Organocatalytic michael addition of aldehydes to protected 2-amino-1-nitroethenes: The practical syntheses of oseltamivir (tamiflu) and substituted 3-aminopyrrolidines

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201001644

Figure Presented Hey Mickey, you're so fine! Organocatalytic Michael additions of aldehydes with protected 2-amino-1-nitroethene could go through three different transition-states to afford adducts with usual and unusual stereochemistry, thereby providing a facile entry to Tamiflu (see scheme) and substituted 3-aminopyrrolidines. TMS = trimethylsilyl, Ac = acetyl.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201001644

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001644
Organocatalysis
Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Protected
2-Amino-1-Nitroethenes: The Practical Syntheses of Oseltamivir
(Tamiflu) and Substituted 3-Aminopyrrolidines**
Shaolin Zhu, Shouyun Yu, You Wang, and Dawei Ma*
The 1,2-diamino moiety can be frequently found as a
substructure in pharmaceutical molecules. Substituted 3-
aminopyrrolidines also belong to one of the most popular
classes in this family. Bioactive compounds that contain these
heterocycles include: bacterial peptide deformylase inhibitor
1,[1] NK2 receptor antagonist 2,[2] 11-b-hydroxysteroid dehy-
drogenase 1 inhibitor 3,[3] and the clinically used fluoroqui-
nolone antibiotic Vigamox 4 (Figure 1). Probably the most
famous 1,2-diamine-containing compound is oseltamivir
(Tamiflu, 5), which has received enormous attention from
the synthetic community because a more practical and
economic route for preparing this antiflu drug is highly
desired.[4,5] Although a number of enantioselective methods
have been reported for the construction of 1,2-diamines, the
development of conceptually different synthetic alternatives
is still of great interest.
Recently, there has been great progress in the organo-
catalytic Michael addition reactions of aldehydes to nitro-
olefins.[6] However, most of the attention has been devoted to
exploring new catalyst systems in order to improve the
reaction efficiency and selectivity;[7] attempts to extend the
Figure 1. Pharmaceutically important compounds with 1,2-diamine
moiety.
reaction scope by employing functionalized nitroolefins are
rare.[5g,7m,8] We have reported that b nitroacrylates are suitable
substrates for the catalyzed Michael additions of O-TMS-
protected diphenylprolinol to aldehydes,[7m] which led to the
efficient formation of cyclic b-amino acids. Soon after that,
Hayashi and co-workers developed an elegant synthesis of
Tamiflu using (E)-tert-butyl 3-nitroacrylate as a Michael
acceptor.[5g] In their procedure, the ester moiety of the
b nitroacrylate was subsequently transformed into an acety-
lamino group. Considering that this conversion requires three
steps, and uses the toxic and hazardous sodium azide as a
reagent, we decided to investigate organocatalytic Michael
reactions of protected 2-amino-1-nitroethenes with alde-
hydes. If these transformations take place, we will be able
to develop a general, facile approach for the synthesis of
1,2-diamines, such as Tamiflu and 3-aminopyrrolidines.
With this idea in mind, we prepared (Z)-2-nitroethen-
amine 6 from nitromethane according to the procedure
´
reported by Krꢀwczynski and Kozerski (63% yield over two
[*] S. Zhu, Dr. S. Yu, Prof. Dr. D. Ma
State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry
Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu
Shanghai 200032 (P.R. China)
steps).[9] Treatment of 6 with acetic anhydride and DMAP
afforded enamide 7 in 92% yield as fine crystals (Scheme 1).
Only the Z isomer was formed, owing to strong intramolec-
ular hydrogen bonding in the product. Initially, we expected
that 7 could isomerize into its E isomer (8) under suitable
reaction conditions,[10] and then subsequently react with
aldehydes to give the desired adducts. Accordingly, the
reaction of 7 with
Fax: (+86)21-6416-6128
E-mail: madw@mail.sioc.ac.cn
Y. Wang
Department of Chemistry, Fudan University
220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433 (P.R. China)
2-(pentan-3-yloxy)acetaldehyde 10a was carried out in the
presence of 10 mol% of 9c and 30 mol% of benzoic acid. The
reaction in chloroform was complete in 1 hour, affording the
adduct in excellent enantioselectivity (92% ee for the major
isomer) and moderate diastereoselectivity (syn/anti = 5:1,
Scheme 1). The enantioselectivity could be further increased
to 96% ee by using the more-bulky catalyst 9d. Next, we
[**] The authors are grateful to the National Basic Research Program of
China (973 Program, grant 2010CB833200), and to the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (20632050, 90713047, and 20921091) for their financial
support.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001644.
