Two novel 2-fold interpenetration frameworks constructed by 4,4′-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)biphenyl cobalt(II) coordination polymer and the effect of dicarboxylic acid

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.046

To investigate the construction of interpenetrating frameworks, two novel coordination polymers [Co(bimb)₃](NO₃)₂· 2H₂O (1) and [Co(bimb)(bdc)]·H₂O (2) [bimb = 4,4′-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)biphenyl; H₂bdc = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, PXRD and TGA. Complex 1 shows a 2-fold pcu interpenetrating framework. However, complex 2 exhibits a rare 2-fold uoc interpenetrating framework due to the introduction of bdc anion. The results indicate that the presence of the second ligand could tune the product structures. Photoluminescence properties of complexes 1 and 2 reveal the cobalt ion disturbed ligand emission.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.046

Inorganica Chimica Acta 402 (2013) 128–132
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Inorganica Chimica Acta
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ica
Two novel 2-fold interpenetration frameworks constructed
by 4,40-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)biphenyl cobalt(II)
coordination polymer and the effect of dicarboxylic acid
a
a,
Guang-Feng Hou a, Bo Wen a, Ying-Hui Yu a, Jin-Sheng Gao a,b, , Xiao-Dan Wang , Peng-Fei Yan
⇑
⇑
a School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
b Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
To investigate the construction of interpenetrating frameworks, two novel coordination polymers
[Co(bimb)3](NO3)2ꢀ2H2O (1) and [Co(bimb)(bdc)]ꢀH2O (2) [bimb = 4,40-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)
biphenyl; H2bdc = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized
by elemental analysis, IR, PXRD and TGA. Complex 1 shows a 2-fold pcu interpenetrating framework.
However, complex 2 exhibits a rare 2-fold uoc interpenetrating framework due to the introduction of
bdc anion. The results indicate that the presence of the second ligand could tune the product structures.
Photoluminescence properties of complexes 1 and 2 reveal the cobalt ion disturbed ligand emission.
Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Received 13 December 2012
Received in revised form 28 March 2013
Accepted 28 March 2013
Available online 15 April 2013
Keywords:
Crystal structure
Metal organic frameworks
Interpenetrating framework
Photoluminescence property
1. Introduction
kinetic factors are also very important for the outcome of the con-
nectivity and topology of the coordination polymers in the crystal-
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained increasing inter-
est in their intriguing architectures and versatile potential applica-
tion in gas storage, catalysis, optics, microelectronics, biology, and
so on [1–8]. As an important subject in the design and synthesis of
MOFs, the study of network topology is not only a powerful tool for
simplifying complicated structure but also plays an instructive role
in the rational design of certain functional materials with desirable
properties [9–14]. Many topologically interesting MOFs have been
discussed in recent years [15,16]. Among those structures, one par-
ticularly intriguing phenomenon is interpenetration, whose aes-
thetic appeal is presently one of the most fascinating aspects of
this field [17–21]. The occurrence of interpenetrating polymeric
networks, once a rarity, is now becoming increasingly common,
aided by the rapid growth of network-based crystal engineering.
In the past two decades, a number of interpenetrating structures
have been reported, however, most of which belong to dia nets
and pcu nets [22,23]. The length of the ligand could dominate
the interpenetration structures, nevertheless, counterions, number
and type of the solvated molecules, coordination geometry and
lization process [24–25].
As a classical flexible long spacer ligand first used for coordina-
tion polymers synthesis in 2000 [25], 4,4’-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-
methyl)biphenyl (bimb) was also found to be promising candidate
for constructing high dimensional interpenetrating structures.
However, up to date, few 3D networks based on bimb ligand are re-
ported [26]. Most of the bimb complexes are metallocycles [27,28],
1D polymers [29,30] and 2D layers [31]. Recently, a number of
complexes with interesting structures were obtained by the com-
bination of bimb and other auxiliary ligands or other building
blocks, generally aromatic carboxylic acids [32–38] and polyoxo-
metalates (POMs) [39,40].
In this work, we sought to investigate the construction of high
dimensional interpenetrating structures by bimb ligand. Complex
1 was hydrothermally synthesized by reacting bimb with cobalt ni-
trate, which shows a 2-fold pcu interpenetrating 3D framework.
Further study indicates that the auxiliary ligand plays an important
role in the formation of complex structure. Complex 2 was synthe-
sized following that of 1 except that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
(H2dpc) was used as the mixed ligand. However, complex 2 exhib-
its a rare 2-fold uoc interpenetrating 3D framework. The structures
of bimb and H2dpc are shown in Scheme 1. In addition, their ther-
mal stability and photoluminescence property have been investi-
gated and described.
⇑
Corresponding authors at: School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hei-
longjiang University, Harbin 150080, China. Tel.: +86 451 866090151; fax: +86 451
86609001.
E-mail address: gaojins@hlju.edu.cn (J.-S. Gao).
0020-1693/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.046

