- Indolizines Enabling Rapid Uncaging of Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids by Red Light-Induced Photooxidation
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The irradiation of red light-emitting-diode light (λ = 660 nm) to 3-acyl-2-methoxyindolizines in the presence of a catalytic amount of methylene blue triggered the photooxidation of the indolizine ring, resulting in a nearly quantitative release of alcohols or carboxylic acids within a few minutes. The method was applicable for photouncaging various functional molecules such as a carboxylic anticancer drug and a phenolic fluorescent dye from the corresponding indolizine conjugates, including an insulin-indolizine-dye conjugate.
- Watanabe, Kenji,Terao, Nodoka,Kii, Isao,Nakagawa, Reiko,Niwa, Takashi,Hosoya, Takamitsu
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supporting information
p. 5434 - 5438
(2020/07/24)
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- Carboxylation of Aryl Triflates with CO2 Merging Palladium and Visible-Light-Photoredox Catalysts
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We report herein a visible-light-promoted, highly practical carboxylation of readily accessible aryl triflates at ambient temperature and a balloon pressure of CO2 by the combined use of palladium and photoredox Ir(III) catalysts. Strikingly, the stoichiometric metallic reductant is replaced by a nonmetallic amine reductant providing an environmentally benign carboxylation process. In addition, one-pot synthesis of a carboxylic acid directly from phenol and modification of estrone and concise synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs adapalene and bexarotene have been accomplished via late-stage carboxylation reaction. Furthermore, a parallel decarboxylation-carboxylation reaction has been demonstrated in an H-type closed vessel that is an interesting concept for the strategic sector. Spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical studies indicated electron transfer from the Ir(III)/DIPEA combination to generate aryl carboxylate and Pd(0) for catalytic turnover.
- Bhunia, Samir Kumar,Das, Pritha,Nandi, Shantanu,Jana, Ranjan
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p. 4632 - 4637
(2019/06/27)
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- Toward a Greener Barluenga-Valdés Cross-Coupling: Microwave-Promoted C-C Bond Formation with a Pd/PEG/H2O Recyclable Catalytic System
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A green Barluenga-Valdés cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of 1,1-diarylethylenes using palladium catalysis has been developed. The new catalytic system based on Pd/Xphos-SO3Na or Pd/MeDavephos-CF3SO3 in PEG/H2O under microwave irradiation was found to be the best conditions for this transformation. The recyclability of the palladium catalyst system was also studied, and it was found to be active over nine runs without significant loss in its activity.
- Lamaa, Diana,Messe, Estelle,Gandon, Vincent,Alami, Mouad,Hamze, Abdallah
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p. 8708 - 8712
(2019/11/03)
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- Copper-catalyzed α-selective hydrostannylation of alkynes for the synthesis of branched alkenylstannanes
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A variety of branched alkenylstannanes can directly be synthesized with excellent α-selectivity by the copper-catalyzed hydrostannylation using a distannane or a silylstannane, irrespective of the electronic and steric characteristics of terminal alkynes employed. Synthetic utility of the resulting branched alkenylstannane has been demonstrated by the total synthesis of bexarotene.
- Yoshida,Shinke,Kawano,Takaki
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p. 10616 - 10619
(2015/06/30)
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- Selective arylation and vinylation at the α position of vinylarenes
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In intermolecular Heck reactions of styrene and vinylarenes, the aryl and vinyl groups routinely insert at the β position. However, selective insertion at the α position has been very rare. Herein, we provide a missing piece in the palette of Heck reaction, which gave >20:1 α selectivity. The key to our success is a new ferrocene 1,1′-bisphosphane (dnpf) that carries 1-naphthyl groups. Our mechanistic studies revealed that the high α selectivity is partly attributable to the steric effect of dnpf. The rigid and bulky 1-naphthyl groups of dnpf sterically disfavor β insertion. What the Heck! In intermolecular Heck reactions, insertion at the β position of aromatic olefins is very common, but reversal of the selectivity for selective α insertion has been a longstanding problem. A general method to couple aryl and vinyl triflates with aromatic olefins in >20:1 α selectivity is presented. The key to this successful approach is a new ferrocene bisphosphane with naphthyl groups on the phosphorus atom (see scheme; OTf=triflate). Copyright
- Zou, Yinjun,Qin, Liena,Ren, Xinfeng,Lu, Yunpeng,Li, Yongxin,Zhou, Jianrong
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p. 3504 - 3511
(2013/07/05)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF HIGHLY PURE BEXAROTENE
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The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of highly pure bexarotene of formula (I). The present invention also provides impurities of bexarotene, method of isolation and identification of these impurities, and use of these impurities as reference marker as well as reference standard.