4656
ꢀ 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656 –4660

Angewandte
Chemie
tion conditions, and they generally provided the anti adducts
as the major products (Table 1, entries 3–5). The enantiose-
lectivities for the anti adducts was excellent, although in most
cases the corresponding syn adducts had lower ee values
(however, their absolute configuration is not clear). Intra-
molecular hydrogen bonding presumably plays a key role in
this undesired observation, as evident from the fact that
reaction of 3-methylbutanal with 7 in methanol still gave syn-
adduct 13a as the major product (Table 1, entry 6).
Although further experiments are required for a detailed
mechanistic investigation of this unusual stereoselectivity,
tentative proposals are outlined in Scheme 2. These possible
Scheme 1. Synthesis of nitroolefin 7 and its Michael addition with
aldehyde 10a catalyzed by O-TMS protected diphenylprolinols 9.
TMS=trimethylsilyl, DMAP=4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
attempted to convert the major isomer 11a into oseltamivir
(for the reaction sequence, see Scheme 4), and surprisingly
found that the final product was the enantiomer of oseltami-
vir. This result indicated that 11a is the (2S,3R) isomer, not
the (2R,3S) isomer that was predicted according to the
transition-state model for Michael additions to simple nitro-
olefins.[7]
When 3-methylbutanal was used as a Michael donor,
another interesting result was observed: anti adduct 12a was
determined to be the major product (Table 1, entry 1).
However, the diastereoselectivity was not satisfactory. As
only one recent example of the anti-selective asymmetric
Michael reaction of aldehydes and nitroolefins has been
reported,[11] we decided to try to enhance the anti/syn-
isomeric ratio by changing the reaction conditions. After
several experiments, we were pleased to discover that higher
selectivity could be obtained by adding 4 ꢁ molecular sieves
to the reaction, using acetic acid as the additive, and slightly
reducing the reaction temperature (Table 1, entry 2). Other
aldehydes were then examined under these optimized reac-
Scheme 2. Possible reaction pathway for Michael addition of nitro-
olefin 6 with aldehydes.
pathways are based on the acyclic synclinal transition-state
model for enamine-based Michael additions, as proposed by
Seebach and Golinski.[12] We realized that isomerization of 7
´
did not occur in chloroform, because the intramolecular
hydrogen bond was too strong. As a result, 7 might directly
interact with E enamines to form transition-state A, which in
turn gave the anti-selective adducts. However, there should be
a marked steric repulsion between the R group and the amido
moiety in transition-state A. When R was the more bulky
OCH(CH2CH3)2 group, the steric repulsion was very high,
which predominantly led to reaction of the Z enamine[13] with
7. This model could be used to rationalize the absolute
configuration of syn-adduct 11a, which was different to the
absolute configuration of the products that were generated
from interaction of E nitroolefins with E enamines.
Table 1: Organocatalytic Michael of cis-olefin 7 with aldehydes.[a]
As it is difficult to convert 7 into its trans isomer (8), we
decided to obtain the corresponding trans olefins by removing
the intramolecular hydrogen bond through the introduction
of another N substituent. Accordingly, exposure of amine 6 to
a solution of phthaloyl dichloride and triethylamine in
methylene chloride afforded 14 in 90% yield (for exper-
imental details, see the Supporting Information). Next, we
investigated the Michael reaction of 14 with n-butyraldehyde
under different reaction conditions (Table 2). In the presence
of 5 mol% 9c, the reaction proceeded well in chloroform to
afford the desired syn adduct (15a) with good yield and 99%
ee (Table 2, entry 1). The diastereoselectivity could be
improved by changing the solvent to acetonitrile (Table 2,
entry 2), and further increased by reducing the reaction
temperature (Table 2, entry 3). The highest ratio of syn/
anti isomers (14:1) was observed when the catalyst was
Entry
T
[8C]
t [h] Product
Yield
[%][b]
anti/syn
ee
ratio[c]
[%][d]
1
2
3
4
5
À5 12
12a: R=iPr
90[e]
98
3:1
7:1
9:1
6:1
4:1
94 (74)
98 (84)
98 (96)
93 (41)
94 (55)
À10
À10
À10
À10
9
2.5 12b: R=Et
1.5 12c: R=Bn
95[f]
93
3
12d:
80
R=(CH2)3Cl)
12a: R=iPr
6
25
3
91[g]
1:1.4
68 (94)
[a] Reaction conditions:
(0.04 mmol), HOAc (0.04 mmol), 4 ꢀ M.S. (50 mg), CHCl3 (0.4 mL).
