates by the action of a small ring organophosphorus-based catalyst (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane P-oxide) together with a mild terminal reductant hydrosilane to drive the selective installation of the methylamino group to (hetero)aromatic boronic acids and esters. This method also provides for a unified synthetic approach to isotopically labeled N-methylanilines from various stable isotopologues of nitromethane (i.e., CD3NO2, CH315NO2, and 13CH3NO2), revealing this easy-to-handle compound as a versatile precursor for the direct installation of the methylamino group.

The first example of an azidotrifluoromethoxylation of styrenes has been achieved by synergistic visible-light-mediated photoredox and silver catalysis. Trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate (TFMS) and the Zhdankin reagent were used as the trifluoromethoxylation reagent and the azide source, respectively. A good functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions of this method are applicable to late-stage azidotrifluoromethoxylation of complex small molecules. Furthermore, the mechanistic investigations indicate the single-electron transfer involved in the reaction.

The amino acid acridon-2-ylalanine (Acd) can be a valuable probe of protein dynamics, either alone or as part of a F?rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or photo-induced electron transfer (eT) probe pair. We have previously reported the genetic incorporation of Acd by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (RS). However, this RS, developed from a library of permissive RSs, also incorporates N-phenyl-aminophenylalanine (Npf), a trace byproduct of one Acd synthetic route. We have performed negative selections in the presence of Npf and analyzed the selectivity of the resulting AcdRSs by in vivo protein expression and detailed kinetic analyses of the purified RSs. We find that selection conferred a ～50-fold increase in selectivity for Acd over Npf, eliminating incorporation of Npf contaminants, and allowing one to use a high yielding Acd synthetic route for improved overall expression of Acd-containing proteins. More generally, our report also provides a cautionary tale on the use of permissive RSs, as well as a strategy for improving selectivity for the target amino acid.

According to the invention, a series of trifluoromethoxy reagent precursors are synthesized, and trifluoromethoxy silver with high activity can be obtained under the condition of an activating reagent. By the utilization of the idea, a bromotrifluorometho

Provided is a sulfonamide derivative represented by the following general formula (1) and having an α4 integrin inhibitory effect with high selectivity with a low effect on α4β1 and a high effect on α4β7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (in the general formula (1), A, B, D, E, R41, and a to h are as described in the description).

The invention discloses a method for preparing alanine derivatives disclosed as Formula (I). The alanine derivatives can be used as a synthesis intermediate of an opioid receptor regulator, such as a synthesis intermediate of eluxadoline. By using the cheap and accessible chiral tyrosine as the initial raw material, the invention provides a brand-new synthesis route for preparing alanine derivatives. The whole reaction route has the advantages of high total yield, low cost and mild reaction conditions, is simple and safe for operation, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an alanine derivative represented by a formula (I) shown in the description. The alanine derivative can serve as synthesis intermediates of opium receptor regulators, such as a synthesis intermediate of eluxadoline. According to the method, chiral tyrosine which is cheap and readily available serves as an initial raw material, a bran-new synthesis route for preparing the alanine derivative is provided, the total yield of the entire reaction route is high, the cost is low, the reaction conditions are mild, and the operation is simple and safe, so that the method is applicable to large-scale industrial production.

Provided are sulfonamide derivatives of a specific chemical structure in which a sulfonamide group having, as a substituent, a phenyl group or a heterocyclic group having a hetero atom(s) as a constituent element(s) is present at its terminal, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These compounds are novel compounds having excellent α4 integrin-inhibitory action.

The present invention is directed to acylguanidines which are inhibitors of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), particularly isoform 1 (TPHl), that are useful in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with peripheral serotonin including, for example, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, inflammatory, metabolic, and low bone mass diseases, as well as serotonin syndrome, and cancer.

