The catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-liphagal

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201101842

Ring a ding: The meroterpenoid natural product (+)-liphagal has been synthesized enantioselectively in 19 steps from commercially available materials. The trans-homodecalin system was achieved by ring expansion followed by stereoselective hydrogenation. C

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201101842

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101842
Natural Product Synthesis
The Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Liphagal**
Joshua J. Day, Ryan M. McFadden, Scott C. Virgil, Helene Kolding, Jennifer L. Alleva, and
Brian M. Stoltz*
The tetracyclic meroterpenoid natural product (+)-liphagal
(1) was isolated in 2006 by Andersen and co-workers from the
Caribbean sponge Aka coralliphaga,[1] and is one of a number
of natural product inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
(PI3K). Other natural product inhibitors include myricetin,
quercetin, resveratrol, staurosporine, viridin, and wortmannin
(Scheme 1).[2] The PI3K family of enzymes participates in the
cancer.[3] The inhibitory activity of liphagal is noteworthy
because of its selective inhibition of PI3K a, a lipid kinase
isoform that holds a central role in several cancers.[4] In this
context, liphagal was found to have an IC50 value of 100 nm
against PI3Ka and was tenfold more potent against isoform a
than g. In addition, liphagal is cytotoxic toward LoVo (human
colon), CaCo (human colon), and MDA-468 (human breast)
tumor cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.58, 0.67, and 1.58 mm,
respectively.[1]
From a structural perspective, liphagal possesses an
unprecedented [6-7-5-6] tetracyclic skeleton, and has
attracted significant attention from the synthetic organic
community. The isolation and structure determination was
reported concomitantly with the first total synthesis of (ꢀ )-1
through a biomimetic strategy.[1,5] Subsequently, Andersen
and co-workers determined the absolute configuration,[6]
which was corroborated by other research groups through
formal and total syntheses.[7–9] We became interested in both
the potent biological activity and the complex tetracyclic
structure of liphagal, as highlighted by the chiral quaternary
carbon center at C(11). Herein we report the first catalytic
enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-liphagal.
Retrosynthetically, we envisioned simplification of the
aromatic ring of liphagal to dimethoxybenzofuran 2, a known
precursor to the natural product (Scheme 2).[7] Disconnection
of the tetracycle along the benzofuran moiety led back to a-
bromoaryl dienone 3. Reduction of the sterically hindered
trisubstituted olefin to establish the trans ring fusion was seen
as a major challenge. The a-bromoaryl dienone 3 could arise
from a ring expansion of strained cyclobutene 4. Excision of
the cyclobutene and a-aryl group from ketone 4 revealed
chiral cyclopentenone (R)-5. The enantiomeric enone (S)-5[10]
was previously prepared from achiral enol carbonate 6[11a] as
part of our ongoing research program aimed at the stereose-
Scheme 1. Natural product inhibitors of PI3K.
regulation of numerous biological functions and has been
directly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and
[*] Dr. J. J. Day, R. M. McFadden, Dr. S. C. Virgil, H. Kolding, J. L. Alleva,
Prof. B. M. Stoltz
The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and The Caltech Center for Catalysis and
Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engi-
neering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California
Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
Fax: (+1)626-395-8436
E-mail: stoltz@caltech.edu
[**] This publication is based on work supported by Award No. KUS-11-
006-02, made by the King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology (KAUST). We wish to thank the NIH-NIGMS
(R01M080269-01), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation,
Abbott, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Caltech for generous
funding. R.M.M. thanks Eli Lilly for a graduate fellowship. H.K.
acknowledges the travelling scholarship of the Danish Technical
University, the Jorcks foundation, and the Otto Mønsteds founda-
tion for financial support. J.L.A. gratefully acknowledges the Amgen
Foundation for funding through the Amgen Scholars program. We
thank Prof. E. N. Jacobsen and Dr. S. J. Zuend for a kind donation of
both (R)-t-leucine and their optimal Strecker catalyst.[15]
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101842.
Scheme 2. Retrosynthesis of liphagal.
6814
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6814 –6818

lective synthesis of natural products containing quaternary
carbon centers.[11,12] To this end, we have reported a series of
palladium-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative alkyla-
tion reactions that employ the tBu-PHOX ligand scaffold in
conjunction with allyl enol carbonates, silyl enol ethers, and
racemic b-ketoesters to produce a wide array of a-quaternary
substituted ketones.[11–14] With this general strategy in mind,
we initiated efforts toward a total synthesis of (+)-liphagal.
