Aliphatic aldehydes in multicomponent syntheses of 4-alkyl-substituted partially hydrogenated quinolines, fused 4H-pyrans, and 2-amino-4-ethyl-5- methylbenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile

Article abstract of DOI:10.1134/S1070428006040142

The Knoevenagel condensation of aliphatic aldehydes with CH acids, malonodinitrile, cyanothioacetamide, cyclohexane-1,3-dione, dimedone, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 3-aminophenol, and N-(cyclohex-1-enyl)-morpholine leads to formation of 4-alkyl-substituted partially hydrogenated quinolines, fused 4H-pyrans, and 2-amino-4-ethyl-5-methylbenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile. The structure of the latter was proved by the X-ray diffraction data. Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.

Full text of DOI:10.1134/S1070428006040142

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$/,3+$7,&ꢃꢃ$/'(+<'(6ꢃꢃ,1ꢃꢃ08/7,&20321(17ꢃꢃ6<17+(6(6ꢃ
ꢀꢂꢉꢃ
LWDWHꢃZDVꢃZDVKHGꢃZLWKꢃHWKDQROꢃDQGꢃKH[DQHꢍꢃ<LHOGꢃꢄꢍꢊꢂJꢃ ꢂꢍꢄꢏꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢊꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢂꢅꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ
ꢋꢁꢄTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢇꢂꢉ±ꢇꢂꢀƒ&ꢃꢋIURPꢃLꢈ3U2+ꢌꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢏꢄꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ
+
FP ꢎꢃ ꢉꢁꢅꢁꢃ ꢋ2+ꢌꢒꢃ ꢉꢊꢊꢇꢆꢃ ꢉꢉꢀꢏꢆꢃ ꢉꢄꢑꢅꢃ ꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃ ꢇꢇꢇꢊꢃ )RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢄꢂꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢅꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢀꢅꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOꢈ
ꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢁꢉꢇꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃꢃ
ꢄꢍꢅꢄꢃGꢃꢋꢁ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢅꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢅꢊꢃPꢃ>ꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+ꢋ0Hꢌ @ꢆꢃ
ꢇꢍꢑꢂꢃGꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢅꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢀꢇꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢁꢍꢂꢏꢃVꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢑꢑꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢀꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢂꢇꢃGꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ ꢁꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃ ꢄꢅꢍꢄꢇꢃ EUꢍVꢃ ꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ 2+ꢌꢍꢃ 0DVVꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ Pꢐ]ꢃ
ꢋ, ꢆꢃTꢌꢎꢃꢇꢊꢇꢃꢋꢄꢅꢅꢌꢃ>0ꢃꢈꢃꢄ@ ꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢀꢂꢒꢃꢃ
+ꢃꢁꢍꢄꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢂꢍꢇꢀꢍꢃ& + 1 2ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢁꢑꢒꢃ
+ꢃꢁꢍꢇꢂꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢂꢍꢊꢄꢍꢃ
FXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢉꢀꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢇꢄꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢁꢊꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁꢌꢃꢁPHWK\OSURS\OꢍꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURꢁ
S\UDQR>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ,;Gꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃ
ꢇꢍꢀꢏꢃ Jꢃ ꢋꢏꢂTꢌꢆꢃ PSꢃ ꢇꢅꢇ±ꢇꢅꢊƒ&ꢍꢃ ,5ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ FP ꢎꢃ
ꢉꢉꢑꢑꢆꢃ ꢉꢇꢏꢁꢆꢃ ꢉꢄꢑꢂꢃ ꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃ ꢇꢇꢄꢇꢃ ꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢂꢅꢀꢃ ꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢅꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢂꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢅꢍꢑꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢇꢀ±
ꢄꢍꢀꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢂꢊꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢉꢑꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢉꢍꢊꢏꢃGꢃ
ꢋꢅꢍꢀ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢊꢍꢏꢇꢃ+]ꢒꢃSUHVXPDEO\ꢆꢃWKHꢃVLJQDOꢃLVꢃ
GRXEOHGꢃGXHꢃWRꢃWKHꢃSUHVHQFHꢃRIꢃWZRꢃGLDVWHUHRLVRPHUVꢌꢆꢃ
ꢂꢍꢇꢉꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢊꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢂꢅꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ
ꢀꢁ6XEVWLWXWHG ꢃꢁDPLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURS\UDQRꢁ
>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOHV ,;D±,;H ꢌJHQHUDO
SURFHGXUHꢍꢇꢃ0RUSKROLQHꢆꢃ ꢅꢍꢅꢑꢃ POꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃ PPROꢌꢆꢃ ZDVꢃ
DGGHGꢃWRꢃDꢃPL[WXUHꢃRIꢃꢄꢅꢃPPROꢃRIꢃDOGHK\GHꢃ,F±,MꢃDQGꢃ
ꢅꢍꢁꢁꢃJꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃPPROꢌꢃRIꢃPDORQRGLQLWULOHꢃꢋ,,ꢌꢃLQꢃꢄꢀꢃPOꢃRIꢃ
HWKDQROꢃXQGHUꢃVWLUULQJꢃDWꢃꢇꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ7KHꢃPL[WXUHꢃZDVꢃVWLUUHGꢃ
IRUꢃꢀꢃPLQꢆꢃꢄꢍꢁꢇꢃJꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃPPROꢌꢃRIꢃꢊꢈK\GUR[\FRXPDULQꢃ
ZDVꢃDGGHGꢆꢃDQGꢃWKHꢃPL[WXUHꢃZDVꢃVWLUUHGꢃIRUꢃꢉꢅꢃPLQꢃDQGꢃ
ZDVꢃOHIWꢃWRꢃVWDQGꢃIRUꢃꢇꢊꢃKꢍꢃ7KHꢃFRORUOHVVꢃFU\VWDOOLQHꢃ
SURGXFWꢃZDVꢃILOWHUHGꢃRIIꢆꢃZDVKHGꢃZLWKꢃHWKDQROꢃDQGꢃ
KH[DQHꢆꢃDQGꢃUHFU\VWDOOL]HGꢃIURPꢃHWKDQROꢍꢃ
+
ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢂꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ
)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢏꢍꢂꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢇꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢉꢄꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOꢈ
FXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢏꢍꢑꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢊꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢊꢀꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁQRQ\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURS\UDQRꢁ
>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ,;Hꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢉꢍꢇꢉꢃJꢃ
ꢋꢏꢏTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢇꢂ±ꢄꢇꢏƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢅꢅꢆꢃ
ꢉꢇꢏꢄꢆꢃꢉꢄꢑꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢂꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢅꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢊꢃ
ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢏꢄꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢇ±ꢄꢍꢉꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢄꢊ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢁꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢃ
ꢊꢈ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢉꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢇꢂꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ
1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢊꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢁꢑꢃGꢍGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃ
ꢂꢍꢄꢀꢆꢃꢇꢍꢅꢉꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢂꢂꢃGꢍGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢊꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢁꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ
)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢏꢑꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢉꢇꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOꢈ
FXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢇꢍꢄꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢊꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁPHWK\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURS\UDQRꢁ
>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ,;Dꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢉꢊꢃJꢃ
ꢋꢑꢇTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢇꢄꢏ±ꢇꢇꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢄꢅꢆꢃ
ꢉꢉꢊꢊꢆꢃꢉꢇꢅꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢄꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢏꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢂꢃ
ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃ ꢄꢍꢉꢏꢃ Gꢃ ꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ 0Hꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢉꢑꢃTꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢅꢀꢃEUꢍVꢃ
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢊꢅꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢁꢁꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃ
ꢏꢍꢅꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢏꢊꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢏꢍꢅꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃꢃ
&ꢃꢁꢀꢍꢑꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢊꢍꢄꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢏꢊꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢁꢁꢍꢄꢊꢒꢃ+ꢃꢉꢍꢑꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢄꢍꢅꢇꢍꢃ
ꢀꢁ6XEVWLWXWHG ꢃꢂꢊꢁGLDPLQRꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUꢁ
ERQLWULOHV ;D DQG ;EꢃZHUHꢃV\QWKHVL]HGꢃDVꢃGHVFULEHGꢃ
DERYHꢃIRUꢃFRPSRXQGVꢃ,;ꢃIURPꢃDOGHK\GHVꢃ,MꢃDQGꢃ,Lꢆꢃ
UHVSHFWLYHO\ꢆꢃDQGꢃꢄꢍꢅꢑꢃJꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃPPROꢌꢃRIꢃꢉꢈDPLQRSKHQROꢃ
ꢋ,9ꢌꢃLQVWHDGꢃRIꢃꢊꢈK\GUR[\FRXPDULQꢍꢃ7KHꢃSURGXFWVꢃZHUHꢃ
UHFU\VWDOOL]HGꢃIURPꢃHWKDQROꢍꢃꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢁXQGHF\OꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURS\UDQRꢁ
>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ,;Eꢍꢇꢃ <LHOGꢃ ꢉꢍꢀꢀꢃ Jꢃ
ꢋꢑꢅTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢇꢏ±ꢄꢉꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢅꢂꢆꢃ
ꢉꢉꢅꢇꢆꢃꢉꢄꢏꢏꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢄꢑꢂꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢀꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢉꢑꢃ
ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃ ꢅꢍꢏꢁꢃ Wꢃ ꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ 0Hꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢀ±ꢄꢍꢉꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢄꢏ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢀꢏꢃPꢃDQGꢃ
ꢄꢍꢂꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢊꢈ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢁꢍꢑꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢄꢁꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢊꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢃ
ꢂꢍꢂꢅꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢏꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢇꢍꢏꢂꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢊꢑꢒꢃ1ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢀꢍꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢅꢂꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢅꢍꢃ
ꢃꢂꢊꢁ'LDPLQRꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁPHWK\OEXW\Oꢍꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁ
FDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;Dꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢄꢍꢑꢏꢃJꢃꢋꢂꢂTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢀꢄ±ꢄꢀꢉƒ&ꢍꢃ
,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢇꢄꢄ±ꢉꢊꢅꢇꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢇꢄꢉꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢏꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢁꢄꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢏꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢅꢍꢏꢀꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢇꢃPꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢉꢀ±ꢄꢍꢁꢁꢃPꢃꢋꢊ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢄꢏꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢉꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢀꢍꢅꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢇꢈ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢄꢏꢃVꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢁꢍꢉꢇꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢀꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢇꢁꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢀꢄꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ1+ ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢁꢍꢏꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢇꢁꢃ+]ꢌꢍꢃ0DVVꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃPꢐ]ꢃꢃ
ꢋ, ꢆꢃTꢌꢎꢃꢇꢀꢏꢃꢋꢂꢍꢄꢌꢃ>0ꢃꢓꢃꢄ@ ꢆꢃꢇꢀꢂꢃꢋꢊꢍꢁꢌꢃ>0@ ꢆꢃꢄꢏꢂꢃꢋꢉꢑꢍꢀꢌꢆꢃ
ꢄꢏꢁꢃꢋꢄꢅꢅꢌꢃ>0ꢃ±ꢃ0H&+3U@ ꢆꢃꢄꢊꢉꢃꢋꢄꢏꢍꢉꢌꢆꢃꢄꢉꢄꢃꢋꢄꢑꢍꢂꢌꢆꢃꢄꢄꢊꢃ
ꢋꢄꢇꢍꢀꢌꢆꢃꢏꢇꢃꢋꢄꢅꢍꢑꢌꢆꢃꢂꢇꢃꢋꢀꢍꢂꢌꢃ>0H&+3Uꢃꢓꢃꢄ@ ꢆꢃꢁꢁꢃꢋꢊꢍꢊꢌꢃ
>&+ ꢋ&1ꢌ @ ꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢏꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢂꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢁꢍꢄꢏꢍꢃ
