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Dextran, a glucose polymer composed predominantly of ol-1,6-glucopyranosidic linkages, is produced from sucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides and related organisms and from dextrins by other bacteria. Dextran is used in a bead form to aid in bioreactor applications, some size-exclusion chromatography matrices and in osmotic stress technique study involved in biological molecules. It can be used as a stabilizing coating to protect metal nanoparticles from oxidation. Dextrans are long-chain glucose polysaccharides of various relative molecular masses. Dextran 70 (relative molecular mass 70 000) is retained in the intravascular space where, like albumin, it contributes to the colloid oncotic pressure of plasma. Unlike albumin, dextran 70, when given in large amounts, prevents platelet aggregation and facilitates fibrinolysis.

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  • Basic information

    1. Product Name: Dextran
    2. Synonyms: dextran11;dextran2;dextran5;DextrangradeA,B,C;dextrans;Dextraven;Ex-pandex;Gentran3
    3. CAS NO:9004-54-0
    4. Molecular Formula:
    5. Molecular Weight: 396.42998
    6. EINECS: 232-677-5
    7. Product Categories: Dextrins、Sugar & Carbohydrates;Carbohydrates D-FAlphabetic;DA - DHBiochemicals and Reagents;Biostabilization AgentsCarbohydrates;Biostabilization AgentsBiochemicals and Reagents;Carbohydrates A to;Carbohydrates D-FBiochemicals and Reagents;Biochemicals and Reagents;Carbohydrates;Polysaccharide;DA - DHPolymer Standards;Alphabetic;D;Dextran;Water Soluble Polymers;DextranChromatography;DIN StandardsCertified Reference Materials (CRMs);Application CRMs;Polymer Standards;Biostabilization AgentsResearch Essentials;CarbohydratesBiochemicals and Reagents;Stabilization of Biomolecules;Core Bioreagents;Organic SolublePolymer Standards;Polymer Standards Kits;Water Soluble;Cell Separation (Centrifugation) MediaResearch Essentials;Centrifugation Media;Hematology and Histology;Carbohydrates & Derivatives;Inhibitors;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Other APIs
    8. Mol File: 9004-54-0.mol
  • Chemical Properties

    1. Melting Point: 483 °C (decomp)
    2. Boiling Point: -85.05oC at 760 mm Hg
    3. Flash Point: N/A
    4. Appearance: White to slightly off-white/Solid
    5. Density: N/A
    6. Refractive Index: 185 ° (C=6, H2O)
    7. Storage Temp.: 2-8°C
    8. Solubility: H2O: soluble50mg/mL, clear to very slightly hazy, colorless to f
    9. Water Solubility: Soluble in water, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol and glycerol.
    10. Stability: Stable. Keep dry. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
    11. Merck: 14,2948
    12. CAS DataBase Reference: Dextran(CAS DataBase Reference)
    13. NIST Chemistry Reference: Dextran(9004-54-0)
    14. EPA Substance Registry System: Dextran(9004-54-0)
  • Safety Data

    1. Hazard Codes: Xn,Xi
    2. Statements: 20/21/22-36/37/38
    3. Safety Statements: 24/25-37/39-36-26
    4. WGK Germany: 2
    5. RTECS: HH9230000
    6. F: 3
    7. TSCA: Yes
    8. HazardClass: N/A
    9. PackingGroup: N/A
    10. Hazardous Substances Data: 9004-54-0(Hazardous Substances Data)

9004-54-0 Usage

Dextran Structure

Dextran is an α-D-1,6-glucose-linked glucan with side-chains 1-3 linked to the backbone units of the Dextran biopolymer. The degree of branching is approximately 5%. The branches are mostly 1-2 glucose units long. Dextran can be obtained from fermentation of sucrose-containing media by Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F. A fragment of the Dextran structure is illustrated in Figure 1. Fig. 1: Dextran is a glucose polymer in which the linkages are predominantly of the α(1,6) type. The degree of α(1,3) branching is generally less than 5% and decreases with decreasing molecular weight