G.-F. Hou et al. / Inorganica Chimica Acta 402 (2013) 128–132
129
Table 1
Crystal data and structure refinements for complexes 1 and 2.
1
2
Empirical formula
Formula weight
Crystal system
Space group
a (Å)
C
60H58CoN14O8
C28H24CoN4O5
555.44
tetragonal
I41/a
19.904(3)
19.904(3)
26.180(5)
90
1162.13
monoclinic
P2/c
15.600(3)
9.654(2)
20.651(8)
90
b (Å)
c (Å)
a
(°)
b (°)
112.25(2)
90
2878.5(14)
2
1.341
0.366
90
90
10372(3)
16
1.423
c
(°)
V (Å3)
Z
Dcalc (mg mꢁ3
)
Scheme 1. Structures of bimb and H2dpc.
l
(mmꢁ1
)
0.708
F(0 0 0)
1214
4591
Collected/unique
Rint
26420/6494
0.0315
1.030
0.0443; 0.1360
0.0650; 0.1505
46385/5926
0.0827
1.043
0.0495; 0.1044
0.0850; 0.1167
2. Experimental
Goodness-of-fit GOF on F2
Rla[I > 2
r
(I)]; wR2b[I >
r(I)]
2.1. Materials and measurements
b
Rla (all); wR2 (all)
P
P
a
Cobalt nitrate, ethanol, imidazole, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
are from Kermel and 4,40-bis(chloromethyl)-1,10-biphenyl from J &
K Chemicals. All chemicals purchased are of reagent grade and
were used as received without further purification. Elemental anal-
yses for C, H, and N were carried out on a Vario EL III elemental
analyzer. IR spectrum was recorded on a Bruker tensor 27 FT-IR
spectrophotometer in the 4000–400 cmꢁ1 region by using KBr pel-
lets. The luminescent spectrum was taken on a Perkin Elemer Cor-
poration Model Fluorescence Spectrometer LS 55 PL. PL spectra
were performed in solid samples after the crystals were crushed
and put between quartz plates. Thermogravimetric analyses were
carried out with a Perkin-Elmer DTAꢁ1700 with a heating rate of
10 °C/min under atmosphere from 25 to 800 °C. X-ray powder dif-
fraction measurement, whose range of 2h is from 5° to 50°, was
R1
=
||Fo| ꢁ |Fc||/ |Fo|.
P
P
wR2 = { [w(Fo ꢁ Fc2)2/ w(Fo2)2]}1/2
.
b
2
2.3. X-ray crystallography
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for 1 and 2 were collected
on a Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID imaging plate diffractometer with
graphite-monochromated Mo Ka (k = 0.71073 Å) at 291 K. Empiri-
cal absorption corrections based on equivalent reflections were ap-
plied. The structures of 1 and 2 were solved by direct methods and
refined by full-matrix least-squares methods on F2 using SHELXS-97
crystallographic software package [42]. All non-hydrogen atoms
were refined anisotropically. The hydrogen atoms of the bimb
and bdc molecules were placed in calculated positions and treated
as riding on their parent. The hydrogen atoms of water molecules
were located in the difference Fourier map and were refined as rid-
ing on their parent O atom. The crystal parameters, data collection
and refinement results for 1 and 2 are summarized in Table 1. Se-
lected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table S1 (see the Sup-
porting information).
performed on a Rigaku D/Max-IIIB X-ray diffractometer Cu K
a
(k = 1.5406 Å) radiation (40 kV and 200 mA) and Ni filter.
2.2. Synthesis
2.2.1. Synthesis of [Co(bimb)3](NO3)2ꢀ2H2O (1)
4,40-Bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)biphenyl (bimb) was pre-
pared following the literature [41]. Co(NO3)2ꢀ6H2O (0.12 g,
0.40 mmol), bimb (0.13 g, 0.40 mmol), H2O (4 mL) and ethanol
(4 mL) were stirred for 10 min in air, before the mixture was trans-
ferred and sealed in a 20 mL Teflon-lined stainless autoclave,
which was heated at 140 °C for 3 days and then cooled to room
temperature. Pink crystals were obtained in 57% yield based on CoII
cation after washed with deionized water and ethanol. Anal. Calc.
for C60H58CoN14O8 (1162.12): C, 62.01; H, 5.03; N, 16.87. Found:
C, 62.09; H, 5.12; N, 16.72%. IR (KBr pellet, cmꢁ1): 3104 (w),
1502 (s), 1436 (m), 1359 (m), 1282 (m), 1223 (m), 1110 (m),
1081 (m), 1031 (w), 905 (m), 823 (m), 744 (s), 696 (w), 664 (m),
628 (w), 490 (m).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Synthesis
The crystals of complexes 1 and 2 were synthesized by hydro-
thermal reactions. The influences of the reaction conditions were
investigated. pH values have significant impacts on the quality of
the crystals and structure of the final products. For the synthesis
of complex 1 and 2, the suitable pH are 7–8 and 6–7, respectively.
The different products with uncertain structures would be ob-
tained as powder or microcrystal in other pH values conditions.
In addition, the influence of the solutions was also investigated
by changing the ratio of water and ethanol. However, the same
products were obtained with slight difference in the yields.
2.2.2. Synthesis of [Co(bimb)(bdc)]ꢀH2O (2)
The preparation of 2 was similar to that of 1 except that H2dpc
(0.07 g, 0.40 mmol) was used as auxiliary ligand, and then the pH
was adjust to 6–7 by 1 M NaOH solution. Brown block crystals
were filtered and washed with distilled water and ethanol (32%
yield based on CoII cation). Elemental Anal. Calc. for C28H24N4O5Co
(555.44): C, 60.55; H, 4.36; N, 10.09. Found: C, 60.62; H, 4.42; N,
10.01%. IR (KBr, cmꢁ1): 3435 (w), 3123 (w), 1700 (w), 1610 (m),
1581 (m), 1449 (m), 1396 (m), 1338 (w), 1281 (m), 1230 (m),
1187 (w), 1097 (s), 1005 (w), 952 (m), 830 (s), 803 (s), 754 (s),
691 (w), 626 (w), 505 (w).
3.2. Structure description
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the asym-
metric unit of 1 consists of three half bimb molecules, half of CoII
cation, one uncoordinated nitrate anion and one lattice water mol-
ecule (Fig. 1a). In 1, CoII cation lies on an inversion center, which is
six-coordinated in a octahedral environment defined by six N
atoms from six bimb molecules with the Co–N distances in range

