Transfer Hydro-dehalogenation of Organic Halides Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complex

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b02222

A simple and efficient Ru(II)-catalyzed transfer hydro-dehalogenation of organic halides using 2-propanol solvent as the hydride source was reported. This methodology is applicable for hydro-dehalogenation of a variety of aromatic halides and α-haloesters and amides without additional ligand, and quantitative yields were achieved in many cases. The potential synthetic application of this method was demonstrated by efficient gram-scale transformation with catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol %.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b02222

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Article
Transfer Hydrodehalogenation of Organic
Halides Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complex
Tingjie You, Zhenrong Wang, Jiajia Chen, and Yuanzhi Xia
J. Org. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • Publication Date (Web): 22 Dec 2016
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 23, 2016
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Transfer Hydrodehalogenation of Organic Halides Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II)
Complex
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Tingjie You, Zhenrong Wang, Jiajia Chen, and Yuanzhi Xia*
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College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
ABSTRACT:
A simple and efficient Ru(II)ꢀcatalyzed transfer hydrodehalogenation of organic halides using isopropanol
solvent as the hydride source was reported. This methodology is applicable for hydrodehalogenation of a variety of
aromatic halides and αꢀhaloesters and amides without additional ligand, and quantitative yields were achieved in
many cases. The potential synthetic application of this method was demonstrated by efficient gram scale
transformation with catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol%.
1. INTRODUCTION
Organic halides are widely used as solvents and starting materials for numerous chemical transformations, and
the efficient formation of CꢀX (X = halogen atom) bonds has been actively studied by organic chemists. However,
many organic halides are classified as pollutants due to their persistent deleterious effects.1 Thus, the
dehalogenation is equally important from the environmental perspective. The catalytic hydrodehalogenation
represents an efficient approach for transforming CꢀX bonds into CꢀH bond.2 While traditionally the H2 is used as
the hydride source in such transformations,3 simpler processes under transfer hydrogenation conditions have been
developed in recent years.4 In this regard, great progress has been made by homogeneous catalytic systems of
palladium,4,5 rhodium,6 iron,7 ruthenium,8 and other transition metals.9 However, one drawback of existed methods
is that phosphine or other auxiliary ligands, which are toxic, airꢀsenstitive, and difficult to synthesis, are generally
required for efficient transformation. Hence, development of novel catalytic process for efficient
hydrodehalogenation is highly desirable.
In recent years, Ru(II) complex in the form of [RuCl2(pꢀcymene)]2 has been found highly effective for
catalyzing a number of organic transformations, and the CꢀX bonds are tolerable in many of these
reactions.10 More recently, interesting regioselective CꢀH bond halogenations under Ru catalysis were
disclosed by several groups,11ꢀ13 including the [RuCl2(
pꢀcymene)]2ꢀcatalyzed metaꢀbrominations of
2ꢀphenylpyridines by the groups of Huang11 and Greaney (Scheme 1a).12 While preceding reports seem to
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suggest that the CꢀX bonds are inert under the effect of [RuCl2(pꢀcymene)]2 complex, we proposed that the
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reverse transformation should be possible under certain conditions. Herein an efficient Ru(II)ꢀcatalyzed
transfer hydrodehalogenation of aromatic halides and αꢀhaloesters is reported (Scheme 1b), in which the
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cheap and commercially available [RuCl2(
acting both as solvent and hydrogen donor.