History

In the early 1940's, at the same time as Stacey and his associates in Birmingham were studying bacterial dextrans and Hehre and colleagues in the USA were pursuing the dextran producing activity of cell-free extracts of Leuconostoc , a young Swedish biochemist, B. Ingelman, at the Department of Biochemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala began probing the polysaccharides and proteins of sugar beet juice. One of the critical episodes was the discovery of dextran in an infected sample of the juice. This initiated a series of investigations on the polysaccharide. At the end of 1942, a recently qualified M.D., A. Gr?nwall, joined the laboratory to study tuberculin. Considerable effort was being devoted at the time to the freeze-drying of blood plasma for military medicine. Within the space of months, Ingelman and Gr?nwall had stumbled on the idea of using a hydrolyzed dextran as a plasma substitute. After studies on the partial hydrolysis, fractionation, and extensive biological studies, a Swedish pharmaceutical company adopted the project in 1943, and later that year, preliminary clinical trials began. In 1944, under the direction of the surgeon, G. Bohmansson, extensive clinical trials were started at the Regional Hospital in ?rebro. The dextran used at that time was derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides , strain 7E, and was slightly more branched than the present one. By 1947, about four years after the innovation, a 6% solution of a dextran fraction had been approved for clinical use in Sweden and, shortly thereafter, in the U.K., an achievement that would be inconceivable under the present regulatory climate.The product was gradually improved and was designated Dextran 70. Samples of the Swedish product were soon tested clinically in the USA. Dextran 70 is generally marketed as a 6% solution in normal saline and as such continues to maintain its position worldwide as the plasma volume expander of choice. It is recommended for the treatment of shock or impending shock due, for example, to hemorrhage, burns, surgery or trauma. Dextran 70 also reduces the risk for thrombosis and numerous studies testify to its value in significantly reducing the risk of post-operative fatal pulmonary emboli.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 9004-54-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. The demand for technical dextrans from industry has shown a significant increase in the past decade. Since household sucrose, fruits or fruit beverages could be contaminated with traces of dextrans, ingestion of dextrans, albeit in small amounts, may not be uncommon. Dextran is degraded by dextran-splitting bacteria in the human gut and most of the hydrolysis products can be absorbed to produce a rapid increase in blood sugar and liver glycogen However, in the food industry, where innumerable applications of dextrans in foodstuffs were patented in the 50's and 60's, no application appears to have been pursued and the mandatory toxicological studies to gain FDA approval were not performed. Hence in 1977, the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status of dextrans was deleted. Dextrans are not permitted in the UK or Europe as foodstuff additives, and dextrans do not seem to have been considered by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Foodstuff Additives (JECFA). Dextrans are, however, considered as safe as components of food packaging materials. Dextran fractions do not appear to be included in the lists of permitted additives (ingredients) for pharmaceutical formulations such as ointments and creams for topical use and tablets and capsules for oral use. However, providing the appropriate documentation is presented, there are no a priori reasons why they may not be used. Indeed several products in which a dextran fraction is used as a non-active ingredient are on the market. Purified dextran fractions with high clarity and low chloride levels find extensive applications in the photographic industry. Addition of low concentrations of dextran to the silver emulsion is found to enhance significantly the quality of the images. The effect is presumably attributable to the effect of dextran on the conformation of the gelatin molecules. Since Albertsson revealed the enormous potential of 2-phase polymer systems, especially dextran-PEG systems, for the partition of sub-cellular particles and macromolecules, an immense number of applications has evolved. These systems offer a means of fractionation beyond the range of conventional techniques. Some recent applications are: the separation of peripheral blood cells, distinguishing erythrocytes from multiple sclerosis patients, the separation of enzymes, for example pullulanase, from Klebsiella pneumoniae cells, and the partitioning of murine lymphoblasts. Dextran has been recommended as a cryoprotective agent for human, animal and plant cells. Thus a mixture of 5% methyl sulphoxide and 9% Dextran 70 was found to afford optimal cryoprotection of human bone marrow committed stem cells. The effect of dextrans as adjuvants for prolonging local anesthetic block has been a matter of some debate. Early results had proved somewhat contradictory. Recent reexamination by Hassan and colleagues has revealed that the prolongation of the effect of anesthetic is dependent on the anesthetic used, the MW of the dextran, and the type of dextran derivative used. A prolongation of up to 350% has been obtained.
2. Dextran is a polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules used as an antithrombotic to reduce blood viscosity and as a volume expander in anemia. Studies show that it inhibits the mannose receptor-med iated clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA).
3. exhibit borad spectrum of biological activities, with very low anticoagulant capacity: they activate lipoprotein elimination by lipase stimulation, inhibit cell proliferation in vascular wall, regulate transport of plasmatic proteins and inhibit depositi
4. antiinflammatory veterinary drug
5. dextran is a polysaccharide with water-binding properties. It is also used to control product viscosity. Some studies indicate a capacity to enhance the anti-aging activity of formulations containing weak acids, as well as to reduce possible skin irritation arising from such acids.

