Emerging solvent-induced homochirality by the confinement of achiral molecules against a solid surface

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200800255

One hand mapping: By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, solvent-induced homochirality is shown to emerge in self-assembled monolayers of achiral molecules at the liquid-solid interface (see picture). The chirality of the solvent directs the macroscopic chirality of the monolayer. The dynamics of the monolayer structure as it evolves towards homochirality are probed by time-dependent measurements. (Figure Presented)

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200800255

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800255
Surface Chirality
Emerging Solvent-Induced Homochirality by the Confinement of
Achiral Molecules Against a Solid Surface**
ˇ
´
Nathalie Katsonis,* Hong Xu, Robert M. Haak, Tibor Kudernac, Zeljko Tomovic, Subi George,
Mark Van der Auweraer, Albert P. H. J. Schenning,* E. W. Meijer,* Ben L. Feringa,* and
Steven De Feyter*
The unique handedness of chiral molecules affects chemical,
physical, and biological phenomena.[1–3] While observed in
solution for helical polymers and self-assembled stacks of
molecules,[4–8] transmission of chiral information is particu-
larly selective at ordered interfaces as a result of geometrical
restrictions introduced by two-dimensional (2D) confine-
ment.[9–18] Chiral amplification of enantiomerically enriched
mixtures has been demonstrated either by chemical reactions
at the air–water interface,[19] or upon self-assembly on solid
surfaces.[20] Homochirality in achiral enantiomorphous mono-
layers can be realized by merging chiral modifiers in the
monolayer[21] or by exposing monolayers to magnetic fields.[22]
Alternatively, the potential role of solvents in amplification of
chirality and emergence of homochirality at surfaces remains
unexplored to date.
and as such it differs from “chiral-solvent-” or “chiral-guest-
induced” chirality of supramolecular systems in solution.
To demonstrate that homochirality emerges at the inter-
face between a chiral liquid and the surface of highly oriented
pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), we selected a hydrogen-bonding
achiral diamino triazine oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene) oligo-
mer (A-OPV4T, Figure 1). The chiral analogue, ((S)-OPV4T,
Figure 1), was recently shown to assemble exclusively in a
counter-clockwise (CCW) hydrogen-bonded rosette motif at
the liquid–solid interface, with 1-phenyloctane as the achiral
solvent.[23,24] Molecular homochirality is expressed at the
supramolecular level as a result of the 2D packing of the
chiral rosette. The chiral solvent in the current study,
Herein we show how solvent-induced macroscopic chir-
ality emerges within self-assemblies of achiral molecules on
achiral surfaces. It is an exclusive surface-confined process,
[*] Dr. N. Katsonis,[+] R. M. Haak, Dr. T. Kudernac, Prof. B. L. Feringa
Stratingh Institute of Chemistry, University of Groningen
Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands)
Fax: (+31)50-363-4296
E-mail: n.h.katsonis@rug.nl
b.l.feringa@rug.nl
ˇ
´
Dr. Z. Tomovic, Dr. S. George, Dr. A. P. H. J. Schenning,
Prof. E. W. Meijer
Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
Eindhoven University of Technology
PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
Fax: (+31)40-247-4706
E-mail: a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl
e.w.meijer@tue.nl
H. Xu, Dr. T. Kudernac, Prof. M. Van der Auweraer, Prof. S. De Feyter
Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy and
INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and
Chemistry Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Celestijnenlaan 200-F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
Fax: (+32)1632-7990
E-mail: steven.defeyter@chem.kuleuven.be
[+] Current address: Centre d’Elaboration de MatØriaux et d’Etudes
Structurales, CNRS, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 (France)
[**] This work was supported by the Netherlands Organization for
Scientific Research (NWO-CW) through a VENI (N. K.), a VIDI
(A.S.), and a Spinoza (B.L.F.) grant, the Belgian Federal Science
Policy Office through IAP-6/27, the Fund for Scientific Research—
Flanders (FWO), and Marie Curie RTN CHEXTAN (MRTN-CT-2004-
512161).