[b] Yield of isolated product. [c] Determined by H NMR spectroscopy.
[d] Determined by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase. The values in
parentheses are for the syn isomer. [e] PhCO2H was used as the additive
and 4 ꢀ M.S. was absent. [f] 5 mol% catalyst was used. [g] Methanol was
used as the solvent and 4 ꢀ M.S. was absent.
7 (0.2 mmol), aldehyde (0.4 mmol), 9a
1
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656 –4660
ꢀ 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
4657

Communications
Table 2: Organocatalytic Michael addition of trans-olefin 14 with
aldehydes.[a]
Entry t [h] Product
Yield [%][b] syn/anti ratio[c] ee [%]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
25
2.5
1.3
3.5
3.5
15a: R=Et
90[d]
99
99
99
99
95
99
3:1
5.4:1
6.7:1
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
97
92
93
88
97
14:1
14:1
10:1
14:1
12:1
26:1
11:1
12:1
9:1
3.5 15b: R=Me
7
4
1.5 15e: R=Ph
2.5 15 f: R=4-ClC6H4
4.5 15g: R=4-FC6H4
15c: R=Bn
15d: R=(CH2)3OBn 99
Scheme 3. Conversion of Michael adducts into the corresponding
substituted 3-aminopyrrolidines.
9
99[e]
93[f]
87[f]
10
11
12
13
imine intermediate) took place during this transformation.
These results indicate that the stereochemistry of these
adducts has a great influence on the reduction/reductive
amination process.
6
2
15h: R=3,4-Cl2C6H3 92[f]
15i: R=CH CMe2
98[f]
9:1
=
[a] Reaction conditions: 14 (0.2 mmol), aldehyde (0.3 mmol, 0.4 mmol
for entries 1-4), 5 mol% 9d (or 9c for entries 1-3, 9, and 13), 25 mol%
HOAc (or PhCO2H for entries 1 and 2), MeCN (0.4 mL), 08C (or RT for
entries 1 and 2); ee was determined by HPLC of the major isomer on a
chiral stationary phase. [b] Yield of isolated product. [c] Determined by
1H NMR spectroscopy. [d] CHCl3 as solvent. [e] 10 mol% catalyst was
used. [f] 20 mol% catalyst was used.
It is notable that our protected 3-aminopyrrolidines are
very useful building blocks for assembling some bioactive
compounds. For example, 16b, 18b, 18d, and 18h could
potentially be converted into the diamine parts of Vigamox 4,
NK2 receptor antagonist 2, 11-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogen-
ase 1 inhibitor 3, and bacterial peptide deformylase inhibitor
1, respectively. The deprotected diamines of 18e–18g also
form the core units for a class of dual NK1/NK3 antagonists
that could be useful for the treatment of positive and negative
symptoms in schizophrenia,[15] whilst 18a could be applied in
the preparation of some Factor Xa inhibitors that have
potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.[16]
The synthetic usage of our methodology is further
illustrated by the synthesis of oseltamivir, as outlined in
Scheme 4. Michael addition of aldehyde 10a to the olefin 7,
catalyzed by 10 mol% 9b produced crude adduct 19 (approx.
80% yield, syn/anti = 5:1). Next, we planned to convert
adduct 19 into 22 by using a similar strategy as reported by
switched to 9d and acetic acid was used as an additive
(Table 2, entry 4). Reducing the amount of aldehyde to
1.5 equivalents gave the same result under these conditions
(Table 2, entry 5).
Exploration of the scope of the reaction revealed that a
considerable number of aldehydes were compatible with
these optimized reaction conditions (Table 2, entries 6–13),
thereby providing their corresponding syn adducts in good
yields and excellent stereocontrol. This benefit allowed us to
introduce diverse substituents at the g position of the nitro
group.
With anti-adducts 12 and syn-adducts 15 in hand, we next
attempted their transformation into substituted 3-amino-
pyrrolidines (Scheme 3). The Pd/C-catalyzed direct hydro-
genation of a mixture of 12a and 13a proceeded smoothly in
methanol, affording acyl-protected 3-aminopyrrolidine 16a
and its 4-epimer 17a in almost quantitative combined yield.