Specification

Dextran 70 powder Pharmaceutical grade (for injections) ▼▲ Description A white, amorphous powder Identification To pass test pH 5.0 - 7.0 Clarity and color of solution To pass test Chloride Not more than 0.018 % Heavy metal Not more than 20 ppm Arsenic Not more than 1.3 ppm Nitrogen Not more than 0.010 % Reducing substances Not more than 1.0 % Loss on drying Not more than 5.0 % Residue on ignition Not more than 0.10 % Intrinsic viscosity (25oC;)   Whole fraction 0.21 - 0.26 dl/g 7 - 10 % high MW fraction Not more than 0.35 dl/g 7 - 10 % low MW fraction Not less than 0.10 dl/g Pyrogen To pass test Antigenicity To pass test Assay 98.0 - 102.0 % Storage Store at the temperature below 25 oC. Protect from light and moisture.

Diverse Applications

Dextran has traditionally been used in infusion fluid and volume expander products. However, dextran has a very diverse application area ranging from vaccines over ophthalmic use to stabilizer of biological components. Some of the uses in life sciences. Vaccines: Dextran can be part of vaccines as a carrier, a back-bone and/or as a stabilizer of the antigen or other subunits. Derivatives of dextran in particular DEAE-dextran are often also used. Eye Drops or Similar Solutions: Dextran is often used in eye drops or similar solution for ophthalmic application. Dextran can be used as the active ingredient in eye drops due to its lubricating nature or as tear-replacement. This application is used to relieve dry, irritated eyes. Common causes for dry eyes include wind, sun, heating/air conditioning, computer use/reading, and certain medications. Furthermore dextran can also be used in eye drops with a medicating component. Protein Stabilization: The dextran molecule is known to benefit on structural stability of freeze-dried products, protein stability and the recovery of enzyme activity after freeze-drying. Excipient in Lyophilization (freeze-drying): Lyophilization is a commonly used technique for formulation development of small molecules, proteins and vaccines which are unstable in aqueous medium and/or are thermolabile in nature. Lyophilization of drug alone, however, presents certain formulation development challenges, which may be overcome by incorporation of excipients in the formulation. Dextran is often used as excipient during lyophilization as a bulking agent and/or a collapse temperature modifier. Cryo-Protectant: Dextran can be used as a cryo-protectant in combination with DSMO, glycerol etc. Dextrans can be used to cryo-preserve cell lines, stem cell preparations and biological samples in general. It is believed these cryo-protectants contributes to a more controlled formation of ice crystals which leads to lesser damage to cell membranes and organelles. Storing Organs for Transplantation: Dextran is widely accepted as solution for storing and preparing organs for transplantation. Traditionally Corneas has been stored and/or prepared for transplantation dextran, but now a multitude of different organs and tissues are being stored in dextran solution for increased longevity or dextran are used in preparation prior to transplantation. Oral Products: Dextran has a wide use in oral pharmaceuticals. Dextran is applied for solidity and consistency of substance during processing e.g. freeze drying. Dextran can also be used to alter the dissolution profile of drug formulations. Blood Cell Separation: Dextran can be applied in the reversible aggregation of human red blood cells, yet the mechanistic details governing the process are still being explored. The process is useful for separation of red blood cells from other cells and components of the blood. Blood Volume Expander: Intravenous solutions with dextran function both as volume expanders and means of parenteral nutrition. Such a solution provides an osmotically neutral fluid that once in the body is digested by cells into glucose and free water. Pharmacosmos Pharmaceutical Quality Dextran 1