Figure 1. Molecular structures of the chiral ((S)-OPV4T) and achiral
(A-OPV4T) 1,3-diamino triazine oligo-(p-phenylenevinylene) oligomers,
synthesized according to established procedures. Solvents used in this
study: a) 1-phenyl-1-octanol, b) 1-phenyl-1-octylacetate, c) 1-phenyl-
octane. The synthesis of these molecules is described in the Support-
ing Information.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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enantiomeric pure 1-phenyl-1-octanol (Figure 1),[25] repre-
images (such as the image shown in Figure 2a), it appears
that, within the observed monolayer, there is a clear bias
towards CCW rotating rosettes in (R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol and
CW rotating rosettes in (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol.
sents the logical hybrid form between 1-phenyloctane and 1-
octanol, solvents typically used for scanning tunneling micro-
scopy (STM) imaging at the liquid–solid interface.[26–28]
Furthermore, it was expected that 1-phenyl-1-octanol would
be a good solvent, as it has the possibility to interact with the
diaminotriazine moiety in A-OPV4T through hydrogen
bonding.
The deposition of A-OPV4T from enantiomerically pure
1-phenyl-1-octanol onto a freshly cleaved surface of HOPG
leads to the formation of monolayers covered by solvent.
STM images show rosettes that are easily recognized as the
star-shaped features with six bright arms (Figure 2). Each
bright rod corresponds to a conjugated OPV backbone with
its long molecular axis lying parallel to the surface. Alkyl
chains are adsorbed in the low-contrast areas (Figure 2b
and c). Close inspection of the STM images reveals that the
rosettes are chiral: OPV units at opposite sites of the rosettes
are not in line but show a clear non-radial orientation.
Therefore, these rosettes can be classified into clockwise
(CW) (Figure 2c) or counterclockwise (CCW; Figure 2b)
rotating rosettes, the CWand CCW rosettes are mirror images
of each other. Most importantly, from sets of large-scale
In addition to the expression of chirality at the level of the
rosettes, the next level in their hierarchical self-assembly, that
is, the relative orientation of the rosettes within the mono-
layer, is chiral and solvent-dependent too (note the sequence
of the longer dashed and shorter solid white marker lines in
Figure 2b and Figure 2c, which connect the terminal phenyl
groups of similarly oriented OPV units along unit cell vector
b. Their sequence and relative orientation highlight the chiral
nature of the monolayer). In both enantiomeric pure solvents,
many ordered domains of variable size were observed. Within
a given domain, the rosettes are ordered in rows and form a
homochiral crystalline lattice characterized by the following
unit cell parameters which are within experimental error
identical to those of (S)-OPV4T at the 1-phenyloctane–
HOPG
interface:[24]
a = (6.11 Æ 0.06) nm,
b = (6.13 Æ
0.04) nm, g = (60 Æ 1)8 in (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol (Figure 2c)
and a = (6.09 Æ 0.06) nm, b = (6.04 Æ 0.05) nm, g = (62 Æ 2)8 in
(R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol (Figure 2b). A-OPV4T self-assem-
bles into a chiral pattern in accordance with the plane group
p6, which is one of the five chiral plane groups.[29,30]
To confirm solvent-induced asymmetric induction at the
liquid–solid interface, a statistical analysis was performed
indexing the individual rosettes as CW or CCW. This analysis
was carried out by using several batches of solvent and
substrates, and by probing more than a thousand rosettes for
each experiment. The results show that monolayer formation
in enantiomeric pure 1-phenyl-1-octanol solvents clearly
leads to solvent-induced asymmetric induction (Table 1). A
100% asymmetry induction is never observed though, likely
because of the slow kinetics of the ordering process. The
measured enantiomeric ratios (CCW versus CW) range from
17 (CCW): 83 (CW) in (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol to 91 (CCW): 9
(CW) in (R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol. These values are compara-
ble within the experimental error.