130
G.-F. Hou et al. / Inorganica Chimica Acta 402 (2013) 128–132
Fig. 1. (a) Stick-ball representation of the molecule structure of 1 with thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability, where hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity; (b) Schematic
illustration of 3D 6-connected honeycomb framework (When the bimb molecule is seen as straight line, the framework would be reduced to pcu a–Po net with the Schläfli
symbol of (412ꢀ63)); (c) 2-fold interpenetrated pcu net. Symmetry code: (I) 1 ꢁ x, –2 ꢁ y, ꢁz; (II) ꢁx, y, ꢁ0.5 ꢁ z; (III) ꢁx, ꢁ1 ꢁ y, ꢁz; (IV) 2 ꢁ x, y, 0.5 ꢁ z.
of 2.137(2)–2.219(2) Å. As shown in Fig. 1, bimb (N1) and bimb
(N3) molecules exhibit trans-conformation, however, bimb (N5)
molecule bears cis-conformation. trans-Bimb (N1) and cis-bimb
(N5) molecules link the CoII cation to form a double chain structure
along [201] direction, furthermore, the trans-bimb(3) molecules
connect these chains to build up a 3D honeycomb framework con-
taining channels with large dimension of 13.772(6) Å ꢂ
19.308(4) Å parallel to [201] direction (Fig. 1b). Topological analy-
of 2 also has a large cavity with the dimension of 12.616(2) ꢂ
13.606(4) Å along [010] direction, which tends to form a 2-fold
interpenetrated unusual uoc framework with the uncoordinated
water molecules filling into the interspaces (Fig. 2c).
How to get oriented structures has been of great interest and an
increasing effort has been devoted to this area. Therefore, it is very
interesting to compare these two 2-fold interpenetrating frame-
works to know the effect of introducing bdc ligand. Both com-
plexes 1 and 2 can be seen as consisting of three coordination
chains, zigzag conformation for 1 and helical conformation for 2
respectively. In 1 and 2, these chains interlink each other to form
the skeletons possessing honeycomb-like cavities with large
dimensions, which makes interpenetration occurrence possible.
However, the cobalt coordination sphere is changed from six-coor-
dinated octahedral geometry to four-coordinated tetrahedral
geometry by introducing the bdc ligand, which tuned the frame-
work from pcu to uoc types. Previous studies also show that cobalt
is usually six-coordinated when only coordinating with the imid-
azole containing ligand, but if carboxylic acid is introduced as
the mixed ligand, the cobalt tends to take four-coordinated tetra-
hedral geometry [28,45,46].
sis indicates that this framework can be reduced to a pcu
a-Po
framework with the Schläfli symbol of (412ꢀ63) [43]. The large
channels provide appropriate environment for interpenetration
occurrence, which lead to a novel 2-fold interpenetrated pcu
framework with the uncoordinated nitrate anions and water mol-
ecules filling into the interspaces (Fig. 1c).
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the asym-
metric unit of 2 consists of two half bimb molecules, one CoII cat-
ion, one bdc anion and one lattice water molecule (Fig. 2a). The CoII
cation is four-coordinated in a tetrahedral environment defined by
two N atoms from two bimb molecules and two O atoms from two
bdc anions. In contrast to the octahedral coordinated CoII cation in
1, the bonds (Co–N and Co–O) in 2 are shorter with distances in
range of 1.997–2.015(2) Å. As shown in Fig. 2a, both bimb mole-
cules show cis-conformation, which bridge the CoII cations to form
two helical chains with a same inner diameter of 6.431(1) Å along
[100] and [010] directions, respectively. Meanwhile, bdc anions
link the CoII cations to build up another helical chain with a rela-
tively small inner diameter of 2.624(1) Å along [001] direction.
These helical chains bear different rotation directions, in which
the bdc chains connect with the bimb chains to construct an unu-
sual 3D uoc type topology framework with a Schlafli symbol of
(42ꢀ84) (Fig. 2b) [44]. Similar to complex 1, the uoc type framework
3.3. PXRD and TGA
In order to characterize the phase purity of other crystalline
materials, PXRD patterns for 1 and 2 were performed at room tem-
perature (Fig. S2 ESI ). The location and intensity of diffraction
peaks of calculated and experimental patterns match well, indicat-
ing that these two coordination polymers were synthesized as a
single phase.