Production Methods

Dextran for clinical and technical products is produced in most developed countries throughout the world. In the West, most producers use the Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512(F) or B-512 strain for the fermentation. In other parts of the world, alternative strains appear to be used. Most major producers of dextran employ a process based on the batchwise culture of Leuconostoc in the presence of sucrose. The viscous culture fluid is then precipitated in ethanol or methanol, whereafter the native dextran obtained is hydrolyzed in dilute acid and the desired dextran is isolated by fractionation. Although the present state of the art offers alternative methods of producing defined fractions, most producers are still operating a procedure introduced about 35 years ago. In introducing any change, a producer must be convinced that, not only must the new process be more efficient in man-power and materials, but the final product must conform in every respect with the medical requirements for safety and efficacy. The organism, Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512(F), is a member of the Lactobacillaceae family, genus Leuconostoc and species mesenteroides (134). The organism produces spherical or ovoid cells and classifies as a gram-positive facultative anaerobe. Apart from dextran and lactic acid, it produces, inter alia , carbon dioxide, ethanol, mannitol and acetic acid.

Dextran Safety

Dextran has been used in numerous products for human use for decades Products include both IV, IM, oral, and topical administration. These products have typically been used globally including US and Europe. Examples include Dextran use for plasma volume expansion, in numerous eyes drops, and oral products like Spasfon and Opalmon. For decades Dextran has had the Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) label from the US FDA, which was renewed in 2013. (Link to article). The established use of dextran through decades of human use in numerous products with different administration forms clearly establishes the low risk profile of Dextran. This is well known to competent authorities around the world, and it is taken into consideration when the regulatory authorities are establishing their toxicological, preclinical and clinical requirements.

Chemical Properties

white crystals or powder

Originator

LMD 10%,Abbott,US,1967

Definition

dextran: A glutinous glucose polymerproduced by certain bacteria. Itcan be made by fermenting sucrose(cane sugar) and is used as a thickeningagent, as a stabilizer in ice cream,and as a substitute for plasma inblood transfusions. Esters with sulphuricacid yield sodium salts thatare employed as anticoagulant drugs.

Manufacturing Process

Sucrose is subjected to the action of the bacterium Leuconosfoc mesenteroides B 512 and the crude, high-molecular weight dextran thus formed is hydrolyzed and fractionated to an average molecular weight of about 40,000 as measured by light-scattering techniques.

Brand name

Gentran 40 (Baxter Healthcare).

Therapeutic Function

Plasma extender

General Description

Dextrans are polysaccharides with molecular weights ≥1,000 Dalton, with a linear backbone of α-linked D-glucopyranosyl repeating units. Dextrans are found as bacterial extracellular polysaccharides. They are synthesized from sucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus brevis. Bacteria employ dextran in biofilm formation or as a protective coating to evade host phagocytes in the case of pathogenic bacteria.Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Mw: 12,000) may be used as an analytical standard to calibrate the column for gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

Biochem/physiol Actions

Dextran is a branched glucan composed of linear a(1→6) linked glucose units and a (1→3) link initiated branches. Dextran ranges in size from 10,000 to 150,000 Kd. Dextrans are used in many applications as volume extenders, stabilizers, matrix components, binding platforms, lubricants and physical structure components.