pꢀcymene)]2 is used as the catalyst combined with isopropanol
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Scheme 1. Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H Halogenation and C-X Hydrodehalogenation
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our study started with the condition optimization for transformation of 2ꢀbromobenzamide (1a) into
benzamide (2a) (Table 1). Previous studies found that the formic acid and its salts are reliable hydride
donor for transfer hydrogenation reactions.14 The reaction of 1a was initially conducted using 2.5 mol %
[RuCl2(cymene)]2 as the catalyst in the presence of 0.5 mL HCOOH/Et3N (molar ratio 5 : 2) as the
hydrogen donor and 0.5 mL H2O as solvent at 100 °C for 12 h, and the desired hydrodebromination
product was obtained in 46% yield (entry 1). Following this result, different conditions were screened to
improve the efficiency of the reaction. While only trace amount of product was observed when using
[RuI2(pꢀcymene)]2 as the catalyst (entry 2), the 2a could be afforded in 71% yield by reaction at a higher
catalyst loading (5 mol %) and prolonging time (24 h) (entry 3). Changing the molar ratio of HCOOH/Et3N
to 1:1 did not lead to a better result (entry 4), and only 33% yield was obtained when using 2.5 mol %
RuCl2(PPh3)3 as the catalyst (entry 5). Considering alcoholic species could be used both as solvent and
hydrogen donor for transfer hydrogenation, the conditions by combination of 1 mL iPrOH and 1.2 equiv of
base were screened. Lower yields were obtained in systems with Cs2CO3 and NaOAc (entries 6 and 7) in
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comparison with the reaction in entry 1. However, notable promotion effects were observed with other
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bases including Et3N (64%, entry 8), tBuOK (70%, entry 9), K2CO3 (79%, entry 10), and KOH (79%,
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entry 11). The results in entries 10 and 12 showed that the yield decreased dramatically when the reaction
was run at a lower temperature, indicating heating at 100 °C is necessary for high yield. Among the
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reactions, the best result was achieved by reaction in iPrOH solvent with CsOAc as the additive, which
afforded 2a in 89% yield (entry 13). Both Ru(II) catalyst and CsOAc additive are crucial for triggering the
reaction, as no reaction was observed in the absence of Ru catalyst (entry 14) or base (entry 15). Therefore,
2.5 mol % [RuCl2(cymene)]2 and 1.2 equiv of CsOAc in iPrOH solvent at 100 °C was established as the
optimal condition for the reduction of benzamide derivatives.
Table 1. Screening of the Reaction Conditionsa
With the optimal reaction conditions in hand, the scope of the Ruꢀcatalyzed dehalogenation for a series
of aryl halides bearing different electronic and steric properties was then expanded (Table 2). As expected,
the reduction of CꢀI bond is more efficient than the reduction of CꢀBr bond in 2a, and 98% yield was
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obtained for reaction of 2ꢀiodobenzamide (entry 2). The position of the bromo substituent does not disturb
the reaction, as both 3ꢀbromo and 4ꢀbromo benzamides could be reduced effectively (entries 3 and 4). The
results in entries 5 and 6 suggested that introduction of an electronꢀdonating group at C4 has promoting
effect but the steric effect at C5 may lower down the reaction efficiency. Interestingly, the substituent on
the nitrogen atom of the 2ꢀbromobenzamide may have influence on the reaction efficiency, thus higher
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yield was obtained for 2ꢀbromoꢀ
The debrominations of 2ꢀbromoꢀ
efficiently when 1.2 equiv BuOK was used instead of CsOAc (entries 9 and 10). The superiority of using
BuOK as an additive was also observed in reactions of other aryl halides as indicated in Table 2. Good
yields were achieved for other amide derivatives such as 2ꢀbromobenzenesulfonamide,
2ꢀ(2ꢀbromophenyl)acetamide, and 6ꢀbromoꢀ2 ꢀbenzo[ ][1,4]oxazinꢀ3(4 )ꢀone (entries 11ꢀ13).
N
ꢀethylbenzamide than
N
ꢀbenzylꢀ2ꢀbromobenzamide (entries 7 and 8).
N
ꢀphenylbenzamide and 2ꢀbromoꢀ
N,N
ꢀdimethylbenzamide occurred more
t
t
H
b
H
Similarly, the reaction of methyl 2ꢀbromobenzoate afforded the debromination product in 75% yield (entry
14). The current reaction is compatible with both acidic and basic substrates, thus good yields were
obtained from brominated benzoic acid, indole, and aniline derivatives (entries 15ꢀ19). The relatively low
yield for reaction of 3ꢀbromopyridinꢀ2ꢀamine may be attributed to its strong chelating effect to Ru(II)
catalyst (entry 20). The reaction works well for halogenated benzene, naphthalene, and 9Hꢀfluorene
substrates (entries 21ꢀ25), and quantitative yields were obtained in several cases. The substrate scope could
be further expanded to chloroꢀ or bromoꢀsubstituted anisoles, phenol, biphenyl, xylene, and others (entries
26ꢀ40), showing the compatibility of different functional groups in this transformation.
