Dr. Paul Gaines presents an essential guide for trace analysts at any level of experience. Topics cover all phases of sle collection, preparation, measurement, and data analysis.
NOTE: All references to trace analysis assume the use of either ICP-OES or ICP-MS for the purposes of this guide.
Table of Contents
Foundations
I. Laying the Foundation
What is Trace Analysis?
Stages of a Trace Analysis
Training
Recommended References
Sample collection
II. Planning the Project
Overview
Defining The Problem
Detection Limits and Uncertainties
Constructing the Sampling Plan
III. Sampling and Sub-sampling
Overview
Sampling Publications
Developing the Sampling Plan
Constructing a Sampling Program
Different Approaches to Sampling
Sub-sampling
Determination of Sampling and Sub-Sampling Errors
Contamination Issues During Sampling;
> Geological
> Soils
> Air
>
> Biological
> Contamination Data
> Contamination From Speciation Change
Sample preparation
IV. An Introduction to Sample Preparation
Overview
Preliminary Issues
Selecting a Sample Preparation Method
V. Container Material Properties
Materials;
> Borosilicate Glass
> Porcelain
> Quartz
>
>
> Plastics
The Purity and Cleaning of Plastics
VI. Container Transpiration
Overview
Initial Transpiration Study
Additional Transpiration Studies
Summary of Findings
VII. Stability of Elements at ppb Concentration Levels
Overview
Adsorption
PPB Stability Study
Summary of Findings
Contamination
VIII. Environmental Contamination
Overview
Reducing Environmental Contamination
Avoiding Environmental Contamination
IX. Contamination From Reagents
High Purity Water
Storage of High Purity Water;
> Quartz
> HDPE and LDPE
> Fluoropolymers
> High Purity Acids
Other Reagents
X. Contamination From the Analyst and Apparatus
Contamination From the Analyst;
> Common Contaminants
> Tips for the Analyst
Apparatus Contamination;
> A Closer Look at Quartz
> Apparatus Tips
Preparation techniques
XI. Acid Digestions of Inorganic Samples
Overview of Sample Preparation Techniques
Nitric Acid Digestions;
> Facts About Nitric Acid
XII. Acid Digestions of Organic Samples
Nitric and Perchloric Acid Digestions
Sample Preparation Procedure;
> Introduction and Scope
> Apparatus and Chemicals
> Glassware Cleaning
> Sample Handling, Identification, and Storage
> Sample Preparation of Tissues and Serum
Microwave Digestion References
XIII. Sample Preparation by Fusion
Useful Fusions for Trace Analysts
ate Fusions
Sample Preparation Procedure;
> Scope and Summary
> Equipment
> Chemicals
> Standard Preparation
> Sample Preparation
XIV. Ashing
Ashing Techniques
Advantages of Ashing
Disadvantages of Ashing
Examples of Ashing Procedures |