Safety Profile

Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. See also other DEXTRANS.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

Dextran 70 is a relatively low cost colloid for the adjunctive treatment of hypovolemic shock. Hetastarch is the more commonly employed synthetic colloid used today.

Purification Methods

Solutions of dextran keep indefinitely at room temperature if 0.2mL of Roccal (10% alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) or 2mg phenyl mercuric acetate are added per 100mL solution. This inhibits mould growth. [Scott & Melvin Anal Biochem 25 1656 1953.]

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 9004-54-0 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,0 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 5 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9004-54:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*4)+(2*5)+(1*4)=80
80 % 10 = 0
So 9004-54-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.

9004-54-0 Well-known Company Product Price

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  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0731000)  Dextran  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0731000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0731005)  Dextran 1  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0731005

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0734000)  Dextran 10 for calibration  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0734000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0737000)  Dextran 250 for calibration  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0737000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0733000)  Dextran 4 for calibration  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0733000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0735000)  Dextran 40 for calibration  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0735000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0738000)  Dextran 40 for performance test  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0738000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0739000)  Dextran 60/70 for performance test  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0739000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0736000)  Dextran 70 for calibration  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0736000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D0732000)  Dextran Vo  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 9004-54-0

  • D0732000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (00268)  Dextran  analytical standard, for GPC, 1,000

  • 9004-54-0

  • 00268-500MG

  • 3,736.98CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (00269)  Dextran  analytical standard, for GPC, 5,000

  • 9004-54-0

  • 00269-100MG

  • 947.70CNY

  • Detail

9004-54-0SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 17, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 17, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name Hexopyranosyl-(1->6)hexopyranosyl-(1->6)hexose

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names (+)-propranolol

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
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More Details:9004-54-0 SDS

9004-54-0Upstream product

9004-54-0Relevant articles and documents

Comparative study of the efficacies of nine assay methods for the dextransucrase synthesis of dextran

Vettori, Mary Helen P.B.,Mukerjea, Rupendra,Robyt, John F.

, p. 1077 - 1082 (2011)

A comparative study of nine assay methods for dextransucrase and related enzymes has been made. A relatively widespread method for the reaction of dextransucrase with sucrose is the measurement of the reducing value of D-fructose by alkaline 3,5-dinitrosalicylate (DNS) and thereby the amount of D-glucose incorporated into dextran. Another method is the reaction with 14C-sucrose with the addition of an aliquot to Whatman 3MM paper squares that are washed three times with methanol to remove 14C-D- fructose and unreacted 14C-sucrose, followed by counting of 14C-dextran on the paper by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). It is shown that both methods give erroneous results. The DNS reducing value method gives extremely high values due to over-oxidation of both D-fructose and dextran, and the 14C-paper square method gives significantly low values due to the removal of some of the 14C-dextran from the paper by methanol washes. In the present study, we have examined nine methods and find two that give values that are identical and are an accurate measurement of the dextransucrase reaction. They are (1) a 14C-sucrose/dextransucrase digest in which dextran is precipitated three times with three volumes of ethanol, dissolved in water, and added to paper and counted in a toluene cocktail by LSC; and (2) precipitation of dextran three times with three volumes of ethanol from a sucrose/dextransucrase digest, dried, and weighed. Four reducing value methods were examined to measure the amount of D-fructose. Three of the four (two DNS methods, one with both dextran and D-fructose and the other with only D-fructose, and the ferricyanide/arsenomolybdate method with D-fructose) gave extremely high values due to over-oxidation of D-fructose, D-glucose, leucrose, and dextran.