This dehalogenation reaction could also be applied to αꢀhalocarbonyl compounds (Table 3). The esters
and amides containing both secondary (1b, 1c, 1d, and 1f) and primary bromide (1e) at the α carbon of the
carbonyl group undergo debromination reaction smoothly under current conditions. Dehalogenation of
CꢀCl and CꢀI bonds containing amide and esters was also tested. The yield for formation of 2f from amide
1g (X = Cl) is comparable to that from 1f (X = Br). Product 2h could be generated in good yields from
reactions of ester derivatives 1h (X = Cl) and 1i (X = I), with the latter one being slightly more efficient. It
should be noted that the debromination of αꢀbromoketones are possible, but reduction of the carbonyl
group occurs concurrently. Alkyl bromides such as (bromomethylene)dibenzene and
(4ꢀbromobutyl)benzene are not compatible because substitution reactions occur more easily than
hydrodehalogenation in presence of CsOAc. Controlled experiments found that no desired dehalogenation
product could be obtained in absence of Ru(II) or base additive in cases of αꢀhalocarbonyl compounds.
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Table 2. Dehalogenation of Aromatic Halidesa
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Table 3. Dehalogenation of Aliphatic Halides
O
O
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5
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7
2.5 mol % [RuCl (p-cymene)] ,100 C
°
R1
R1
2
2
YR2
YR2
iPrOH (1 mL), 1.2 eq CsOAc, 20-24 h
X
H
1
2
Substrate
O
Product
Yield (%)
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O
9
Ph
Ph
78
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O
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Br
H
1b
2b
O
O
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O
Ph
O
Ph
Br
H
1c
2c
O
O
Ph
Ph
N
N
Br
H
1d
2d
O
O
82a
Ph
Ph
Br
X
Ph
H
N
N
N
1e
2e
O
O
Ph
H
N
54b
51b
1f (X = Br))
2f
2f
1g
(X = Cl)
O
O
Ph
Ph
O
O
X
H
1h (X = Cl)
1i (X = I)
2h
2h
67%
71%
a K CO was used as a base by reaction at 100 C for 18 h. b tBuOK was
°
2
3
used as a base by reaction at 90 C for 20 h.
°
To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this reaction, gramꢀscale reactions were carried out (Scheme 2).
When 4ꢀbromoꢀ1,1'ꢀbiphenyl was used (Scheme 2a), almost quantitative yields of debromination product
could be achieved with low catalyst loadings (1 mol % and 0.5 mol %), albeit longer reaction times are
required for these cases. Gram scale reaction could also be successfully applied for debromination of
sterically more crowded substrate 2ꢀbromoꢀ3ꢀmethylbenzoic acid (Scheme 2b), which affords
3ꢀmethylbenzoic acid in 84% yield with 1 mol % of Ru(II) dimmer.
Scheme 2. Gram-scale Synthesis with Low Catalyst Loadings
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On the basis of previous reports,15 a plausible mechanism of this Ru(II)ꢀcatalyzed hydrodehalogenation reaction
is proposed (Scheme 3). Upon dissociation of the dimmeric ruthenium(II) catalyst, oxidative addition of the halide
to Ru(II) monomer would generate a ruthenium(IV) complex A in the first step. Probably this is the
rateꢀdetermining step of the whole reaction because the reduction reactivity was found to follow the order of CꢀI >
CꢀBr > CꢀCl. Then, under the mediation of base additive, an isopropyloxide ligand could be introduced into
intermediate B by reaction of A with the isopropanol solvent. From isopropyloxide intermediate B, βꢀhydride
elimination may afford the ruthenium(IV)ꢀhydride complex C and an acetone concurrently. Finally, reductive
elimination from C would form the hydrodehalogenation product and regenerate the active Ru(II) species.