The palladium-catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aryl boronic acids with bromodifluoromethylphosphonate, bromodifluoroacetate, and further derivatives has been developed. This method provides a facile and useful access to a series of functionalized difluoromethylated arenes (ArCF2PO(OEt) 2, ArCF2CO2Et, and ArCF2CONR 1R2) that have important applications in drug discovery and development. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a single electron transfer (SET) pathway may be involved in the catalytic cycle. Palladium does it: The palladium-catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aryl boronic acids with bromodifluoromethylphosphonate, bromodifluoroacetate, and further derivatives has been developed (see scheme). Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a single electron transfer (SET) pathway may be involved in the catalytic cycle. Copyright

This paper describes a new convergent approach to the synthesis of an HIV protease inhibitor which was designed to be suitable in long acting formulations. Unique features in the synthesis include an asymmetric hydrogenation as well as enzymatic reduction

A light switch for phosphotyrosine- recognizing proteins: Irradiation of the bioisosteric benzoylphosphonate suffices to "turn off" the activity of target proteins and to label them covalently (see scheme). Photoactive bioisosters may find applications in functional cell biology, bioanalytics, and proteome research.

The α4β7 integrin is a well-known target for the development of drugs against various inflammatory disease states including inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. The synthesis of a small library of cell-permeable β7 integrin inhibitors based on the peptide biotin-R8ERY is reported, in which the tyrosine residue has been modified by using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The synthesised peptidomimetics were evaluated in a cell adhesion assay and shown to inhibit Mn2+-activated adhesion of mouse TK-1 T cells to mouse MAdCAM-1. All of the synthesised peptidomimetics are more active than our previously reported lead compound biotin-R8ERY with two of the analogues, 6 and 7, exhibiting IC50 values of 15 μM.

There is provided a convenient and inexpensive method of producing a compound which has a high activity of inhibiting replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is useful for preventing and treating a liver disease caused by HCV infection. It is a method

N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-cyano-l-phenylalanine methyl ester and three isotopomers (C15N, 13CN, and 13C15N) were successfully synthesized in two steps to expand the utility of the nitrile symmetric stretch vibra

Methods for fluorinating organic compounds are described herein.

Carbon-fluorine bond formation by transition metal catalysis is difficult, and only a few methods for the synthesis of aryl fluorides have been developed. All reported transition-metal-catalyzed fluorination reactions for the synthesis of functionalized arenes are based on palladium. Here we present silver catalysis for carbon-fluorine bond formation. Our report is the first example of the use of the transition metal silver to form carbon-heteroatom bonds by cross-coupling catalysis. The functional group tolerance and substrate scope presented here have not been demonstrated for any other fluorination reaction to date.

Radiolabeled cholecystokinin-8 (CCK8) peptide analogues can be used for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy for tumors expressing CCK2/gastrin receptors. Earlier findings indicated that sulfated CCK8 (sCCK8, Asp-Tyr(OSO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) may have better characteristics for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) than gastrin analogues. However, sCCK8 contains an easily hydrolyzable sulfated tyrosine residue and two methionine residues which are prone to oxidation. Here, we describe the synthesis of stabilized sCCK8 analogues, resistant to hydrolysis and oxidation. Hydrolytic stability was achieved by replacement of the Tyr(OSO3H) moiety by a robust isosteric sulfonate, Phe(p-CH 2SO3H). Replacement of methionine by norleucine (Nle) or homopropargylglycine (HPG) avoided undesired oxidation side-reactions. The phenylalanine analogue Phe(p-CH2SO3H) of l-tyrosine, synthesized by a modification of known synthetic routes, was incorporated in three peptides: sCCK8[Phe2(p-CH2SO3H),Met 3,6], sCCK8[Phe2(p-CH2SO3H),Nle 3,6], and sCCK8[Phe2(p-CH2SO 3H),HPG3,6]. All peptides were N-terminally conjugated with the macrocyclic chelator DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N,N,N- tetraacetic acid) and radiolabeled with In-111. In vitro binding assays on CCK2R-expressing HEK293 cells revealed that all three peptides showed specific binding and receptor-mediated internalization, with binding affinity values (IC50) in the nanomolar range. In vitro oxidation studies demonstrated that peptides with Nle or HPG indeed were resistant to oxidation. In vivo targeting studies in mice with AR42J tumors showed that tumor uptake was highest for 111In-DOTA-sCCK8 and 111In-DOTA- sCCK8[Phe2(p-CH2SO3H),Nle3,6] (4.78 ± 0.64 and 4.54 ± 1.15%ID/g, respectively, 2 h p.i.). The peptide with the methionine residues replaced by norleucine (111In-DOTA- sCCK8[Phe2(p-CH2SO3H), Nle3,6]) showed promising in vivo characteristics and will be further investigated for radionuclide imaging and therapy of CCK2R-expressing tumors.