Entrapment of purified novel dextransucrase obtained from newly isolated Acetobacter tropicalis and its comparative study of kinetic parameters with free enzyme

Nisha,Azmi, Wamik

, p. 349 - 360 (2019)

Purified Acetobacter tropicalis dextransucrase was immobilized in different matrices viz. calcium-alginate, κ-carrageenan, agar, agarose and polyacrylamide. Calcium-alginate was proved to be superior to the other matrices for immobilization of dextransucrase enzyme. Standardization of immobilization conditions in calcium-alginate resulted in 99.5% relative activity of dextransucrase. This is the first report with such a large amount of relative activity as compared to the previous reports. The immobilized enzyme retained activity for 11 batch reactions without a decrease in activity which suggested that enzyme can be used repetitively for 11 cycles. The dextransucrase was also characterized, which revealed that enzyme worked best at pH 5.5 and 37 °C for 30 min in both the free as well as immobilized state. Calcium-alginate immobilized dextransucrase of A. tropicalis showed the Km and Vmax values of 29 mM and 5000 U/mg, respectively. Free and immobilized enzyme produced 5.7 mg/mL and 2.6 mg/mL of dextran in 2 L bench scale fermenter under optimum reaction conditions. This immobilization method is very unconventional for purified large molecular weight dextran-free dextransucrase of A. tropicalis as this method is used usually for cells. Such reports on entrapment of purified enzyme are rarely documented.

Bioengineering of Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucansucrases that gives selected bond formation for glucan synthesis and/or acceptor-product synthesis

Kang, Hee Kyoung,Kimura, Atsuo,Kim, Doman

experimental part, p. 4148 - 4155 (2011/10/30)

The variations in glucosidic linkage specificity observed in products of different glucansucrases appear to be based on relatively small differences in amino acid sequences in their sugar-binding acceptor subsites. Various amino acid mutations near active sites of DSRBCB4 dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299CB4 were constructed. A triple amino acid mutation (S642N/E643N/V644S) immediately next to the catalytic D641 (putative transition state stabilizing residue) converted DSRBCB4 enzyme from the synthesis of mainly α-(1→6) dextran to the synthesis of α-(1→6) glucan containing branches of α-(1→3) and α-(1→4) glucosidic linkages. The subsequent introduction of mutation V532P/V535I, located next to the catalytic D530 (nucleophile), resulted in the synthesis of an α-glucan containing increased branched α-(1→4) glucosidic linkages (approximately 11%). The results indicate that mutagenesis can guide glucansucrase toward the synthesis of various oligosaccharides or novel polysaccharides with completely altered linkages without compromising high transglycosylation activity and efficiency.

STILBENE-BASED COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREFOR

-

, (2010/06/11)

Disclosed are compositions, formulations and methods relating to one or more stilbene-based compounds for use in humans. In particular, compositions and formulations comprising an effective amount of the stilbene-based insulinogenic compound can improve athletic performance, lower blood glucose levels, and increase lean muscle mass when administered (e.g., orally) to a human.

COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING AMINO ACID BICARBONATE AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

-

, (2009/01/24)

The invention relates to compositions comprising one or more ionic salts, each of said ionic salts consisting of a bicarbonate anion and a cation selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, an amino acid derivative, a di-peptide and a tri-peptide, and to methods of making and using said compositions.

NOVEL FORMULATION OF DEHYDRATED LIPID VESICLES FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT VIA INHALATION

-

, (2009/03/07)

A new formulation of dehydrated lipid vesicles employs a vesicle preserver and permits the control of release and delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients into the respiratory system for treatment in particular of asthma. The typical formulation provides controlled release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from 0% to 100% from 0 to 72 hours after inhalation, changes the systemic administration to topical administration, allows prolonged therapeutic period for one administration, increased stability, with reduced dose, reduced systemic side effects, reduced toxicity.