Although a full mechanistic investigation is not available at present, experimental support of the plausible
mechanism above was achieved by reactions of 1a and 1e in monodeuterated iPrOH (iPrOHꢀd1, Scheme 4). The
debromoation of 1a in iPrOHꢀd1 was much slower and yielded only 33% of products 2a and 2a-d after 24 h
(Scheme 4a), while the reaction of 1e afforded 2e and 2e-d in 81% yield after 18 h (Scheme 4b). These suggested
that the transfer hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic CꢀBr bonds should have different kinetic properties. The
ratio of the introduced deuterium was lower than expected, which should be resulted from reversible CꢀH bond
cleavage in the debrominated products, as supported by observation of 2a-d when stirring 2a in iPrOHꢀd8 under the
standard conditions (Scheme 4c). In short, the introduction of deuterium into products 2a-d and 2e-d in iPrOHꢀd1
is consistent with the transfer of hydrogen from isopropanol solvent.
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[Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2
Ar
H
Ar X
LRuCl2
Ar
RuIV
Ar
RuIV
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
X
HX Base
C
A
Cl Ar
RuIV
Cl
Base
O
O
B
iPr
OH
Scheme 3. Plausible Mechanism
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Scheme 4. Experiments in Deuterated iPrOH
3. CONCLUSION
In summary, we have developed a simple and efficient hydrodehalogenation reaction of aryl halides and
αꢀbromocarbonyl compounds by Ru(II) catalysis under transfer hydrogenation conditions. This method is featured
with cheap and commercially available [RuCl2(cymene)]2 catalyst without any additional ligand, simple reaction
condition with isopropanol acting both as the solvent and as the hydrogen source, broad substrate scope including a
variety of aromatic halides and αꢀhaloesters and amides, and efficient scaledꢀup synthesis with low catalyst loading.
Novel transformations based on transfer hydrogenation are undergoing in our laboratory.
4. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
General Information. The bromides were purchased from commercial available resources and were used as
received, except for the substrates in entries 5, 6, 9, and 12 in Table 2 and 1bꢀ1i in Table 3, which were synthesized
according to literature methods as detailed below. Solvents were distilled by standard procedures. Column
chromatography was performed using 200−300 mesh silica with the proper solvent system according to TLC
analysis using UV light to visualize the reaction components. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded on
a 500 MHz spectrometer (1H: 500 MHz, 13C: 125 MHz), using CDCl3 as the solvent with tetramethylsilane (TMS)
as an internal standard at room temperature. Chemical shifts are given in δ relative to TMS, the coupling constants
J are given in Hz. Abbreviations used in the description of NMR data are as following: s, singlet; br, broad; d,
duplet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet. High resolution mass spectra were recorded on an ESIꢀQꢀTOF mass
spectrometer. Melting points were measured on an X4 melting point apparatus.
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Procedures for
Synthesis
of
2-Bromo-4-methylbenzamide
(entry
5,
Table
2)
and
2-Bromo-5-methylbenzamide (entry 6, Table 2).16 To a flameꢀdried flask charged with a magnetic stir bar was
added bromoꢀsubstituted benzonitrile (3.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and tBuOK (1.0 g, 9.0 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and dry
Toluene (4 mL/mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h under nitrogen atmosphere.
Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in
vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1) to
give the desired products.
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2ꢀBromoꢀ4ꢀmethylbenzamide (entry 5, Table 2): white solid; (612 mg, 57%); mp 174−176 °C; H NMR (500
MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 7.78 (bs, 1H), 7.49 (bs, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H),
2.31 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 169.0, 140.7, 136.3, 132.9, 128.4, 128.0, 118.5, 20.3; HRMS
(ESI+): calcd for C8H8BrNONa+ ([M + Na]+) 235.9681, found 235.9693.
1
2ꢀBromoꢀ5ꢀmethylbenzamide (entry 6, Table 2):17 white solid; mp 196−197 °C; H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ
7.49 – 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (bs, 1H), 6.04 (bs, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H).
Procedures for Synthesis of 2-Bromo-N-phenylbenzamide (entry 9, Table 2). 17 To a 20 mL flask charged
with a magnetic stir bar, aniline (5 mL) was added dropꢀwisely to 2ꢀbromobenzoyl chloride (1.10 g, 5.0 mmol) at
0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then the reaction mixture was poured into 30
mL of ethyl acetate and washed with 1N aqueous HCl solution (20 mL x 2), and washed with saturated aqueous
NaHCO3 solution (30 mL x 1) and brine (20 mL x 1). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulted solid was purified by flash column chromatography (petroleum
ether/EtOAc = 5/1) to afford the desired product as a yellow solid. mp 121−122 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ
7.75 (s, 1H), 7.64 – 7.62 (m, 4H), 7.41 – 7.36 (m, 3H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H).