Hydrogenation of a mixture of 12d and 13d, followed by
protection with (Boc)2O (Boc = tert-butoxycarbonyl)
afforded 16b as the major isomer in 66% yield (the
corresponding trans isomer was not pure, and therefore its
yield was not measured). However, when 15 were subjected to
direct hydrogenation, only moderate yields of the phthaloyl-
protected 3-aminopyrrolidines were obtained, owing to side-
reactions. Eventually, we found that 15 could be transformed
into 18 (the N substituent could be deprotected using NaBH4
reduction)[14] in excellent yields by treating with zinc and
acetic acid. Interestingly, when these conditions were applied
to anti-adducts 12a and 13a, 16a and 17a were isolated in a
1:1 ratio, thus implying that racemization (through a cyclic
Scheme 4. Synthesis of (À)-oseltamivir.
4658 www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656 –4660

Angewandte
Chemie
Hayashi and coworkers.[5g] Accordingly, reaction of crude 19
with vinylphosphonate 20 in the presence of Cs2CO3 provided
cyclized product 21, which was directly treated with para-
toluenethiol to deliver ester 22 and its isomer. This one-pot
reaction was carried out on a 10 mmol scale and ester 22 was
isolated in 54% overall yield (3 steps) and 96% ee; its
structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis.[17]
After reduction of the nitro moiety of 22 with zinc and
trimethylsilyl chloride, treatment with K2CO3 in methanol
furnished oseltamivir 5 in 85% yield. Importantly, only two
separation steps were necessary during this five-step syn-
thesis, which makes our procedure very competitive as a
practical route for the preparation of this clinically used drug.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that protected
2-nitro-ethenamine could undergo organocatalytic Michael
additions to aldehydes to provide 1,2-diamine precursors. The
phthaloyl-protected 2-nitroethenamine exists in the E form
and gives the Michael adducts with the usual stereochemistry,
like other simple nitroolefins. However, acyl-protected
2-nitroethenamine exists in the Z form owing to a strong
intramolecular hydrogen bond, thus delivering the Michael
adducts with an unusual stereochemistry. These unexpected
results suggest that other possible transition-states in the
enamine-based Michael addition of nitroolefins to aldehydes
could become a reality. This fact, together with the observa-
tion that electron-rich nitroolefins 7 and 14 could serve as the
Michael acceptors for organocatalytic Michael additions, will
stimulate further investigations on the exploration of the
scope of these reactions. More importantly, our studies offer a
very efficient and practical approach for assembling substi-
tuted 1,2-diamines, illustrated by the successful synthesis of
some substituted 3-aminopyrrolidines and (À)-oseltamivir.
[4] For a review, see: a) J. Magano, Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 4398; b) V.
Farina, J. D. Brown, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 7488; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7330.
[5] For selected leading references, see: a) M. Karpf, R. Trussardi,
J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 2044; b) Y.-Y. Yeung, S. Hong, E. J.
Corey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6310; c) Y. Fukuta, T. Mita,
N. Fukuda, M. Kanai, M. Shibasaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128,
6312; d) N. Satoh, T. Akiba, S. Yokoshima, T. Fukuyama, Angew.
Chem. 2007, 119, 5836; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5734;
e) T. Mita, N. Fukuda, F. X. Roca, M. Kanai, M. Shibasaki, Org.
Lett. 2007, 9, 259; f) B. M. Trost, T. Zhang, Angew. Chem. 2008,
120, 3819; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3759; g) H. Ishikawa,
T. Suzuki, Y. Hayashi, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 1330; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1304; h) B. Sullivan, I. Carrera, M.
Drouin, T. Hudlicky, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 4293; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4229; i) M. Karpf, R. Trussardi, Angew.
Chem. 2009, 121, 5871; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5760;
j) H. Osato, I. L. Jones, A. Chen, C. L. L. Chai, Org. Lett. 2010,
12, 60.
[6] For reviews, see: a) A. Dondoni, A. Massi, Angew. Chem. 2008,
120, 4716; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4638; b) J. L. Vicario,
D. Badꢂa, L. Carrillo, Synthesis 2007, 2065.
[7] a) B. List, P. Pojarliev, H. J. Martin, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2423;
b) J. M. Betancort, C. F. Barbas III, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3737; c) O.
Andrey, A. Alexakis, A. Tomassini, G. Bernardinelli, Adv. Synth.
Catal. 2004, 346, 1147; d) W. Wang, J. Wang, H. Li, Angew. Chem.
2005, 117, 1393; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1369; e) Y.
Hayashi, H. Gotoh, T. Hayashi, M. Shoji, Angew. Chem. 2005,
117, 4284; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4212; f) Y. Xu, W.
Zhou, H. Sundꢃn, I. Ibrahem, A. Cꢀrdova, Adv. Synth. Catal.
2006, 348, 418; g) J. Wang, H. Li, B. Lou, L. Zu, H. Guo, W.
