Anions behaviors for the dimensionalities of coordination polymers based on poly(imidazole) ligands

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.12.025

To explore the influence for the dimensionalities of coordination polymers, in presence of different anions with different behaviors, three new coordination polymers with different dimensionalities have been prepared by reacting M²⁺ (M = Zn or

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.12.025

Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Molecular Structure
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/molstruc
Anions behaviors for the dimensionalities of coordination polymers based
on poly(imidazole) ligands
Qinhe Pan a, , Hong Ma b,c, Zuo-Xi Li b,c, Tong-Liang Hu b,c,
⇑
⇑
a Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Application Technology of Hainan Superior Resources Chemical Materials, Hainan
University, Haikou 570228, PR China
b Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
c Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 26 August 2011
Received in revised form 20 November 2011
Accepted 13 December 2011
Available online 21 December 2011
To explore the influence for the dimensionalities of coordination polymers, in presence of different anions
with different behaviors, three new coordination polymers with different dimensionalities have been
prepared by reacting M2+ (M = Zn or Co) with two structurally related rod-like poly(imidazole) ligands,
1,4-bis(benzoimidazol-1-yl)-phenyl (L1) and 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-yl)-phenyl (L2). Such three new coordi-
nation polymers with different architectures, [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n (1), {[Zn(L2)2]ꢀ2BF4ꢀ2HCCl3ꢀ2H2O}n (2) and
[Co(L2)(SO4)]n (3), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and characterized
by elemental analysis, and IR analysis. Complex 1 is alternative linked by octahedral Zn centers and
the ligand L1 to exhibit a one-dimensional (1D) chain structure. However, complexes 2 and 3 both present
layered structures contain a similar -L(ligand)–M(metal)-L–M- chain motifs that found in complex 1. In
complex 2, each Zn(II) ion is coordinated by four different L2 to form a undulated sheet. Complex 3 also
present a undulated sheet structure, however, they were connected by the SO24ꢁ group and the L2 ligands,
different from only of the L2 ligands in complex 2. The result indicates that the different anions behaviors
could be the great influence on the degree of dimensionality of coordination polymers.
Keywords:
Coordination polymer
Crystal structures
Poly(imidazole) ligand
Anion behavior
Ó 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
lenge for the exploration of transformation from low dimensional
to high dimensional frameworks.
In the past decades, coordination polymers rapidly expanded
and their structures vary from one-dimensional (1D) to 3D archi-
tectures [1–17]. Such research have shown the occurrence of a
variety of high dimensional architectures, especially 3D architec-
tures, containing more potential application, such as catalysis, drug
delivery, gas sorption and storage, and separation [1–8]. Recently,
increasing attention has been paid to investigate the progressive
increase in dimensionality of the coordination polymers [18–22],
and some factors have been developed. One of remarkable factors
is the reaction temperature and time, which demonstrated by Rao
et al. that the dimensionality of the structure increases by increas-
ing the reaction temperature and time [18]. In our recent work, we
have shown that larger metal center could lead to obtain higher
dimensional frameworks [19–21]. However, it is still a great chal-
Asone kind ofinteresting ligands, imidazoleligandscouldbuildup
to somezeolite-likeporous frameworkswith divalentandtetrahedral
metal ions, which are one contemporary aspect of metal–organic
frameworks called zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) [23–27].
Then, more attention has been paid to extensively study a large num-
ber of poly(imidazole) ligands, and many fascinating coordination
polymershave been synthesized[28–36]. In ourrecent work, wehave
prepared a series of coordination polymers based on three related
rod-likeimidazoleligands with different backbones, andthose results
reveal that ligand backbones have great influence on the topology of
products and used to control interpenetrations [28].
Accordingly, to further explore the influence facts of coordina-
tion polymers constructions, our research interest beginning to
focus on the anions behaviors for the dimensionality of coordina-
tion polymers. Herein, we are employing the poly(imidazole)
ligands, 1,4-bis(benzoimidazol-1-yl)-phenyl (HL1) and 1,4-bis
(imidazol-1-yl)-phenyl (HL2), as the ligands, three coordination
polymers, [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n (1, 1D), {[Zn(L2)2]ꢀ2BF4ꢀ2HCCl3ꢀ2H2O}n
(2, 2D) and [Co(L2)(SO4)]n (3, 2D), have been synthesized under
solvothermally reactions with different anions. It is worth noting
that a similar chain building units have been found in the three
compounds, where complex 1 are present 1D chain structure for
⇑
Corresponding authors. Addresses: Department of Materials and Chemical
Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Application Technology of
Hainan Superior Resources Chemical Materials, Hainan University, Haikou 570228,
PR China. Fax: +86 898 66193342 (Q. Pan); Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-based Material Chemistry, Nankai University,
Tianjin 300071, PR China. Fax: +86 22 23502458 (T. Hu).