The forward synthesis commenced with a palladium-
catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of enol carbonate 6 to
furnish tetrasubstituted ketone 7 in 87% yield and 92% ee
(Scheme 3).[11,15] This intermediate was elaborated to bicycle
Scheme 4. Unexpected rearrangement and reactivity of strained cyclo-
butene 4.
second carbon-bond migration forms a [2.2.1] bridged bicyclic
core of Lewis acid complex 13. Finally, loss of BF3 generates
the isolated product (10). Importantly, the stereospecific
rearrangement mechanism allowed assignment of the relative
configuration of cyclobutenes 8 from the unequivocal assign-
ment of bridged bicycle 10. In addition to BF3·OEt2, we
discovered that AlCl3 also promotes ring expansion of aryl
cyclobutene 4 without formation of Cargill product 10.
However, under these reaction conditions we were intrigued
to find a new side product, enone 14, which arises from
intramolecular 1,6-addition of the electron-rich arene frag-
ment of 9 to the cycloheptadienone system. This result
suggests that the arene resides in proximity to the trisubsti-
tuted olefin and also indicated that the aromatic moiety
should be deactivated before ring expansion to avoid
formation of 14.
With this in mind, we sought to install a functional group
handle on the aromatic ring that could be utilized for eventual
formation of the benzofuran unit and could serve to
deactivate the aromatic residue of 9 toward unwanted
Friedel–Crafts reactions. We were impressed to find that
chemoselective aromatic bromination occurred in the pres-
ence of the strained cyclobutene to furnish bromoarene 15
(Scheme 5). At this stage, crystallization of the crude product
increased the enantiomeric excess to > 99%. With the
deactivated aromatic ketone in hand, we were pleased to
find that treatment of bromide 15 with AlCl3 furnished much
improved yields of the corresponding ring-expanded product
3. An optimized ring expansion from the [6-5-4] system to the
desired [6-7] core (3) was accomplished in the absence of a
Lewis acid by using microwave heating at 2508C in o-
dichlorobenzene.[24] Chemoselective reduction of dienone 3
with Adams catalyst in ethyl acetate furnished ketone 16,
leaving the aromatic halide intact.
Scheme 3. Catalytic enantioselective preparation of synthetic building
block (+)-7 and chemical elaboration to (+)-4. dba=trans,trans-
dibenzylideneacetone, DMA=N,N-dimethylacetamide, MW=micro-
waves, TBAF=tetrabutylammonium fluoride, TMS=trimethylsilyl.
5 following our previously reported two-step sequence.[10] The
synthesis continued with exposure of enone 5 to trimethyl-
silylacetylene under UV irradiation, which promoted a [2+2]
photocycloaddition.[16] Exposure of the crude reaction mix-
ture to BF3·OEt2 resulted in the formation of a single silylated
cyclobutene product (8a).[17] Subsequent removal of the
trimethylsilyl group with TBAF yielded the chromatograph-
ically stable and pleasantly fragrant cyclobutene 8b, a
compound that contains three contiguous quaternary centers
within the strained carbon framework.[18,19] A microwave-
assisted palladium-catalyzed a-arylation with 4-bromovera-
trole installed the electron-rich aromatic moiety, thereby
producing aryl ketone 4 as a single diastereomer.[20,21]
At this stage in our synthesis, a Lewis acid mediated ring
expansion by selective cleavage of strained cyclobutene 4 was
attempted (Scheme 4). Exposure of tricyclic ketone 4 to
BF3·OEt2 at 508C provided the desired cycloheptadienone
product 9 in modest yield. Serendipitously, this compound
was isolated alongside a crystalline by-product (10), which
was suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis and structure
determination.[22] Bridged polycyclic ketone 10 is presumably
the result of a Cargill rearrangement, which proceeds through
two concerted [1,2]-carbon–carbon bond migrations.[23] More
specifically, activation of ketone 4 with BF3 (to give 11)
promotes carbon-bond migration to rupture the cyclobutene
and produce an allylic carbocation intermediate (12). The
With the core carbon framework of liphagal (1) secured,
our focus turned to the challenging stereoselective hydro-
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6814 –6818
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
6815

Communications
tion of dihydrobenzofuran 21 was accomplished by exposure
of bromoarene 19 to LDA, with the reaction proceeding
through the putative aryne intermediate 20.[28] This powerful
aryne capture/cyclization strategy generated the highly con-
gested dihydrobenzofuran product in 83% yield. With tetra-
cycle 21 in hand, we set out to test the key stereoselective
hydrogenation of the trisubstituted olefin. To our delight, we
were able to isolate saturated homodecalin 22 in 97% yield by
using catalytic Pd/C in ethanol under 1 atm H2, with exclusive
formation of the [6-7] trans ring fusion.