To investigate the role of 1-phenyl-1-octanol, we have
tested other solvents such as 1-phenyloctane, rac-1-phenyl-1-
octane, (R)-1-phenyl-1-octylacetate and (S)-1-phenyl-1-octyl-
acetate. The statistical analyses of sets of STM images do not
reveal a significant bias of either CCWor CW rosettes in these
cases (Table 1). These results demonstrate that hydrogen-
bonding interactions between the enantiomeric pure 1-
phenyl-1-octanol molecules and A-OPV4T are key in induc-
ing surface homochirality.[31]
Circular dichroism (CD) measurements of A-OPV4T in
either (R)- or (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol were performed, using a
typical STM concentration (c = 3 ” 10À5 molLÀ1). No CD
effects were observed,[32] revealing that neither potential
pre-formation of the rosettes nor formation of chiral assem-
blies are involved. The formation of rosettes exclusively at the
liquid–solid interface is also shown by STM images recorded a
few minutes after deposition on the surface, these images
show disordered monolayers typically observed from achiral
solvents. A solvent monolayer acting as a chiral template
underneath the rosettes is unlikely because at room temper-
ature, in the absence of the A-OPV4T molecules, deposition
Figure 2. a) and b)STM images of an A-OPV4T monolayer at the (R)-1-
phenyl-1-octanol–HOPG interface. a) In addition to several domains of
CCW rosettes, one CW domain is observed as marked. Scale bar is
10 nm. b) High-resolution image of the CCW rosette. Individual OPV
units are indicated by green lines emphasizing the non-radial orienta-
tion. The rotation direction is highlighted by the white arrow. Scale bar
is 3 nm. Sequence of dashed and solid white marker lines from left to
right: dashed-up and solid-down. c) Molecular resolution STM image
of an A-OPV4Tmonolayer at the ( S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol–HOPG inter-
face. The CW rotation direction is highlighted by the white arrow. Scale
bar is 3 nm. Sequence of dashed and solid white marker lines from left
to right: dashed-down and solid-up. d) Anticipated hydrogen-bonding
motif of the CCW rotating rosette, involving six A-OPV4Tmolecules.
Blue arrows indicate the nitrogen atoms which remain free to interact
by hydrogen bonding with the solvent molecules; dark blue N, light
blue C, white H.
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Table 1: Asymmetric induction in A-OPV4Tmonolayers at various liquid–
solid interfaces.[a]
Solvent
1) No. of rosettes 1) Enantiomeric ratio
analyzed
CCW:CW
2) % of distinct
rotating rosettes:
CCW + CW
2) (Stand.Dev.)
(R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol
(S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol
rac-1-phenyl-1-octanol
2209
86
1948
71
4190
78
91:9
(9)
17:83
(14)
54:46
(14)
(R)-1-phenyl-1-octyl acetate 1019
55:45
(15)
48:52
(12)
44
(S)-1-phenyl-1-octyl acetate 1194
42
[a] All STM images were registered at least one hour after deposition on
the surface, to allow the monolayers to organize in view of the dynamics
taking place. Typically, the waiting time was longer for rac-1-phenyl-1-
octanol than for the corresponding enantiomeric pure solvent. A
significant number of areas per solvent was probed: (R)-1-phenyl-1-
octanol (16 areas), (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol (17), rac-1-phenyl-1-octa-
nol (52), (R)-1-phenyl-1-octyl acetate (13), (S)-1-phenyl-1-octyl ace-
tate (15). The standard deviation of the weighted mean of the
enantiomeric ratio (so corrected for the number of chiral rosettes per
area) is given in parentheses. Note that the standard deviation for a
constant number of probed rosettes should become smaller by scanning
larger areas, which is limited though by the need for high spatial
resolution.
Figure 3. a) First and b) last frame of a sequence of STM images of an
A-OPV4Tmonolayer at the ( R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol–HOPG interface
recorded at the same area. The time gap between the frames is
50 min. Scale bar is 10 nm. The center of the rosettes is color-coded:
CCW (blue), CW (green), n-o (not-ordered) orientation (yellow). The
red bordered dark defect area acts as a marker region. c) Evolution of
the enantiomeric ratio (CCW/(CCW+CW)) and the number of rosettes
of a given orientation (CCW, CW, or n-o orientation) as a function of
time.
of (R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol or (S)-1-phenyl-1-octanol on
HOPG never resulted in the observation of any ordered
layer. In addition, the unit cell parameters of ordered rosette
domains in the different solvents are identical, regardless if
chiral induction is observed or not. Combined with the fact
that the unit cell parameters are also identical to those of (S)-
OPV4T, it is safe to conclude that solvent molecules are not
co-adsorbed within the plane of the monolayer, that is, there
are no solvent molecules between the rosettes.