The present invention is directed to therapeutic compounds which have activity as agonists of GPR119 and are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders including type II diabetes (I).

Intermediates and synthetic processes for the preparation of substituted phenylalanine-based compounds (e.g., of Formula I) are disclosed:

Recently, a new class of selective integrin α5β1inhibitors consisting of a heterocyclic based scaffold was published. Herein the SAR and pharmacokinetic profiles of N-phenyl piperidine derivatives are described.

The present invention relates to substituted heterocyclic compounds of Formula I or XI: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides or quaternary ammonium salts thereof wherein constituent members are provided hereinwith, as well as their compositions and methods of use, which are histamine II4 receptor inhibitors useful in the treatment of histamine II4 receptor-associated conditions or diseases or disorders including, for example, inflammatory diseases or disorders, pruritus, and pain.

The novel phenylalanine analogues 4′-[N-((4′-phenyl)phenethyl) carboxamido]phenylalanine (Bcp) and 2′,6′-dimethyl-4′-[N- ((4′-phenyl)phenethyl)carboxamido]phenylalanine (Dbcp) were substituted for Tyr1 in the δ opioid antagonist TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic

Intermediates and synthetic processes for the preparation of substituted phenylalanine-based compounds (e.g., of Formula I) are disclosed:

Methods useful for preparing compounds of formula I: and salts thereof are disclosed. Also disclosed are intermediates useful in the preparation of such compounds.

Solid forms of (S)-ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate and salts thereof are disclosed.

Solid forms of (S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid and salts thereof are disclosed

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a 30 or 31 amino acid peptide hormone that contributes to the physiological regulation of glucose homeostasis and food intake. Herein, we report the discovery of a novel class of 11 amino acidGLP-1 receptor agonists. These peptides consist of a structurally optimized 9- mer, which is closely related to the N-terminal 9 amino acids ofGLP-1, linked to a substituted C-terminal biphenylalanine (BIP) dipeptide. SAR studies resulted in 11-mer GLP-1R agonists with similar in vitro potency to the native 30-mer. Peptides 21 and 22 acutely reduced plasma glucose excursions and increased plasma insulin concentrations in a mouse model of diabetes. These peptides also showed sustained exposures over several hours in mouse and dog models. The described 11-mer GLP-1 receptor agonists represent a new tool in further understanding GLP-1 receptor pharmacology that may lead to novel antidiabetic agents.

The present invention relates to compounds that inhibit of a5b1 function, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them as the active ingredient, to their use as medicaments and to their use in the manufacture of medicaments for use in the treatment in warm blooded animals such as humans of diseases that have a significant angiogenesis or vascular component such as for treatment of solid tumours. The present invention also relates to compounds that inhibit a5b1, and also that exhibit appropriate selectivity profile(s) against other integrins.

The present invention provides process useful for the preparation of intermediates which are useful in the preparation of amino acids useful in preparing peptide receptor modulators, for example agonists or partial agonists of such peptide receptors. Such

The present invention relates to novel phenylalanine compounds, processes for their preparation, compositions comprising them and their use in the treatment or prevention of diseases capable of being modulated by the inhibition of cell adhesion.

This invention relates to compounds of the general formula: in which RA, RB, RC, RD, RG and Z are as defined herein, and to their preparation and use.

Compounds of the formula (I) wherein m, n, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as described herein, together with methods for making the compounds and using the compounds for treatment of diseases or conditions mediated by Cathepsin K.