& + 1 2ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢅꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢊꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢁꢍꢉꢉꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁKH[\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢂꢄꢁGLK\GURS\UDQRꢁ
>ꢆꢂꢃꢁF@FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ,;Fꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢏꢑꢃJꢃ
ꢋꢏꢑTꢌꢆꢃ PSꢃ ꢄꢂꢅ±ꢄꢂꢄƒ&ꢍꢃ ,5ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ FP ꢎꢃ ꢉꢉꢑꢁꢆꢃ
ꢉꢉꢄꢏꢆꢃꢉꢇꢅꢇꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢅꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢂꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢉꢑꢃ
ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃ ꢅꢍꢏꢇꢃ Wꢃ ꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ 0Hꢆꢃꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢄ±ꢄꢍꢉꢂꢃPꢃꢋꢏ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢀꢊꢃPꢃDQGꢃꢃ
ꢃꢂꢊꢁ'LDPLQRꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁSKHQ\OHWK\Oꢍꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁ
ꢄꢍꢂꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢊꢈ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃ FDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;Eꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢄꢍꢏꢂꢃJꢃꢋꢁꢊTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢁꢅ±ꢄꢁꢇƒ&ꢍꢃ
5866,$1ꢃꢃ-2851$/ꢃꢃ2)ꢃꢃ25*$1,&ꢃꢃ&+(0,675<ꢃꢃꢃ9ROꢍꢃꢃꢊꢇꢃꢃꢃ1Rꢍꢃꢃꢊꢃꢃꢃꢇꢅꢅꢁꢃ

'<$&+(1.2ꢆꢃꢃ&+(51(*$ꢃ
ꢀꢂꢊꢃ
,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢄꢑꢏ±ꢉꢊꢇꢇꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢇꢄꢀꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢆꢃ &+ ꢆꢃ&+ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢏꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢄꢍꢇꢄꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ ꢁꢍꢏꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢀꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢊꢍꢑꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢏꢂꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+0HꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢇꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢃ ꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢀꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃꢃ
ꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢊꢍꢂꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢀꢍꢅꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢅꢏꢃVꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢃ &ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢄꢊꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢀꢂꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢁꢇꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
ꢏꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢇꢑꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢀꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢅꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢊꢇꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢃ
ꢇꢈ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢂꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢅꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢑꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ
&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢇꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢂꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢂꢁꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁKH[\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁ
FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Fꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢄꢑꢃJꢃꢋꢏꢅTꢌꢆꢃ
PSꢃꢄꢄꢄ±ꢄꢄꢇƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢇꢀꢆꢃꢉꢉꢄꢊꢆꢃ
ꢉꢄꢏꢅꢃ ꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃ ꢇꢄꢑꢑꢃ ꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢂꢄꢇꢃ ꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢁꢉꢂꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ
+ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢏꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢂꢍꢇꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢀ±ꢄꢍꢇꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢄꢅ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢊꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢄꢍꢑꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢂꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢄꢏꢃWꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢊꢍꢏꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢂꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢏꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢂꢍꢑꢄꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢄꢉꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢅꢊꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢅꢏꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢇꢄꢍꢃ
+
ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢄꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢊꢍꢅꢇꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢁꢑꢒꢃ
1ꢃꢄꢊꢍꢉꢅꢍꢃ& + 1 2ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢊꢍꢇꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢏꢏꢒꢃ
1ꢃꢄꢊꢍꢊꢇꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁHWK\OꢁꢄꢁPHWK\OEHQ]HQHꢁꢅꢂꢆꢁGLFDUERꢁ
QLWULOH ꢌ;,ꢍꢇꢃ0RUSKROLQHꢆꢃꢅꢍꢅꢑꢃPOꢃꢋꢄꢃPPROꢌꢆꢃZDVꢃDGGHGꢃ
WRꢃDꢃPL[WXUHꢃRIꢃꢅꢍꢂꢉꢃPOꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃPPROꢌꢃRIꢃSURSLRQDOGHK\GHꢃ
ꢋ,FꢌꢃDQGꢃꢅꢍꢁꢁꢃJꢃꢋꢄꢅꢃPPROꢌꢃRIꢃPDORQRGLQLWULOHꢃꢋ,,ꢌꢃLQꢃꢃ
ꢄꢀꢃPOꢃRIꢃHWKDQROꢃXQGHUꢃVWLUULQJꢃDWꢃꢇꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ7KHꢃPL[WXUHꢃ
ZDVꢃVWLUUHGꢃIRUꢃꢄꢅꢃPLQꢃDQGꢃOHIWꢃWRꢃVWDQGꢃIRUꢃꢊꢏꢃKꢆꢃDQGꢃ
WKHꢃ SUHFLSLWDWHꢃ ZDVꢃ ILOWHUHGꢃ RIIꢃ DQGꢃ ZDVKHGꢃ ZLWKꢃ
HWKDQROꢃDQGꢃKH[DQHꢍꢃ7KHꢃSURGXFWꢃVKRZHGꢃIOXRUHVFHQFHꢃ
XQGHUꢃ89ꢃLUUDGLDWLRQꢍꢃ<LHOGꢃꢄꢍꢇꢊꢃJꢃꢋꢁꢂTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢇꢇ±
ꢄꢇꢉƒ&ꢃꢋIURPꢃ(W2+ꢌꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢀꢄꢆꢃꢉꢉꢁꢅꢆꢃ
ꢉꢇꢂꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢇꢇꢆꢃꢇꢇꢄꢅꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢉꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃ
VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢄꢍꢄꢁꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0H&+ ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢇꢍꢄꢂꢃVꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0HꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢂꢉꢃTꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢅꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ
1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢉꢏꢃVꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢌꢍꢃ0DVVꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃPꢐ]ꢃꢋ, ꢆꢃTꢌꢎꢃ
ꢄꢏꢁꢃꢋꢄꢀꢌꢃ>0ꢃꢓꢃꢄ@ ꢆꢃꢄꢏꢀꢃꢋꢄꢅꢅꢌꢃ>0@ ꢆꢃꢄꢏꢊꢃꢋꢇꢉꢌꢃ>0ꢃ±ꢃꢄ@ ꢆꢃ
ꢄꢂꢅꢃꢋꢏꢁꢌꢆꢃꢄꢀꢁꢃꢋꢊꢊꢌꢆꢃꢄꢊꢉꢃꢋꢄꢀꢌꢆꢃꢄꢇꢑꢃꢋꢏꢌꢆꢃꢄꢄꢁꢃꢋꢇꢉꢌꢆꢃꢄꢅꢇꢃ
ꢋꢑꢌꢆꢃꢏꢑꢃꢋꢄꢉꢌꢆꢃꢂꢂꢃꢋꢄꢇꢌꢆꢃꢁꢉꢃꢋꢏꢌꢆꢃꢀꢄꢃꢋꢄꢉꢌꢆꢃꢉꢑꢃꢋꢄꢊꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃ
Tꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢄꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢅꢏꢒꢃ1ꢃꢇꢇꢍꢂꢊꢍꢃ& + 1 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢉꢉꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢑꢑꢒꢃ1ꢃꢇꢇꢍꢁꢏꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁPHWK\OEXW\OꢍꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDꢁ
K\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Gꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃ
ꢇꢍꢇꢄꢃ Jꢃ ꢋꢏꢀTꢌꢆꢃ PSꢃ ꢄꢉꢅ±ꢄꢉꢇƒ&ꢍꢃ ,5ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ FP ꢎꢃ
ꢉꢉꢑꢁꢆꢃꢉꢇꢏꢏꢆꢃꢉꢇꢅꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢅꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢊꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢇꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢁꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢅꢍꢏꢏꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢏꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢁ±
ꢄꢍꢂꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢀ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢆꢃ&+ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢇꢑꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ
ꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢁꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢄꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢃ
ꢉꢍꢄꢄꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢉꢍꢇꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢅꢍꢀ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢄꢏꢃ+]ꢒꢃWKHꢃ