STM at the liquid–solid interface not only allows the
extent of chiral induction on the surface to be evaluated, but
also enables how homochirality emerges to be observed
(Figure 3). Therefore, we recorded series of STM images at
the (R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol–HOPG interface over a period of
50 min (Video1 in the Supporting Information). For each
frame, the number of CCW, CW rosettes, and ill-defined
cyclic hexamers with no identifiable orientation (not-ordered
(n-o)) have been measured and their evolution in time is
indicated in Figure 3c, revealing a clear correlation between
the appearance of order and the emergence of chirality. Over
time, the number of CCW rosettes increases at the expense of
those with no identifiable orientation (n-o) and, to a lesser
extent, of the CW rosettes. In this time-dependent sequence,
the enantiomeric ratio increases from about 50:50 CCW:CW
to 80:20 CCW:CW after 50 min (Video1 in the Supporting
Information). For the same sample, but at a different area, a
similar sequence of images was recorded, but starting three
hours later. In this case the initial enantiomeric ratio is
already at a high level and doesnꢀt change significantly in time
(Video2 in the Supporting Information). This evolution from
non-ordered rosettes to CCW or CW rosettes, or the
evolution from CW rosettes into CCW rosettes (or vice
versa), depending on the chirality of the solvent, was observed
in all our experiments. As an example, Figure 4 shows the
evolution of a CW rosette into a CCW rosette. The conversion
of n-o rosettes to CW or CCW rosettes happens both at
domain boundaries and in the bulkof the disordered domains.
This conversion is not necessarily faster at domain boundaries
but there the nature of the conversion (forming CW or CCW
rosettes) is clearly dictated by the chirality of the ordered
domain. Clearly, as a result of the confinement, in well-
packed domains the conversion of CW into CCW rosettes (or
vice versa) happens primarily at the domain boundaries.
Similarly, the transition of other structures, such as dimers to
rosette-type objects has also been identified.[32]
Multiple pathways to the emergence of homochirality
coexist. Disorder–order transitions occur not only at the level
of the individual rosettes but also at the monolayer level. It is
hard to foresee how an isolated rosette will have preferred
chirality because 2D crystallization also plays a role in the
chiral selection: in the 2D lattice, the preference of a
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diameter 0.25 mm). Prior to imaging, A-OPV4T or (S)-OPV4T
molecules were dissolved in the solvents by sonication (few minutes)
and heating at 408C (15 min). The solutions obtained had
a
concentration ranging between 10À4 to 10À5 m. Subsequently, a drop
of the solution was applied to a freshly cleaved surface of HOPG, and
then the STM tip was immersed into the drop. The system was then
allowed to cool for at least 30 min before measuring.
Information on materials, synthesis and characterization of the
chiral solvents, UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy experiments, comple-
mentary STM images and movies (Video1 and Video2) are collected
in the Supporting Information.
Figure 4. a) First and b) last frame of a sequence of STM images of an
A-OPV4Tmonolayer at the ( R)-1-phenyl-1-octanol–HOPG interface
recorded at the same area. The time gap between the frames is
142 seconds. Scale bar is 10 nm. The area of interest is indicated by
the black square. An enlargement of that area is shown in c) after 0 s,
in d) after 95 s, and in e) after 142 s. Over time, the irregular cyclic
hexamer indicated in the square evolves into a CCW rosette.
Received: January 17, 2008
Revised: March 17, 2008
Published online: May 27, 2008
Keywords: chirality · liquid–solid interfaces ·
.
scanning probe microscopy · self-assembly ·
supramolecular chemistry
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