G.-F. Hou et al. / Inorganica Chimica Acta 402 (2013) 128–132
131
Fig. 2. (a) Stick-ball representation of the molecule structure of 2 with thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability, where hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity; (b) Schematic
illustration of 3D 4-connected uoc type topology framework with a Schlafli symbol of (42ꢀ84); (c) 2-fold interpenetrated uoc net. Symmetry code: (I) ꢁx, 0.5 ꢁ y, z; (II) ꢁx,
1.5 ꢁ y, z; (III) ꢁ0.25 + y, 0.75 ꢁ x, ꢁ0.25 + z.
The TG measurements of 1 and 2 were carried out under atmo-
sphere in the temperature range 30–800 °C (Fig. S3, ESI ). The TG
curve of 1 shows that the weight loss of 3.24% appearing from 50
to 178 °C corresponds to the loss of two lattice water molecules
(calc. 3.10%). The framework collapses starting at 278 °C, which
decomposed orderly resulting in the residue CoO at 525 °C (calc.
6.45%, found 5.95%). For 2, the first weight loss of 3.42% at
50–243 °C was consistent with the loss of one lattice water
molecule (calc. 3.24%). The framework of 2 collapses starting at
262 °C, then loses its weight of 84.67% between 262 and 502 °C,
corresponding to the decomposition of all bimb and bdc molecules
(calc. 86.14%) with the resulting residue of CoO.
The results of PXRD and TGA are consistent with the structures
of the two complexes.
3.4. Photoluminescence properties
Photoluminescence properties of metal–organic complexes
have been widely investigated for their potential applications as
fluorescence-emitting materials, owing to their higher thermal
stability than pure organic materials and the ability to tune the
emission wavelength by adopting different metal cations [47].
Fig. 3. Solid-state photoluminescence spectra of bimb, complexes 1 and 2.

132
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Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China (No. 21272061), Natural Science Founda-
tion of Heilongjiang Province (B201108) and Science and
Technology Planning Project of Heilongjiang Province (WJ09B03).
Appendix A. Supplementary material
CCDC 901311 and 905892 contains the supplementary crystal-
lographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of
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