Procedures for Synthesis of 2-(2-Bromophenyl) acetamide (entry 12, Table 2).18 To a solution of
2ꢀbromophenyl acetonitrile (1.10 g, 5.6 mmol) in tBuOH (5.5 mL) was added potassium hydroxide (1.26 g, 22.4
mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 2 h, then allowed to cool to room temperature, quenched with water (15 mL)
and extracted with CHCl3 (2 x 30 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over MgSO4, and then filtered
and recrystallised to give the target compound, as determined by GC/MS.
Procedures for Synthesis of Compounds 1b-1d. To a solution of hexanoic acid (580.8mg, 5 mmol), alcohol or
amine (5 mmol ), DMAP (61.1 mg, 0.5 mmol) in 5 mL DCM was added DIC (6 mmol, 0.93 mL ) dropwisely at
0 °C over 5 mins. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir for 24~48 h. Then the mixture
was poured into 30 mL ethyl actate, and washed with saturated NaHCO3 (15 mL x 1), saturated NH4Cl(15 mL x 1),
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and saturated NaCl (15 mL x 1) respectively. The organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated
under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the desired products.
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Phenethyl 2ꢀbromohexanoate (1b, Table 3):19 colorless liquid; H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.33−7.27 (m,
9
2H), 7.26−7.20 (m, 3H), 4.39 (td, J = 7.0, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.08−1.87
(m, 2H), 1.44−1.22 (m, 4H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).
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Benzyl 2ꢀbromohexanoate (1c, Table 3):19 colorless liquid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42−7.30 (m, 5H),
5.20 (s, 2H), 4.25 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.16−2.04 (m, 1H), 2.04−1.94 (m, 1H), 1.50−1.22 (m, 4H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.0 Hz,
3H).
2ꢀBromoꢀNꢀmethylꢀNꢀphenylhexanamide (1d, Table 3):19 colorless liquid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46
(t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H),
2.20−2.05 (m, 1H), 1.98−1.84 (m, 1H), 1.33−1.15 (m, 4H), 0.85 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H).
Procedures for Synthesis of 2-Bromo-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide (1e, Table 3).20a To a mixture of
Nꢀmethylbenzenamine (0.55 mL, 5 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL) cooled at 0ꢀ5 °C was added a solution of
2ꢀbromoacetyl bromide (0.5 mL, 5.72 mmol) in 20 mL dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 1 h, then cooled at 0ꢀ5 °C and a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (40 mL) was added. The organic
layer was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO3, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The
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residue was purified by column chromatography to afford product 1e as a yellow solid. mp 39−41 °C; H NMR
(500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s,
3H).
Procedures for Synthesis of 2-Bromo-N-methyl-N-phenylpropanamide (1f, Table 3).20b 2ꢀBromopropionic
acid (0.5 mL, 5.5 mmol) and Nꢀmethylbenzenamine (0.65 mL, 6 mmol) were dissolved in 13 mL chloroform and
cooled to 0 °C. A solution of N,N'ꢀdiisopropylcarbodiimide (0.95 mL, 6 mmol) in 3 mL chloroform was added
slowly through a syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for over 1 h. The solid residue was
filtered off and washed with chloroform. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude
product was purified by column chromatography. The target was confirmed by GC/MS.
Procedures for Synthesis of 2-Chloro-N-methyl-N-phenylpropanamide (1g, Table 3).20c 2ꢀChloropropionyl
chloride (0.485 mL, 5 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of Nꢀmethylbenzenamine (0.54 mL, 5 mmol)
and triethylamine (1.04 L, 7.5 mmol) in 35 mL dichloromethane at 0°C, then the reaction mixture was stirred at
room temperature overnight. Next, an aqueous solution of HCl (1 M; 15 mL) was added. The organic layer was
separated, washed with water (15 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The
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residue was purified by column chromatography to afford product 1g as a faint yellow liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 7.46 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (s,
3H), 1.58 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H).
