organic compounds
via N+—Hꢀ ꢀ ꢀOꢁ (ꢂ)-CAHB (charge-assisted hydrogen bonds
with both plus and minus charges on the donor and acceptor
atoms, respectively; Gilli & Gilli, 2009), provided that ÁpKa is
sufficiently large [ÁpKa = pKa(conjugate acid of the base) ꢁ
pKa(acid), where the pKa values are for aqueous solutions at
298 K]. It is generally accepted that for large ÁpKa values (i.e.
greater than 3), salts of the type B+ꢀ ꢀ ꢀAꢁ are formed, while
with smaller ÁpKa values, Bꢀ ꢀ ꢀH—A compounds (cocrystals)
can be expected, but this parameter seems inappropriate for
accurately predicting salt or cocrystal formation in the solid
state when ÁpKa is between 0 and 3 (Portalone & Colapietro,
2009; Portalone, 2011a; Delori et al., 2012). This dimeric motif
is commonly observed in biological systems between arginine
and aspartic and glutamic acids (Saenger, 1984).
Acta Crystallographica Section C
Crystal Structure
Communications
ISSN 0108-2701
Supramolecular association in proton-
transfer adducts containing benz-
amidinium cations. II. Concomitant
polymorphs of the molecular salt of
2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid with
benzamidine1
Simona Irrera, Giancarlo Ortaggi and Gustavo Portalone*
Chemistry Department, University of Rome I ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5, I-00185
Rome, Italy
Received 18 August 2012
Accepted 26 September 2012
Online 18 October 2012
Two concomitant polymorphs of the molecular salt formed by
2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid, C9H10O4 (Dmb), with benzami-
dine, C7H8N2 (benzenecarboximidamide, Benzam) from water
solution have been identified. Benzamidinidium 2,6-dimeth-
In this study, we report the molecular and supramolecular
structures of two concomitant polymorphs, i.e. two different
polymorphs simultaneously crystallized from the same solvent
(Bernstein et al., 1999), of the acid–base complex formed by
benzamidine (Benzam) with 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid
(Dmb). Interestingly, Dmb has two polymorphic modifica-
tions, viz. the orthorhombic form (Portalone, 2009) and the
tetragonal form (Portalone, 2011b). In the former polymorph,
the carboxyl group is twisted away from the plane of the
aromatic ring by 56.1 (1)ꢃ and the OH group adopts an anti-
planar conformation, while in the latter the twist angle is
65.7 (2)ꢃ and the OH group is synplanar. The molecular
components of the orthorhombic polymorph do not form the
conventional R22(8) dimeric units [see Etter et al. (1990),
Bernstein et al. (1995) and Motherwell et al. (1999) for graph-
set nomenclature of hydrogen bonds] as they do in the
tetragonal polymorph, but are associated in the crystal struc-
ture as catemers through single O—Hꢀ ꢀ ꢀO(carbonyl)
hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules. As the obser-
vation of polymorphism in multicomponent systems such as
cocrystals and molecular salts is scant, although of topical
interest given the growing relevance of pharmaceutical
cocrystals (Tiekink & Vittal, 2006), we have been attracted by
the planned synthesis of polymorphic molecular salts resulting
from the combination of two conformationally flexible mol-
ecules, such as Dmb and benzamidine. For BenzamH+ꢀDmbꢁ,
since ÁpKa = 7.5, the salt is expected. Indeed, in this proton-
transfer compound protonation occurs at the imino N atom
attached to Benzam as a result of proton transfer from the
acidic hydroxy group of Dmb.
+
ꢁ
oxybenzoate, C7H9N2 ꢀC9H9O4 (BenzamH+ꢀDmbꢁ), was
obtained through protonation at the imino N atom of Benzam
as a result of proton transfer from the acidic hydroxy group of
Dmb. In the monoclinic polymorph, (I) (space group P21/n),
the asymmetric unit consists of two Dmbꢁ anions and two
monoprotonated BenzamH+ cations. In the orthorhombic
polymorph, (II) (space group P212121), one Dmbꢁ anion and
one BenzamH+ cation constitute the asymmetric unit. In both
polymorphic salts, the amidinium fragments and carboxylate
groups are completely delocalized. This delocalization favours
the aggregation of the molecular components of these acid–
base complexes into nonplanar dimers with an R22(8) graph-set
motif via N+—Hꢀ ꢀ ꢀOꢁ charge-assisted hydrogen bonding.
Both the monoclinic and orthorhombic forms exhibit one-
dimensional isostructurality, as the crystal structures feature
identical hydrogen-bonding motifs consisting of dimers and
catemers.
Comment
The present study is a continuation of work carried out in our
laboratory on the design and synthesis of hydrogen-bonding
systems formed by benzamidine with benzoic acid derivatives.
The protonated analogue of benzamidine is a multiple
hydrogen-bond donor, and its amidinium group exhibits ideal
requirements to couple with carboxylate groups in crystal
structures. These acid–base complexes are usually arranged in
a dimeric motif similar to that found in carboxylic acid dimers
Polymorph (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group
P21/n, with two crystallographically independent dimers of
monoprotonated benzamidinium cations (BenzamH+) and
1 Part I: Portalone (2010).
Acta Cryst. (2012). C68, o447–o451
doi:10.1107/S010827011204067X
# 2012 International Union of Crystallography o447