Dextrans - Potential polymeric drug carriers for flurbiprofen

Shrivastava,Jain,Trivedi

, p. 389 - 391 (2007/10/03)

Dextrans have been used as carrier for flurbiprofen. Conjugates of flurbiprofen were synthesized by preparing their acylimidazol derivatives which were condensed in situ with dextrans of different molecular weight (40 000, 60 000, 110 000 and 200 000). The structures of the synthesized conjugates were confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The degrees of substitution were obtained between 8.0 to 9.5% and molecular weight was determined by Mark-Howin Sakurada viscosity equation. A hydrolysis study was performed in different buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 7.4, 9.0) and 80% human plasma (pH 7.4). The hydrolysis followed first order kinetics. Much faster hydrolysis was observed at pH 9.0 compared to buffer solution pH 7.4 and 80% human plasma (pH 7.4). The biological evaluation for acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity was performed and the results were found to be comparable with the parent drug. The conjugates showed remarkable reduction in ulcerogenicity compared to parent flurbiprofen.

Macromolecular microparticles and methods of production and use

-

, (2008/06/13)

Microparticles formed by mixing a macromolecule with a polymer at a pH near the isoelectric point of the macromolecule and incubating the mixture in the presence of an energy source for a predetermined length of time. The microparticles are composed of homogeneously distributed, intertwined macromolecule and polymer. Each microparticle allows aqueous fluids to enter and allows solubilized macromolecule and polymer to exit the microparticle and may be formulated to provide a sustained release of macromolecule and polymer from the interior of the microparticle when placed in an appropriate aqueous medium, such as under physiological conditions. Methods of production and methods of use for research, diagnostics and therapeutics are provided.

Mechanism of the action of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC dextransucrase: Kinetics of the transfer of D-glucose to maltose and the effects of enzyme and substrate concentrations

Kitaoka, Motomitsu,Robyt, John F.

, p. 183 - 191 (2007/10/03)

The kinetics of the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC dextransucrase with sucrose were studied. This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of dextran from sucrose with a k(cat) of 641 s-1 and the transfer of D-glucose from sucrose to maltose with a k(cat) of 1070 s-1. The enzyme was also found to catalyze two new reactions in the absence of sucrose, using dextran as the substrate; D-glucose was transferred from the non-reducing ends of dextran chains to maltose with a relatively low k(cat) of 3.2 s-1; and D-glucose was hydrolyzed from the non-reducing ends of dextran chains with a very low k(cat) of 0.085 s-1. Ping-pong/bi-bi kinetics of these reactions are consistent with the formation of a glucosyl-enzyme covalent intermediate. It is shown that an increase in the concentrations of both maltose and sucrose in the D-glucose transfer reaction to maltose gives an exponential decrease in the amount of dextran and a concomitant increase in the amount of acceptor products. It is further shown that increasing the amount of dextransucrase gives a decrease in the amount of dextran and an increase in the amount of acceptor products, after the sucrose has been consumed. This anomaly occurs because the relatively high amounts of enzyme catalyze the transfer of D-glucose from the non-reducing ends of the dextran chains to maltose, giving a decrease in the amount of dextran and an increase in the amount of acceptor product. Further, the high amounts of enzyme catalyze the hydrolysis of the D-glucose residues from the ends of the dextran chains, giving a decrease in the amount of dextran. These reactions are not observed when lower amounts of enzyme are used, as the reactions are much slower than the synthesis of dextran and the usual acceptor transfer reactions of D-glucose from sucrose to acceptor. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Macromolecular microparticles and methods of production and use

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, (2008/06/13)

Microparticles formed by mixing a macromolecule with a polymer at a pH near the isoelectric point of the macromolecule and incubating the mixture in the presence of an energy source for a predetermined length of time. The microparticles are composed of homogeneously distributed, intertwined macromolecule and polymer. Each microparticle allows aqueous fluids to enter and allows solubilized macromolecule and polymer to exit the microparticle and may be formulated to provide a sustained release of macromolecule and polymer from the interior of the microparticle when placed in an appropriate aqueous medium, such as under physiological conditions. Methods of production and methods of use for research, diagnostics and therapeutics are provided.

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