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient a compound of formula (I), wherein Ring A is an aromatic or a heterocyclic ring; Q is a bond, carbonyl, lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, —O-(lower alkylene)-, etc.; n is 0, 1 or 2; Z is oxygen or sulfur, W is oxygen, sulfur, —CH═CH—, —NH— or —N═CH—; R1, R2and R3are the same or different and are hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, etc.; R4is tetrazolyl, carboxyl group, amide or ester; R5is hydrogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkanoyl, lower alkyl etc.; R6is selected from (a) a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, (b) a substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl group, (c) a substituted or unsubstituted thienyl group, (d) a substituted or unsubstituted benzofuranyl group, etc.; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a useful medicinal intermediate represented by the following formula (1): in which, R1, A and n are defined as described in the specification, or its stereoisomer, characterized in that a

The need for new therapies to treat systemic fungal infections continues to rise. Naturally occurring hexapeptide echinocandin B (1) has shown potent antifungal activity via its inhibition of the synthesis of β-1,3 glucan, a key fungal cell wall component. Although this series of agents has been limited thus far based on their physicochemical characteristics, we have found that the synthesis of analogues bearing an aminoproline residue in the 'northwest' position imparts greatly improved water solubility (>5 mg/mL). The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) based on whole cell and upon in vivo activity of the series of compounds are reported. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a useful medicinal intermediate represented by the following formula (1): ???in which, R1, A and n are defined as described in the specification, or its stereoisomer, characterized in tha

A series of novel aminodiol inhibitors of HIV protease based on the lead compound 1 with structural modifications at P1′ were synthesized in order to reduce the cytotoxicity of 1. We have observed a high degree of correlation between the lipophilicity and the cytotoxicity of this series of inhibitors. It was found that appropriate substitution at the para position of the P1′ phenyl group of 1 resulted in the identification of equipotent (both against the enzyme and in cell culture) compounds (101, 10m, 10n, and 15c) which possess significantly decreased cytotoxicity.

We report on the synthesis and pharmacological properties of a new series of thrombin inhibitors derived from hirudin carboxyl-terminal fragments.Two (arylphosphono)phenylalanines, p-PO3H2-L-Phe1 and m-PO3H2-L-Tyr, and one (carboxymethyl)phenylalanine, p-CH2COOH-L-Phe, were prepared and incorporated into position 63 of the modified hirudin's C-terminal dodecapeptide using the Fmoc solid-phase synthesis strategy.Substitution by any one of the residues led to very active analogs which doubled the thrombin time at low micromolar concentration (Ctt2) in vitro (1 μM 2 3 μM) and potently increased the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ex vivo.These compounds displayed a higher potency in vitro and a longer duration of action in vivo than both the corresponding sulfated or phosphorylated tyrosine counterparts.

The invention relates to the N-phosphonomethyl-biaryl substituted dipeptide derivatives of formula I STR1 and tetrazole derivatives of the formula Ia STR2 wherein A represents a direct bond, lower alkylene, phenylene or cyclohexylene; m represents 1 or zero, provided that m represents 1 when A is a direct bond; R2 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkyl, C5 -C7 -cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, amino-lower alkyl, hydroxy-lower alkyl, lower alkylthio-lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkylthio-lower alkyl or aryl-lower alkoxy-lower alkyl; biaryl represents phenyl substituted by carbocyclic or heterocyclic aryl; and pharmaceutically acceptable mono-, di- or tri-ester derivatives thereof in which one, two or three of the acidic hydroxy groups of the carboxyl and/or phosphono functional groups are esterified in form of a mono-, di- or tri-pharmaceutically acceptable ester; and pharmaceutically acceptable amide derivatives thereof wherein the carboxyl group is derivatized in form of a pharmaceutically acceptable amide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds; methods for the preparation of said compounds and for the preparation of intermediates; and methods of treating disorders in mammals which are responsive to the inhibition of neutral endopeptidases by administration of said compounds to mammals in need of such treatment.

Analogs of Tyrosine Sulfate or Tyrosine Phosphate containing peptides, the novel intermediate compounds used in the preparation of these analogs, as well as a method for suppressing appetite in subjects by administering to the subject an effective amount

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