E-mail addresses: panqinhe@163.com (Q. Pan), tlhu@nankai.edu.cn (T. Hu).
0022-2860/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.12.025

Q. Pan et al. / Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
135
blocked by the coordinated NOꢁ3 group. However, complexes 2 and
Table 1
Crystal data and structure refinement parameters for complexes 1–3.
3 are 2D layered structures by linking the chains building units by
ligands or SO24ꢁ. These results reveal that the different anions
behaviors have great influences on the degree of dimensionality
of coordination architectures.
1
2
3
Chemical formula
C26H18N6O6Zn C38H34B2Cl6F8N8O2Zn C18H14CoN4O4S
Formula weight
Space group
a (Å)
b (Å)
c (Å)
575.83
C2/c
1086.42
C2/c
441.32
Pbca
14.440(3)
8.9377(18)
26.930(5)
90
3475.7(12)
8
1.687
13.173(3)
15.204(3)
11.556(2)
91.30(3)
2313.9(8)
4
1.653
1.121
1.072
17.342(3)
19.559(3)
14.258(2)
98.359(3)
4784.8(13)
4
1.508
0.922
1.059
2. Experimental section
b (°)
2.1. Materials and general methods
V (Å3)
Z
All the solvents and reagents for syntheses were commercially
available and used as received. The ligands 4,40-di(1H-benzo[d]-imi-
dazol-1-yl)biphenyl (L1) and 4,40-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)biphenyl (L2)
were synthesized according to the literature procedure [36,37], as
shown in Scheme 1. Elemental analyses of C, H and N were per-
formed on a Perkin–Elmer 240C analyzer. IR spectra were measured
on a TENSOR 27 (Bruker) FT-IR spectrometer with KBr pellets.
D (g cmꢁ3
)
l
(mmꢁ1
GOF
a/wR
)
1.143
1.222
0.0679/0.1231
b
R
0.0542/0.1262 0.0940/0.2549
P
P
a
R = ||Fo| ꢁ |Fc||/ |Fo|.
P
P
2
2 1=2
Rw ¼ ½ ½wðF2o ꢁ Fc2Þ ꢃ= wðF2o Þ ꢃ
.
b
Table 2
2.2. Synthesis of complexes 1 and 2
Selected bond distances (Å) and angles (°) for 1–3.
2.2.1. [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n (1)
1
Zn(1)–N(1)
Zn(1)–O(2)
2.009(3)
2.341(6)
115.19(18)
98.7(2)
80.0(3)
95.1(2)
Zn(1)–O(1)
2.129(7)
A mixture of CH3OH and CHCl3 (1:1, 8 mL), as a buffer layer, was
carefully layered over a solution of L1 (0.04 mmol, 15.46 mg) in
CHCl3 (6 mL). A solution of Zn(NO3)2ꢀ6H2O (0.04 mmol, 11.88 mg)
in CH3OH (6 mL) was then layered over the buffer layer, and the
resultant reaction was left to stand at room temperature. After
3 weeks, colorless block single crystals appeared at the boundary.
Yield: ꢂ25% (based on L1). Anal. Calcd for C26H18N6O6Zn: C,
54.23; H, 3.15; N, 14.60%. Found: C, 54.86; H, 3.25; N, 14.28%. IR
(KBr, cmꢁ1): 3449s, 2360m, 1610m, 1522s, 1314w, 1267w,
1082m, 964s, 821w, 744w, 652s.