Procedures for Synthesis of Phenethyl 2-chloropropanoate (1h, Table 3).21a 2ꢀChloropropionyl chloride
(0.534 mL, 5.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of phenethyl alcohol (0.6 mL, 5 mmol) and pyridine
(0.44 mL, 5.5 mmol) in 8 mL dichloromethane at 0 °C, then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature
overnight. Next, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and an aqueous solution of HCl (1 M; 15
mL) was added. The organic layer was separated, washed with water (15 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried over
anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography to afford product 1h as a
colorless liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32 – 7.22 (m, 5H), 4.43 – 4.33 (m, 3H), 2.98 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H),
1.64 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.0, 137.3, 128.9, 128.6, 126.7, 66.3, 52.5, 34.9, 21.5.
Procedures for Synthesis of Phenethyl 2-iodopropanoate (1i, Table 3).21b To a stirred solution of sodium
iodide (1.5g, 10 mmol) in acetone (5 mL) was added phenethyl 2ꢀchloropropanoate (1.06g, 5 mmol). The mixture
was stirred at 50 °C overnight, and then the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
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chromatography to afford product 1i as a faint yellow liquid. H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.35 – 7.21 (m, 5H),
4.46 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.42 – 4.30 (m, 2H), 2.97 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (125
MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.8, 137.4, 129.0, 128.6, 126.7, 66.2, 34.7, 23.3, 12.9. HRMS (ESI) calcd for C11H14IO2+ ([M +
H]+): 305.0038, found 305.0042.
Typical Procedures for the Ru(II)-catalyzed Dehalogenation. To a flameꢀdried Schlenk tube changed with a
magnetic stirring bar was added [RuCl2(cymene)]2 (3.1 mg, 0.005 mmol), CsOAc (46.1 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv)
or tBuOK (26.9 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv), halide (0.2 mmol) and isopropanol (1 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere.
The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 20ꢀ24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature
before filtered over silica gel, and then the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by flash
column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc or cyclohexane/dichloromethane/EtOAc) to give the
desired dehalogenation products. For reactions that lead to volatile products, an internal standard (dodecane or
toluene) was added to the cooled mixture, and the yields were calculated by GC/GC–MS analysis, as were
indicated in related tables.
Benzamide (entries 1 – 4, Table 2): 22a eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1, white solid (entry 1: 21.5 mg, 88%;
entry 2: 23.8 mg, 98%; entry 3: 20.3 mg, 83%; entry 4: 22.7 mg, 93% ); mp 125−127 °C; 1H NMR (entry 1, Table 2,
500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.29 (bs, 2H); 13
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NMR (entry 1, Table 2, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.7, 133.5, 132.0, 128.6, 127.4.
1H NMR (entry 2, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J = 7.6
Hz, 2H), 6.26 (bs, 2H).
1H NMR (entry 3, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J = 7.6
Hz, 2H), 6.18 (bs, 2H).
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1H NMR (entry 4, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J = 7.6
Hz, 2H), 6.18 (bs, 2H).
4ꢀMethylbenzamide (entry 5, Table 2): 16 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1, white solid (26.2 mg, 96%); mp
158−161 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.07 (bs, 2H), 2.40 (s,
3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 167.8, 141.0, 131.5, 128.7, 127.5, 20.9.
3ꢀMethylbenzamide (entry 6, Table 2): 16 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1, white solid (19.9 mg, 74%); mp
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90−93 °C; H NMR (500 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 7.93 (bs, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.68 (t, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 5.0
Hz, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 168.0, 137.4, 134.3, 131.7, 128.0, 124.6, 20.9.
NꢀEthylbenzamide (entry 7, Table 2): 22b eluent: dichloromethane/EtOAc = 20/1, white solid (27.8 mg, 93%); mp
62−65 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 8.48 (bs, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45
(t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.33 – 3.24 (m, 2H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 165.9, 134.7,
130.97, 128.2, 127.1, 34.0, 14.8.