VLJQDOVꢃLVꢃGRXEOHGꢃGXHꢃWRꢃWKHꢃSUHVHQFHꢃRIꢃWZRꢃGLDVWHUHRꢈ
LVRPHUVꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢅꢊꢒꢃꢃ
+ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢏꢇꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢇꢄꢒꢃ
+ꢃꢂꢍꢂꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢂꢁꢍꢃ
ꢀꢁ6XEVWLWXWHG ꢃꢁDPLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁ
ꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOHV ;,,D±;,,Qꢃ ZHUHꢃ V\Qꢈ
WKHVL]HGꢃ DVꢃ GHVFULEHGꢃ DERYHꢃ IRUꢃ FRPSRXQGVꢃ ,;ꢃ IURPꢃ
WKHꢃFRUUHVSRQGLQJꢃDOGHK\GHVꢃ,Gꢆꢃ,Iꢆꢃ,JꢆꢃDQGꢃ,L±,QꢃDQGꢃ
ꢄꢅꢃPPROꢃRIꢃ&+ꢃDFLGꢃ,,,DꢃRUꢃ,,,Eꢍꢃ7KHꢃSURGXFWVꢃZHUHꢃ
UHFU\VWDOOL]HGꢃIURPꢃHWKDQROꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢁꢌꢃꢁSKHQ\OHWK\OꢍꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDꢁ
K\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Hꢍꢇꢃ <LHOGꢃ
ꢇꢍꢅꢁꢃJꢃꢋꢂꢅTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢇꢇ±ꢄꢇꢉƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃ
ꢉꢊꢅꢁꢆꢃꢉꢇꢂꢀꢆꢃꢉꢇꢄꢇꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢄꢑꢀꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢅꢄꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢁꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢄꢍꢁꢁ±ꢄꢍꢑꢇꢃPꢃ
ꢋꢁ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢇꢑꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢂꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢉꢃWꢃ
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢇꢂꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢅꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢁꢍꢂꢀꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢄꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ+
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢇꢏꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢅꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢉꢉꢍꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢊꢀꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢄꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢀꢇꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁPHWK\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁ
FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Dꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢄꢍꢁꢉꢃJꢃꢋꢏꢅTꢌꢆꢃ
PSꢃꢇꢅꢄ±ꢇꢅꢇƒ&ꢃꢋVXEOLPHVꢃDWꢃꢄꢀꢅƒ&ꢌꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ
FP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢅꢑꢆꢃꢉꢉꢉꢀꢆꢃꢉꢇꢅꢉꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢄꢊꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢅꢅꢃ
ꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢁꢀꢇꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃꢃ
ꢄꢍꢄꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢏꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢏꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢇꢀꢃWꢃ
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢉꢍꢅꢀꢃTꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢀꢍꢊꢏꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢄꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ
)RXQGꢆꢃ Tꢎꢃ & ꢃ ꢁꢊꢍꢀꢀꢒꢃ +ꢃ ꢁꢍꢄꢇꢒꢃ 1ꢃ ꢄꢉꢍꢀꢏꢍꢃ & + 1 2 ꢍꢃ
&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢊꢍꢁꢑꢒꢃ+ꢃꢀꢍꢑꢇꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢉꢍꢂꢇꢍꢃ
ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢇꢉꢃPꢃꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢁꢌꢃꢁSKHQ\OSURS\OꢍꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDꢁ
K\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Iꢍꢇꢃ <LHOGꢃ
ꢄꢍꢑꢂꢃJꢃꢋꢁꢊTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢉꢇ±ꢄꢉꢉƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃ
ꢉꢉꢑꢄꢆꢃꢉꢇꢂꢅꢆꢃꢉꢄꢑꢁꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢄꢑꢑꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢅꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢊꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢄꢍꢄꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢏꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢀꢊꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+0HꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢊ+ꢆꢃ