N(1)#1–Zn(1)–N(1)
N(1)–Zn(1)–O(1)
O(1)–Zn(1)–O(1)#1
N(1)–Zn(1)–O(2)
O(1)#1–Zn(1)–O(2)
N(1)#1–Zn(1)–O(1)
N(1)–Zn(1)–O(1)#1
N(1)#1–Zn(1)–O(2)
O(1)–Zn(1)–O(2)
132.1(2)
132.1(2)
90.90(17)
51.5(2)
118.2(3)
O(2)–Zn(1)–O(2)#1
168.9(4)
2
Zn(1)–N(3)
1.992(5)
111.2(3)
111.5(2)
106.2(3)
Zn(1)–N(1)
N(3)#2–Zn(1)–N(1)#2
N(3)#2–Zn(1)–N(1)
1.997(6)
111.5(2)
108.2(2)
N(3)–Zn(1)–N(3)#2
N(3)–Zn(1)–N(1)
N(1)#2–Zn(1)–N(1)
3
2.2.2. {[Zn(L2)2]ꢀ2BF4ꢀ2HCCl3ꢀ2H2O}n (2)
Co(1)–O(1)
1.960(4)
1.991(3)
113.02(16)
106.98(15)
120.73(16)
Co(1)–N(4)#3
Co(1)–N(1)
O(1)–Co(1)–O(4)#4
O(1)–Co(1)–N(1)
O(4)#2–Co(1)–N(1)
1.989(4)
1.995(4)
93.48(13)
107.39(15)
111.91(14)
Co(1)–O(4)#4
O(1)–Co(1)–N(4)#3
N(4)#1–Co(1)–O(4)#4
N(4)#1–Co(1)–N(1)
Synthesis of 2 was similar to that of 1. A mixture of CH3OH and
CHCl3 (1:1, 8 mL), as a buffer layer, was carefully layered over a solu-
tion of L2 (0.06 mmol, 17.16 mg) in CHCl3 (6 mL). A solution of
Zn(BF4)2ꢀ6H2O (0.06 mmol, 20.7 mg) in CH3OH (6 mL) was then lay-
ered over the buffer layer, and the resultant reaction was left to
stand at room temperature. After 3 weeks, colorless block single
crystals appeared at the boundary. The solvent molecules HCCl3 in
this compound will lose after exposure in air. Yield: ꢂ30% (based
on L2). Anal. Calcd. for C36H32B2F8N8O2Zn (the solvent molecules
HCCl3 lost): C, 51.00; H, 3.81; N, 13.22%. Found: C, 50.58; H, 3.91;
N, 13.12%. IR (KBr, cmꢁ1): 3445s, 2360m, 1603w, 1479s, 1287s,
1244m, 1115w, 1007s, 817s, 743s, 580w.
Symmetry codes: for 1 #1 ꢁx + 1, y, ꢁz + 1/2; for 2 #2 ꢁx, y, ꢁz + 3/2; for 3 #3 x,
ꢁy + 3/2, zꢁ1/2; #4 ꢁx + 1/2, yꢁ1/2, z.
was left to stand at room temperature. After 3 weeks, purple block
single crystals appeared at the boundary. Yield: ꢂ35% (based on
L2). Anal. Calcd. for C18H14CoN4O4S: C, 48.98; H, 3.20; N, 12.70%.
Found: C, 48.52; H, 3.50; N, 12.45% IR (KBr, cmꢁ1): 2801w,
2711w, 2364s, 1579s, 1506s, 1359m, 1303m, 1255w, 1052s,
826s, 648m.
2.2.3. [Co(L2)(SO4)]n (3)
Synthesis of 3 was similar to that of 1 and 2. A mixture of
CH3OH and CHCl3 (1:1, 8 mL), as a buffer layer, was carefully lay-
ered over asolution of L2 (0.04 mmol, 11.4 mg) in CHCl3 (5 mL). A
solution of CoSO4ꢀ6H2O (0.02 mmol, 5.36 mg) in CH3OH (5 mL)
was then layered over the buffer layer, and the resultant reaction
2.3. X-ray single crystal data collection and structure determinations
X-ray single-crystal diffraction data for complexes 1–3 were
collected on a Rigaku SCX-mini diffractometer with graphite-
monochromated Mo K
a
radiation (k = 0.71073 Å). The program
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1,10-Phenanthroline
+
N
+
Br
+
Br
CuI, K2CO3
N2,96h
L1
N
1,10-Phenanthroline
N
N
N
N
+
+
Br
N
Br
+ N
N
CuI, K2CO3
N2,96h
L2
Scheme 1.

136
Q. Pan et al. / Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
SAINT [38] was used for integration of the diffraction profiles. All
the structures were solved by direct methods using the SHELXS
program of the SHELXTL package and refined by full-matrix
least-squares methods with SHELXL [39]. The metal atoms (Zn or
Co) in each complex were located from the E-maps and other
non-hydrogen atoms were located in successive difference Fourier
maps and refined with anisotropic thermal parameters on F2.