NꢀBenzylbenzamide (entry 8, Table 2): 22b eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 3/1, white solid (32.7 mg, 78%); mp
102−105 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 9.08 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.3 Hz,
1H), 7.48 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 4H), 7.27 – 7.21 (m, 1H), 4.50 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125
MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 166.2, 140.0, 134.3, 131.2, 128.3, 128.3, 127.2, 127.2, 126.7, 42.6.
NꢀPhenylbenzamide (entry 9, Table 2): 22c eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 8/1, white solid (35.4 mg, 89%); mp
160−162 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 10.26 (s, 1H), 8.01 – 7.90 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.63 –
7.57 (m, 1H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (125 MHz,
d6ꢀDMSO) δ 165.5, 139.2, 135.0, 131.5, 128.6, 128.3, 127.6, 123.6, 120.3.
N,NꢀDimethylbenzamide (entry 10, Table 2): 22b eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 2/1, light yellow oil (27.4 mg,
93%); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 – 7.39 (m, 5H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 171.7, 136.3, 129.5, 128.3, 127.0, 39.6, 35.3.
Benzenesulfonamide (entry 11, Table 2): 22d eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 2/1, white solid (25.0 mg, 79%);
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mp 150−152 °C; H NMR (500 MHz; d6ꢀDMSO) δ 7.88– 7.79 (m, 2H), 7.64 – 7.52 (m, 3H), 7.36 (bs, 2H); 13C
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NMR (125 MHz; d6ꢀDMSO) δ 144.2, 131.7, 128.9, 125.6.
2ꢀPhenylacetamide (entry 12, Table 2): 22e eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/1, white solid (24.0 mg, 90%); mp
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91−93 °C; H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37 – 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.32 – 7.24 (m, 3H), 5.90 (bs, 1H), 5.44 (bs, 1H),
3.57 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.7, 134.9, 129.4, 129.1, 127.4, 43.3.
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2HꢀBenzo[b][1,4]oxazinꢀ3(4H)ꢀone (entry 13, Table 2): 22f eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 4/1, white solid
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(21.4 mg, 72%); mp 170−173 °C; H NMR (500 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.03 – 6.83 (m, 4H), 4.56 (s,
2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, d6ꢀDMSO) δ 164.9, 143.2, 127.2, 123.0, 122.3, 116.1, 115.8, 66.7.
Benzoic acid (entry 15, Table 2): 23 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 5/1, white solid (19.6 mg, 78%); mp
122−124 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.89 (bs, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47
(t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.3, 133.8, 130.2, 129.4, 128.5.
3ꢀMethylbenzoic acid (entry 16, Table 2): 23 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 5/1, white solid (25.4 mg, 93%);
mp 105−108 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.81 (bs, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H),
7.35 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.6, 138.3, 134.6, 130.7, 129.3, 128.4,
127.4, 21.3.
1HꢀIndole (entries 17 and 18, Table 2):24 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 40/1, white solid (entry 17: 16.6 mg,
70%; entry 18: 15.3 mg, 65%); mp 47−49 °C; 1H NMR (entry 17, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.92 (bs, 1H), 7.64
(dd, J = 7.9, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 – 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.14 – 7.07 (m, 2H), 6.55ꢀ6.50 (m,
1H); 13C NMR (entry 17, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 135.8, 127.9, 124.2, 122.0, 120.8, 120.0, 111.1, 102.6.
1H NMR (entry 18, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.10 (bs, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H),
7.22 – 7.16 (m, 2H), 7.15– 7.08 (m, 1H), 6.60 – 6.52 (m, 1H).
Pyridinꢀ2ꢀamine (entry 20, Table 2): 25 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1/5, light yellow oil (7.5 mg, 40%); 1H
NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (dd, J = 5.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (ddd, J = 7.2,
5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.4, 148.1, 137.8, 114.0,
108.6.
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9HꢀFluorene (entry 25, Table 2): 26a eluent: petroleum ether, white solid (33.1 mg, >99%); mp 108−111 °C; H
NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (t, J =
7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.3, 141.7, 126.8, 125.1, 119.9, 37.0.