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- NOVEL BEXAROTENE ANALOGS
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The present invention relates to analogs of bexarotene and methods of use thereof.
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- Modeling, synthesis and biological evaluation of potential Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) selective agonists: Novel analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8- pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene)
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This report describes the synthesis of analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8- pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), commonly known as bexarotene, and their analysis in acting as retinoid X receptor (RXR)-specific agonists. Compound 1 has FDA approval to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); however, its use can cause side effects such as hypothyroidism and increased triglyceride concentrations, presumably by disruption of RXR heterodimerization with other nuclear receptors. The novel analogues in the present study have been evaluated forRXR activation in an RXR mammalian-2-hybrid assay as well as an RXRE-mediated transcriptional assay and for their ability to induce apoptosis as well as for their mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. Analysis of 11 novel compounds revealed the discovery of three analogues that best induce RXR-mediated transcriptional activity, stimulate apoptosis, have comparable Ki and EC50 values to 1, and are selective RXR agonists. Our experimental approach suggests that rational drug design can develop new rexinoids with improved biological properties. 2009 American Chemical Society.
- Wagner, Carl E.,Jurutka, Peter W.,Marshall, Pamela A.,Groy, Thomas L.,Van Der Vaart, Arjan,Ziller, Joseph W.,Furmick, Julie K.,Graeber, Mark E.,Matro, Erik,Miguel, Belinda V.,Tran, Ivy T.,Kwon, Jungeun,Tedeschi, Jamie N.,Moosavi, Shahram,Danishyar, Amina,Philp, Joshua S.,Khamees, Reina O.,Jackson, Jevon N.,Grupe, Darci K.,Badshah, Syed L.,Hart, Justin W.
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experimental part
p. 5950 - 5966
(2010/02/28)
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- USE OF SUBSTITUTED 2 PHENYLBENZIMIDAZOLES AS MEDICAMENTS
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The present invention relates to the use of a substituted 2-phenylbenzimidazole of formula I wherein R1, R2, R3, R 4, R5 and m have the meanings given in the claims, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of diseases involving glucagon receptors, as well as new compounds of formula I wherein R1 is a group of formula
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- ABC EXPRESSION PROMOTERS
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The ABCA1 mRNA expression-promoting agent, LXRα mRNA expression-promoting agent, ABCG1 mRNA expression-promoting agent, cholesterol efflux-promoting agent, cholesteryl ester accumulation-inhibiting agent, ACAT-1 mRNA expression-inhibiting agent and CEH mRNA expression-promoting agent of the present invention are excellent in the ability to control cholesterol distribution in the body and have low toxicity.
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- Agent for improving ketosis
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An agent for improving ketosis which comprises an insulin sensitizer, which has an excellent action and low toxicity.
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- Synthesis of novel retinoid X receptor-selective retinoids
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Retinoids 1-5 have been identified as potent RXR agonists for evaluation in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Highly convergent syntheses of 1-5 have been developed. The core tetrahydronaphthalene 7, employed in the synthesis of 1 and 2, was prepared in 98% yield using an AlCl3-catalyzed (0.03 equiv) Friedel-Crafts alkylation of toluene with 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane 6. A nitromethane-mediated Fridel-Crafts acylation of 7 with chloromethylnicotinate 9 was developed to prepare ketone 10 in 68% yield. Chelate-controlled addition of MeMgCl to 10 followed by dehydration afforded olefin 11 in 65% yield. Cyclopropanation of 11 with trimethylsulfoxonium ylide, followed by saponification, completed a five-step synthesis of 1 in 33% yield. FeCl3-catalyzed (0.05 equiv) Friedel-Crafts acylation of 7 with chloromethyl-terephthalate 14 afforded ketone 15 in 81% yield. Saponification of 15 and reaction with 50% aqueous NH2OH in AcOH afforded a 9:1 mixture of cis and trans oximes, from which the desired cis-oxime 2 was isolated in 43% yield. The core bromo-dihydronaphthalene 29 required for the synthesis of 3-5 was prepared by a Shapiro reaction. Transmetalation of 29 and reaction with Weinreb amides 30b or 36 afforded ketones 32 and 37, which were converted into 3-5 using chemistry comparable to the tetrahydronaphthylene series. Suzuki coupling of boronic acids 41 and 42 with vinyl triflate 43 provided an alternative approach to the synthesis of this class of compounds.