According to the Anal. Calcd. for 1, the O atoms have been con-
firmed from the bidentate NO3ꢁ groups although they have high
U(eq) values compared to neighbors. The hydrogen atoms of the li-
gand were generated by geometrically, and refined in a riding
model. Crystallographic data and experimental details for struc-
tural analyses are summarized in Table 1. Selected bond lengths
and angles are listed in Table 2.
lower terminal steric hindrance and Zn(BF4)2, complex 2,
{[Zn(L2)2]ꢄ2BF4ꢄ2HCCl3ꢄ2H2O}n, was obtained under similar syn-
thetic conditions as that for complex 1. The structure of 2 crystal-
lizes in monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 17.342(3) Å,
b = 19.559(3) Å, c = 14.258(2) Å, b = 98.359(3)°. Different of the
chain-like structure linked by L1 with the terminal group of ben-
zoimidazol in complex 1, the structure of 2 exhibits a 2D layered
structure by using L2 with lower terminal steric hindrance as ligand,
2nþ
as shown in Fig. 3. It has the macrocationic ½ZnðL2Þ2ꢃn undulated
sheets linked by ZnN4 tetrahedra and L2 units. The counterions of
BFꢁ, and the solvent HCCl3 and free water molecules were located
4
in the interlayer regions to balance the charge and fill the space.
As shown in Fig. 4, the ligand L2 in compound 2 also displays 2-
connected and links two adjacent Zn atoms by the N atoms of the
imidazole groups, similar the linkage of L1 found in compound 1,
which could be regarded as 2-connected node. However, the geom-
etry of the Zn atom in this compound is tetrahedral, being bound to
four N atoms of four imidazole groups from four different L2 mol-
ecules, which is different of the 6-coordinated Zn atom in com-
pound 1, can be regarded as a distorted 4-connected node. Such
two connected L2 units and 4-connected Zn atoms are linked each
other to form an undulated sheet (Fig. 3). Interesting, as shown in
Fig. 3a, the 4-connected Zn atoms could be linked by L2 ligands
along a axis to form a strictly linear chains-like building unit,
which is similar to the chains found in the compound 1. The Zn
atoms also could be linked by L2 ligands along c axis to build an
undulated chains-like building unit (Fig. 3b). In such a way, the
4-connected Zn atoms and the 2-connected L2 ligands alternately
linked to result in an undulated sheet along ac plane, which pre-
sents a 4,4-network. Those sheets are stacked along the b axis, with
the counterions of BFꢁ4 and the HCCl3 and free water molecules
residing in the interlay region.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Descriptions and comments on the crystal structures
3.1.1. [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n (1)
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that complex 1
is monoclinic and crystallizes in C2/c space group with
a = 13.173(3) Å, b = 15.204(3) Å, c = 11.556(2) Å, b = 91.30(3)°,
Z = 4. The structure of 1 is a 1D chain structure consisting of charge
neutrality coordination [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n chains involving ZnO4N2
octahedra and L1 units. As shown in Fig. 1, the structure contains
one type of Zn atom, which located on a crystallographic 2-fold axis
of rotation. Each Zn atom is six coordinated and surrounded by two
N atoms of benzoimidazol groups from two different L1 ligands and
four O atoms from two different NOꢁ3 groups to adopt a distorted
octahedral coordination geometry, with the Zn–N distance of
2.009(3) Å, the Zn–O distances of 2.128(7) and 2.341(6) Å, respec-
tively. Each L1 unit is two connected and linked two adjacent Zn
atoms by two N atoms of the two benzoimidazol groups, as the
bridging ligand. By this way, the octahedral Zn centers and L1 units
alternately linked, and each Zn center is further blocked by the coor-
dinated NOꢁ3 group give rise to a 1D chain [Zn(L1)(NO3)2]n, as shown
in Fig. 2. Such chains are parallel arranged along (ꢁ101) direct.
3.1.3. [Co(L2)(SO4)]n (3)
To further explore the role of anions during the reaction, a new
complex 3, [Co(L2)(SO4)]n, have been prepared by CoSO4ꢄ6H2O and
L2 with the similar synthetic conditions of complexes 1 and 2.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that 3 crystallizes
in orthorhombic, space group Pbca, with a = 17.342(3) Å, b = 19.
559(3) Å, c = 14.258(2) Å. Interestingly, its structure is charge neu-
trality, and it also presents 2D layered structure with 4,4-network
by tetrahedral Co centers, L2 ligands, and SO42ꢁ groups.
3.1.2. {[Zn(L2)2]ꢀ2BF4ꢀ2HCCl3ꢀ2H2O}n (2)
To better understand the effect of the ligand backbones and ob-
tain higher dimensional structures, by the reaction of HL2 with
Fig. 1. Thermal ellipsoid plot (30%) showing atom in complex 1.