Having executed the synthesis of the challenging trans
fused system, the completion of (+)-liphagal required three
additional transformations: 1) construction of the benzofuran
moiety, 2) installation of an aldehyde group, and 3) demethy-
lation, the final two of which were known from previous
syntheses.[1,7] Oxidation of dihydrobenzofuran 22 to benzo-
furan 2 proved surprisingly difficult, and a tendency for over-
oxidation was observed with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-
benzoquinone (DDQ).[29] Upon switching to nitrosonium
tetrafluoroborate, which oxidizes by hydride abstraction,
dehydrogenation occurred in 70% yield to give benzofuran
2.[30] Aryl lithiation with nBuLi·TMEDA and quenching with
anhydrous DMF installed the aldehyde functional group in
23.[7] This was followed by demethylation using boron
triiodide to generate (+)-liphagal (1), which was identical in
all respects to data reported in the literature.[1]
In summary, we have successfully completed the first
catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-liphagal (1) in
15 steps from known compounds (19 steps from commercially
available materials). By applying a combination of catalytic
enantioselective alkylation (6!7), two-carbon ring expansion
via cyclobutene 15, and an intramolecular aryne cyclization
(19!20!21) we were able to access the tetracyclic core of
the natural product in an enantioenriched form. Judicious
choice of tetracyclic hydrogenation substrate 21 established
the critical trans-[6-7] ring fusion and enabled completion of
the total synthesis.
Scheme 5. Completion of the total synthesis of liphagal (+)-1.
DIBAL=diisobutylaluminum hydride, LDA=lithium diisopropylamide,
TMEDA=N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine.
Received: March 15, 2011
Published online: June 10, 2011
genation of the trisubstituted olefin to establish the desired [6-
7] trans ring fusion.[25] Our strategy to effect this trans-
formation was guided by our previous isolation of 1,6-
addition product 14, which provided evidence that hydro-
genation to form a trans ring fusion would be sterically
demanding (see above). To alleviate steric congestion, we
proceeded with epimerization of the aryl substituent to form
the b-oriented a-aryl ketone 17. The mass recovery for this
equilibration averaged 97%, and a 78% overall yield of 17
Keywords: arynes · asymmetric catalysis · natural products ·
.
terpenoids · total synthesis
[1] F. Marion, D. E. Williams, B. O. Patrick, I. Hollander, R. Mallon,
S. C. Kim, D. M. Roll, L. Feldberg, R. van Soest, R. J. Andersen,
Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 321 – 324.
[2] T. J. Sundstrom, A. C. Anderson, D. L. Wright, Org. Biomol.
Chem. 2009, 7, 840 – 850.
[3] a) L. C. Cantley, Science 2002, 296, 1655 – 1657; b) J. A. Engel-
man, J. Luo, L. C. Cantley, Nat. Rev. Genet. 2006, 7, 606 – 619;
c) S. G. Ward, P. Finan, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2003, 3, 426 –
434; d) S. Ward, Y. Sotsios, J. Dowden, I. Bruce, P. Finan, Chem.
Biol. 2003, 10, 207 – 213; e) see Ref. [2].
[4] Y. Samuels, Z. Wang, A. Bardelli, N. Silliman, J. Ptak, S. Szabo,
H. Yan, A. Gazdar, S. M. Powell, G. J. Riggins, J. K. V. Willson,
S. Markowitz, K. W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, V. E. Velculescu,
Science 2004, 304, 554, and references therein.
was obtained after three cycles of equilibration (Keq(av)
=
0.76).[25] With the arene substituent further away from the
trisubstituted olefin, we planned to rigidify the polycyclic
system through formation of the fourth ring. This began with a
diastereoselective methylation, which afforded the desired a-
methyl cycloheptenone 18 in 68% yield.[26] Reduction of this
hindered ketone with DIBAL produced alcohol 19, a
substrate poised for the formation of the dihydrobenzofuran
system. Initial attempts to form dihydrobenzofuran 21 were
unsuccessful[27] and prompted an unconventional strategy to
accomplish the desired transformation. Gratifyingly, forma-
6816
www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6814 –6818

[5] For a recent biomimetic formal synthesis of (ꢀ )-liphagal, see G.
Mehta, N. S. Likhite, C. S. A. Kumar, Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50,
5260 – 5262.
[6] a) R. Andersen, I. Hollander, D. M. Roll, S. C. Kim, R. G.