- Faul,Ratz,Sullivan,Trankle,Winneroski
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p. 5772 - 5782
(2007/10/03)
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- Conformational effects on retinoid receptor selectivity. 2. Effects of retinoid bridging group on retinoid X receptor activity and selectivity
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The natural retinoid 9-cis-retinoic acid is an activating ligand for both the retinoic acid receptors (BARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are members of the retinoid/thyroid hormone/steroid hormone family of nuclear receptor proteins that activate gene transcription through specific response elements. The pharmacophoric groups necessary to confer RXR selectivity were established by evaluating the ability of 21 conformationally restricted retinoids to activate the TREpal retinoic acid receptor response element for gene transcription in the presence of one of the three PAR subtypes or RXRα. In contrast to those retinoids selective for the RARs, these RXR-selective retinoids have one less atom in the bridge linking the hydrophobic and carboxylic acid termini of the retinoid skeleton. Therefore, a one-carbon bridge replaces the 19-methyl group and 9E-double bond of 9-cis-retinoic acid and is further functionalized by inclusion in an isopropylidene group, a dioxolane ring, or a cyclopropane ring for optimal RXRα activity and selectivity. In addition, the β-geranylidene and 20-methyl-(11E,13E)- dienoic acid groups of 9-cis-retinoic acid are replaced by a 5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl ring and a 4-carboxylphenyl ring, respectively, for optimal activation and selectivity. RXRα selectivity is reduced on replacement of the 4-carboxylphenyl group by a 2-carboxyl-5- thienyl group or the 9-cis-retinoic acid methylpentadienoic acid terminus.
- Dawson,Jong,Hobbs,Cameron,Chao,Pfahl,Lee -,Shroot,Pfahl
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p. 3368 - 3383
(2007/10/03)
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- Syntheses of isotopically labeled 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 2-naphthyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid (LGD1069), a potent retinoid X receptor-selective ligand
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LGD1069, 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethenyl] benzoic acid, is the first retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective retinoid to enter clinical trials for treatment of dermatological diseases and cancer. In order to examine biological properties such as receptor binding, metabolism and bioavailability, [13C]-, [14C]-, and [3H]-labeled LGD1069 is required. Herein, we describe synthetic methods for preparing isotopically labeled homologs of LGD 1069 as well as comparative competition binding data for [6,7-3H]-LGD1069 and [3H]-9-cis retinoic acid with RXR active retinoids. The final radiolabeled products, [6,7-3H]-LGD1069 and 3-[14C]-LGD1069 have specific activities of 56 Ci/mmol and 49 mCi/mmol, respectively. Radiochemical purities are 99.5% for [6,7-3H]-LGD1069 and 99.0% for 3-[14C]-LGD1069. The chemical purity is 99.0% for 3-[13CD3]-LGD1069. Competition binding studies with known retinoids show similar K(d) values when either [6,7-3H]-LGD1069 or [3H]-9-cis retinoic acid is used as the radioligand.
- Zhang,Badea,Enyeart,Berger,Mais,Boehm
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p. 701 - 712
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel retinoid X receptor-selective retinoids
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Two series of potent retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective compounds were designed and synthesized based upon recent observation that (E)-4-[2- (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoic acid (TTNPB) binds and transactivates only the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtypes whereas (E)-4-[2-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2- naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoic acid (3-methyl TTNPB) binds and transactivates both the RAR and RXR subfamilies. Addition of functional groups such as methyl, chloro, bromo, or ethyl to the 3-position of the tetrahydronaphthalene moiety of 4-[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 2-naphthyl)carbonyl]benzoic acid (5a) and 4-[1-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid (6a) results in compounds which elicit potent and selective activation of the RXR class. Such RXR-selective compounds offer pharmacological tools for elucidating the biological role of the individual retinoid receptors with which they interact. Activation profiles in cotransfection and competitive binding assays as well as molecular modeling calculations demonstrate critical structural determinants that confer selectivity for members of the RXR subfamily. The most potent compound of these series, 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2- naphthyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid (6b), is the first RXR-selective retinoid (designated as LGD1069) to enter clinical trials for cancer indications.
- Boehm,Zhang,Badea,White,Mais,Berger,Suto,Goldman,Heyman
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p. 2930 - 2941
(2007/10/02)
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