Fig. 2. The chain-like structure of complex 1 (all the H atoms are omitted). Color code: Zn, green; O, red; N, blue; C, light gray. (For interpretation of the references to color in
this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Q. Pan et al. / Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
137
Fig. 3. One of the undulated sheet of complex 2 (all the H atoms are omitted) (a) contains a strictly linear chains-like building unit (red) along a axis, (b) contains an
undulated chains-like building unit (yellow) along b axis. Color code: Zn, green; N, blue; C, light gray. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4. Thermal ellipsoid plot (30%) showing atom in complex 2 (the solvent molecules and BFꢁ4 ions are ignored).
As shown in Fig. 5, each asymmetric unit contains one crystal-
lographically independent Co center. Which connected with two
N atoms from two different L2 ligands and two O atoms from
two different SO24ꢁ groups to adopt a distorted tetrahedral coordi-
nation geometry, with the Co–O distances of 1.960(4) Å and
1.991(3) Å, and the Co–N distances of 1.989(4) Å and 1.995(4) Å.
The structure contains one type L2 unit and one type SO42ꢁ group,
the L2 units display 2-connected and bind to two Co atoms as the
bridging ligands with the two N atoms of the imidazole groups, just
like found in 2. The SO24ꢁ groups link two adjacent Co atoms by two
O atoms, as a 2-connected bridging ligand. Interestingly, the Co
atoms firstly alternately linked by the 2-connected L2 units to form
an undulated chain CoL2 along c axis (see Fig. 6), which are similar
to that found in 2. Then, such chains are further linked by O1 and
O4 atoms of the 2-connected SO24ꢁ groups to result a undulated
sheet along bc plane. Notable, which also presents a 4,4-network

138
Q. Pan et al. / Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
Fig. 5. Thermal ellipsoid plot (30%) showing atom in complex 3.
Fig. 6. (a) Undulated chain-like building unit of complex 3 (all the H atoms are omitted), Color code: O, red; N, blue; C, light gray; Co, cyan; S, yellow and (b) the undulated
sheet of complex 3 along bc plane (all the H atoms are omitted). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of
this article.)
as found in 2. Such sheets are stacked in an ABAB sequence along a
axis.
structure by L2 ligands, for the anions BFꢁ4 preference for counter-
ion behavior. Complex 3 also presents layered structure with 4,4-
network by using L2 and SO42ꢁ as the mixed ligands. Notably, the
metal centers in 1 and 3 were linked by two poly(imidazole) li-
gands and two small anion groups, due to the anion groups exhibit
different mode of linkage. The bidentate NOꢁ3 groups in 1 could be
regarded as a block which direct to form 1D chain structure, how-
ever, due to the bridging SO24ꢁ groups, the undulated chain-like
motifs in 3 could be further linked to form a 2D layered structure.
In summary, the dimensionalities of the coordination polymers
could be influenced by the nature of the anions in the metal salt,
for their different behaviors such as propensity for coordination
and preference for counterion.
3.2. Effects of anions behaviors
Complexes 1–3 with different dimensionality built up by structur-
ally related rod-like ligands L1 and L2. In which two kinds of chain-
like motifs, with similar linkage of -M(metal)–L(ligand)-M–L-, have
been found, with the strictly linear chain-like motifs in complexes
1 and 2, and the undulated chain-like motifs in complexes 2 and 3.
Interestingly, the metal centers in the three compounds are all
linked by four ligands, even though they could be four connected
or six connected. In 1, the Zn atoms are surrounded by two L1
ligands and two NOꢁ3 groups, and the Zn atoms are linked by L1
ligands to form a strictly linear chain structure, due to the block
of NOꢁ3 groups. Replaced L1 by L2, similar strictly linear chain-like
motif has been found in 2. Different to chain structure in 1, the
chain motifs in 2 have been further linked to present a layered
4. Conclusion
In presence of different anions, three new coordination poly-
mers 1–3 based on two structurally related poly(imidazole) ligands

Q. Pan et al. / Journal of Molecular Structure 1011 (2012) 134–139
139
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groups in 3, respectively. These results indicate that the different
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (21101047), the Natural Science Foundation of
Hainan Province (211010), the Priming Scientific Research Founda-
tion of Hainan University (kyqd1051) and the Natural Science Fund
of Tianjin, China (10JCZDJC22100 and 11JCYBJC04100).
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Appendix A. Supplementary materials
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