Mallon, D. E. Williams, F. Marion, Fr Patent WO2006081659,
2006; b) A. R. Pereira, W. K. Strangman, F. Marion, L. Feldberg,
D. Roll, R. Mallon, I. Hollander, R. J. Andersen, J. Med. Chem.
2010, 53, 8523 – 8533.
[7] J. H. George, J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, Org. Lett. 2010, 12,
2394 – 2397.
[8] E. Alvarez-Manzaneda, R. Chahboun, E. Alvarez, M. J. Cano,
A. Haidour, R. Alvarez-Manzaneda, Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4450 –
4453.
[9] For additional studies directed toward the total synthesis of
liphagal, see a) V. Deore, M. K. Lohar, R. Mundada, A.
Roychowdhury, R. Vishwakarma, S. Kumar, Synth. Commun.
2011, 41, 177 – 183; b) Y. Zhang, E. Z. Oblak, E. S. D. Bolstad,
A. C. Anderson, J. P. Jasinski, R. J. Butcher, D. L. Wright,
Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6120 – 6122.
Zhao, D. Liu, F. Xie, W. Zhang, Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 512 – 517;
n) M. Braun, T. Meier, F. Laicher, P. Meletis, M. Fidan, Adv.
Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 303 – 314; o) W.-H. Zheng, B.-H. Zheng,
Y. Zhang, X.-L. Hou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7718 – 7719;
p) X.-X. Yan, C.-G. Liang, Y. Zhang, W. Hong, B.-X. Cao, L.-X.
Dai, X.-L. Hou, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 6702 – 6704; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6544 – 6546.
[14] For recent reviews on the allylic alkylation of ketone enolates,
see a) M. Braun, T. Meier, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 7106 – 7109;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6952 – 6955; b) S.-L. You, L.-X.
Dai, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 5372 – 5374; Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 2006, 45, 5246 – 5248; c) M. Braun, T. Meier, Synlett 2006,
661 – 676; d) U. Kazmaier, Curr. Org. Chem. 2003, 7, 317 – 328;
e) B. M. Trost, C. Jiang, Synthesis 2006, 369 – 396; f) J. T. Mohr,
B. M. Stoltz, Chem. Asian J. 2007, 2, 1476 – 1491.
[15] The synthesis of (R)-tBuPHOX was greatly facilitated by the
ready availability of (R)-t-leucine by the catalytic enantioselec-
tive Strecker synthesis reported by Jacobsen and co-workers, see
S. J. Zuend, M. P. Coughlin, M. P. Lalonde, E. N. Jacobsen,
Nature 2009, 461, 968 – 970.
[10] R. M. McFadden, B. M. Stoltz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128,
7738 – 7739.
[16] H. Miyaoka, H. Nagaoka, T. Okamura, Y. Yamada, Chem.
Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 2882 – 2883.
[11] a) D. C. Behenna, B. M. Stoltz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126,
15044 – 15045; b) J. T. Mohr, D. C. Behenna, A. M. Harned,
B. M. Stoltz, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 7084 – 7087; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6924 – 6927; c) J. A. Keith, D. C.
Behenna, J. T. Mohr, S. Ma, S. C. Marinescu, J. Oxgaard, B. M.
Stoltz, W. A. Goddard III, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11876 –
11877; d) M. Seto, J. L. Roizen, B. M. Stoltz, Angew. Chem. 2008,
120, 6979 – 6982; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6873 – 6876;
e) J. T. Mohr, M. R. Krout, B. M. Stoltz, Org. Synth. 2009, 86,
194 – 211; f) N. H. Sherden, D. C. Behenna, S. C. Virgil, B. M.
Stoltz, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 6972 – 6975; Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 2009, 48, 6840 – 6843; g) J. Streuff, D. E. White, S. C. Virgil,
B. M. Stoltz, Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 192 – 196; h) N. T. McDougal,
S. C. Virgil, B. M. Stoltz, Synlett 2010, 1712 – 1716.
[17] Photocycloaddition of enone 5 with acetylene produced a
mixture of cyclobutene 8b and bicyclobutane (ꢁ)-i, a secondary
photoadduct presumably resulting from oxa-di-p-methane rear-
rangement of 8b (for an excellent review, see S. S. Hixson, P. S.
Mariano, H. E. Zimmerman, Chem. Rev. 1973, 73, 531 – 551).
Exposure of the mixture to BF3·OEt2 resulted in conversion of i
into 8b. A related bicyclobutane rearrangement to a cyclobutene
mediated by AlBr3 has been reported: V. V. Razin, M. I.
Mostova, I. A. Dꢂyakonov, Zh. Org. Khim. 1968, 4, 535.