Wang, Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 4321; h) S. Luo, X. Mi, L. Zhang, S.
Liu, H. Xu, J.-P. Cheng, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 3165; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3093; i) C. Palomo, S. Vera, A. Mielgo,
E. Gomez-Bengoa, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 6130; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5984; j) N. Mase, K. Watanabe, H. Yoda,
K. Takabe, F. Tanaka, C. F. Barbas III, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006,
128, 4966; k) S. Mossꢃ, A. Alexakis, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 3577;
l) S. H. McCooey, S. J. Connon, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 599; m) S.
Zhu, S. Yu, D. Ma, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 555; Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 545; n) M. Wiesner, J. D. Revell, H. Wennem-
ers, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 1897; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008,
47, 1871; o) M. Wiesner, J. D. Revell, S. Tonazzi, H. Wennemers,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 5610; p) P. Garcꢂa-Garcꢂa, A.
LadꢃpÞche, R. Halder, B. List, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 4797;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4719; q) Y. Hayashi, T. Itoh, M.
Ohkubo, H. Ishikawa, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 4800; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4722; r) Z. Zheng, B. L. Perkins, B. Ni,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 50.
Experimental Section
In a typical procedure, the aldehyde (0.4 mmol) and HOAc (5–20
mol%) were added to a suspension of catalyst 9 (5–20 mol%), (Z)-N-
(2-nitrovinyl)acetamide (0.2 mmol), and 4 ꢁ M.S. (powder, 50 mg) in
anhydrous chloroform (0.4 mL) at À108C. The reation mixture was
stirred until the Z-nitroalkene was completely consumed, as moni-
tored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reaction mixture was directly
loaded on a column of silica gel and purified by eluting with 1.2:1–1:1
petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford the Michael adducts. The syn/
1
anti ratio was determined by H NMR and the enantiomeric excess
(ee) was determined after purification by HPLC on a chiral phase.
[8] a) O. Andrey, A. Vidonne, A. Alexakis, Tetrahedron Lett. 2003,
44, 7901; b) E. Reyes, J. L. Vicario, D. Badia, L. Carrillo, Org.
Lett. 2006, 8, 6135.
Received: March 19, 2010
Published online: May 17, 2010
´
[9] A. Krꢀwczynski, L. Kozerski, Synthesis 1983, 489.
[10] J. L. Chiara, A. Gꢀmez-Sꢄnchez, J. Bellanato, J. Chem. Soc.
Perkin Trans. 2 1992, 787.
[11] H. Uehara, C. F. Barbas, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 10032;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9848.
Keywords: aldehydes · aminopyrrolidines ·
asymmetric synthesis · Michael addition · organocatalysis
.
´
[12] D. Seebach, J. Golinski, Helv. Chim. Acta 1981, 64, 1413.
[13] It is known that Michael addition of ketones with nitroolefins
could proceed through Z-enamine-based transition-states to
afford anti adducts in some cases. See: a) Ref. [7c]; b) H. Huang,
E. N. Jacobsen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7170; c) S. B.
Tsogoeva, S. Wei, Chem. Commun. 2006, 1451; d) T. Mandal, C.-
G. Zhao, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 7828; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2008, 47, 7714.
[1] C. Bissantz, P. Jablonski, H. Knust, A. Koblet, A. Limberg, M.
Nettekoven, H. Ratni, C. Riemer, US 2009312327, 2009.
[2] D. A. Claremon, L. Zhuang, Y. Ye, S. B. Singh, C. M. Tice, WO
2009131669, 2009.
[3] D. Qin, B. Norton, X. Liao, A. N. Knox, Y. Fang, J. Lee, J. C.
Dreabit, S. B. Christensen, A. B. Benowitz, K. M. Aubart, WO
2009061879, 2009.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656 –4660
ꢀ 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org 4659

Communications
[14] a) J. O. Osby, M. G. Martin, B. Ganem, Tetrahedron Lett. 1984,
[17] CCDC 768990 (15a), CCDC 768991 (15c), and CCDC 768992
(22) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this
paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.
uk/data_request/cif.
25, 2093; b) S. Luo, C. A. Zificsak, R. P. Hsung, Org. Lett. 2003,
5, 4709.
[15] C. Bissantz, T. Hoffmann, P. Jablonski, H. Knust, M. Nettekoven,
H. Ratni, X. Wu, WO 2008128891, 2008.
[16] K. Gerlach, H. Priepke, R. Pfau, W. Wienen, A. Schuler-Metz, G.
Dahmann, WO 2007009963, 2007.
4660 www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4656 –4660