1,1'ꢀBiphenyl (entries 36 and 37, Table 2):26b eluent: petroleum ether, white solid (entry 36: 29.3 mg, 96%; entry
37: 29.8 mg, 96%); mp 66−68 °C; 1H NMR (entry 36, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 7.43 (t,
J = 7.7 Hz, 4H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (entry 36, 125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 141.3, 128.8, 127.3, 127.2.
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1H NMR (entry 37, Table 2, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.43 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.3
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Phenethyl hexanoate (2b):27a eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 80/1, colorless liquid (34.5 mg, 78%); H NMR
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(500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.30 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 – 7.18 (m, 3H), 4.28 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (t, J = 7.1 Hz,2H),
2.27 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.66 – 1.52 (m, 2H), 1.34 – 1.21 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 173.8, 137.9, 128.9, 128.5, 126.5, 64.7, 35.2, 34.3, 31.3, 24.6, 22.3, 13.9.
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Benzyl hexanoate (2c):27a eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 80/1, colorless liquid (27.2 mg, 66%); 1H NMR (500
MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40 – 7.28 (m, 5H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 2.35 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.71 – 1.56 (m, 2H), 1.36 – 1.24 (m, 4H),
0.88 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.7, 136.2, 128.6, 128.2, 128.2, 66.1, 34.3, 31.3, 24.7,
22.3, 13.9.
NꢀMethylꢀNꢀphenylhexanamide (2d): 27b eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 15/1, colorless liquid (16.9 mg, 43%);
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (s,
3H), 2.13 – 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.67 – 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.28 – 1.13 (m, 4H), 0.82 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 173.3, 144.3, 129.7, 127.7, 127.3, 37.3, 34.1, 31.5, 25.3, 22.4, 13.9.
NꢀMethylꢀNꢀphenylacetamide (2e): 28 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 10/1, white solid (24.0 mg, 82%); mp
94−95 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H),
3.27 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.5, 144.7, 129.7, 127.7, 127.1, 37.1, 22.3.
NꢀMethylꢀNꢀphenylpropionamide (2f): 28 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 10/1, white solid (2f from 1f: 17.6 mg,
54%; 2f from 1g: 17.0 mg, 51%); mp 49−52 °C; 1H NMR (2f from 1f, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H),
7.33 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.11ꢀ2.06 (m, 2H), 1.05 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C
NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.9, 144.3, 129.7, 127.6, 127.3, 37.3, 27.5, 9.7.
1H NMR (2f from 1g, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.5 Hz,
2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.08 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).
Phenethyl propionate (2h): 29 eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 50/1, colorless liquid (2h from 1h: 24.9 mg, 67%;
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2h from 1i: 25.1 mg, 71%); H NMR (2h from 1h, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 – 7.17 (m, 5H), 4.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz,
2H), 2.94 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (q, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.12 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.4,
137.9, 128.9, 128.5, 126.5, 64.8, 35.2, 27.6, 9.1.
1H NMR (2h from 1i, 500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.37 – 7.16 (m, 5H), 4.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H),
2.31 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H).
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
Supporting Information
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The Supporting Information is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
Copies of 1H and 13C NMR spectra for isolated compounds and GC/GCꢀMS analysis for volatile products.
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
* xyz@wzu.edu.cn
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the NSFC (21372178 and 21572163) for financial support. T.Y. is supported by the Graduate
Innovation Foundation of Wenzhou University (3162015037). Z.W. is supported by Scientific Innovation Program
for University Students of Zhejiang Province (2016R426061).
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Simon, A. M.; Yamada, T.; Mimura, K.; Ishimoto, K.; Tashiro, M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 4145.
(2) (a) Grushin, V. V.; Alper, H. Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 1047. (b) Alonso, F.; Beletskaya, I. P.; Yus, M. Chem. Rev.
2002, 102, 4009. (c) Nguyen, J. D.; D'Amato, E. M.; Stephenson, C. R. J. Reduction of Alkenyl Halides to Alkenes,
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TOC Graphic
O
X
O
H
YR''
Ar
[RuCl2(p-cymene)]2, base
YR''
iPrOH , 100 o
X = Cl, Br, I
C
R'
R'
or
X
H
or
Ar
Cheap Ru(II) catalysis
Low catalyst loading
Broad substrate scope
Simple procedures
Gram-scale synthesis
Quantitative yield
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