Although a more complex mixture is believed to result in the
case of the photochemical reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene,
the three-step process in Scheme 3 is higher yielding (45%
versus 68% yield).
[12] This method has been central to the synthesis of a number of
natural products in our laboratory: a) (+)-dichroanone: see
Ref. [10]; b) (+)-elatol: D. E. White, I. C. Stewart, R. H. Grubbs,
B. M. Stoltz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 810 – 811; c) (ꢁ)-
cyanthiwigin F: J. A. Enquist, Jr., B. M. Stoltz, Nature 2008, 453,
1228 – 1231; d) (+)-carissone: S. R. Levine, M. R. Krout, B. M.
Stoltz, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 289 – 292; e) (+)-cassiol: K. V.
Petrova, J. T. Mohr, B. M. Stoltz, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 293 – 295;
f) (ꢁ)-laurencenone C and (ꢁ)-a-chamigrene: D. E. White, I. C.
Stewart, B. A. Seashore-Ludlow, R. H. Grubbs, B. M. Stoltz,
Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 4668 – 4686; g) (+)-hamigeran B: H.
Mukherjee, N. T. McDougal, S. C. Virgil, B. M. Stoltz, Org.
Lett. 2011, 13, 825 – 827.
[13] For related approaches from other research groups, see a) M.
Braun, F. Laicher, T. Meier, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3637 –
3640; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3494 – 3497; b) B. M.
Trost, J. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 2846 – 2847; c) M.
Nakamura, A. Hajra, K. Endo, E. Nakamura, Angew. Chem.
2005, 117, 7414 – 7417; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 7248 –
7251; d) B. M. Trost, J. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 17180 –
17181; e) E. C. Burger, B. R. Barron, J. A. Tunge, Synlett 2006,
2824 – 2826; f) B. M. Trost, R. N. Bream, J. Xu, Angew. Chem.
2006, 118, 3181 – 3184; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3109 –
3112; g) B. M. Trost, J. Xu, M. Reichle, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007,
129, 282 – 283; h) ꢀ. Bꢁlanger, K. Cantin, O. Messe, M.
Tremblay, J.-F. Paquin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 1034 –
1035; i) S. R. Schulz, S. Blechert, Angew. Chem. 2007, 119,
4040 – 4044; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 3966 – 3970; j) ꢀ.
Bꢁlanger, C. Houzꢁ, N. Guimond, K. Cantin, J.-F. Paquin, Chem.
Commun. 2008, 3251 – 3253; k) ꢀ. Bꢁlanger, M.-F. Pouliot, J.-F.
Paquin, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 2201 – 2204; l) B. M. Trost, J. Xu, T.
Schmidt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 18343 – 18357; m) X.
[18] See the Supporting Information for experimental details.
[19] At this stage in the synthesis it was not possible to determine the
relative configuration of tricycle 8.
[20] The a-arylation conditions were adapted from: M. Kawatsura,
J. F. Hartwig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1473 – 1478.
[21] For a review on microwave-assisted organic synthesis, including
metal catalysis, see C. O. Kappe, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6408 –
6443; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6250 – 6284.
[22] CCDC 634511 contains the supplementary crystallographic data
for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from
The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.
cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6814 –6818
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
6817

Communications
[23] R. L. Cargill, T. E. Jackson, N. P. Peet, D. M. Pond, Acc. Chem.
[26] Aryl ketone 17 was recovered in 18% yield without epimeriza-
tion.
Res. 1974, 7, 106 – 113.
[27] Initial attempts used CuI, TMEDA/H2O: M. Carril, R. SanMar-
tin, I. Tellitu, E. Domꢃnguez, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 1467 – 1470.
[28] For the intramolecular trapping of aryne with a pendant alcohol,
see M. A. Birkett, D. W. Knight, P. B. Little, M. B. Mitchell,
Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 1013 – 1023, and references therein.
[29] Based on the H NMR spectrum of the crude reaction mixture.
[30] G. A. Olah, G. Salem, J. S. Staral, T.-L. Ho, J. Org. Chem. 1978,
43, 173 – 175.
[24] For the thermal rearrangement of a cyclobutene stabilized
through vinylogy with an electron-withdrawing substituent, see
S. Wakabayashi, Y. Sugihara, Y. Hayakawa, I. Murata, J. Chem.
Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 1489 – 1490.
[25] Hydrogenation of dienes 9 and 3 or alkenes 16–19 did not result
in saturation of the trisubstituted olefin or afforded the
undesired cis ring fusion.
1
6818
www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6814 –6818