&+ ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢏꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢃ
ꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢑꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢅꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢃ
ꢁꢍꢏꢀꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢇꢉ±ꢂꢍꢊꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢀ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃ
Tꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢏꢀꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢉꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢏꢂꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁHWK\OSURS\OꢍꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDꢁ
K\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Eꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃ
ꢇꢍꢁꢅꢃJꢃꢋꢏꢑTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢀꢇ±ꢄꢀꢉƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃ
ꢉꢊꢅꢅꢆꢃꢉꢉꢄꢇꢆꢃꢉꢄꢑꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢊꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢄꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢅꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃ ꢅꢍꢏꢊꢃ Wꢃ DQGꢃ
ꢅꢍꢑꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢄꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢏ±ꢄꢍꢊꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢀ+ꢆꢃ Tꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢊꢍꢅꢅꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢀꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢅꢏꢍꢃ
5866,$1ꢃꢃ-2851$/ꢃꢃ2)ꢃꢃ25*$1,&ꢃꢃ&+(0,675<ꢃꢃꢃ9ROꢍꢃꢃꢊꢇꢃꢃꢃ1Rꢍꢃꢃꢊꢃꢃꢃꢇꢅꢅꢁꢃ

$/,3+$7,&ꢃꢃ$/'(+<'(6ꢃꢃ,1ꢃꢃ08/7,&20321(17ꢃꢃ6<17+(6(6ꢃ
ꢀꢂꢀꢃ
WUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢏꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢂꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢄꢃPꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁSKHQ\OHWK\OꢍꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDꢁ
K\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Jꢍꢇꢃ <LHOGꢃ ꢋꢄꢅ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢇꢅꢃVꢃꢋꢁ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ0HꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢊꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃ
ꢇꢍꢀꢑꢃJꢃꢋꢏꢏTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢊꢑ±ꢄꢀꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃ ꢇꢍꢇꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢁꢍꢅꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢑꢃGꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃꢃ
ꢉꢊꢅꢊꢆꢃꢉꢇꢁꢇꢆꢃꢉꢄꢏꢀꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢁꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢄꢉꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢄꢂꢍꢑꢁꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢄꢂꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃꢉꢍꢄꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢉꢃEUꢍVꢃ
ꢄꢁꢊꢉꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢄꢍꢄꢅꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢑꢁꢒꢃ+ꢃꢑꢍꢅꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢂꢁꢍꢃ
0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢅꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢁꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+0HꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢊ+ꢆꢃꢃ
ꢂꢈ+ꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢏꢁꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢄꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢊꢄꢃGꢃꢃ
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢅꢉꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢏꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢇꢇꢃPꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢇꢍꢄꢇꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢑꢇꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢏꢀꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁKH[\OꢁꢊꢂꢊꢁGLPHWK\OꢁꢄꢁR[Rꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁ
WHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Oꢍꢇꢃ
<LHOGꢃ ꢇꢍꢏꢂꢃ Jꢃ ꢋꢑꢀTꢌꢆꢃ PSꢃ ꢄꢂꢇ±ꢄꢂꢉƒ&ꢍꢃ ,5ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ
FP ꢎꢃꢉꢉꢏꢂꢆꢃꢉꢇꢑꢀꢆꢃꢉꢇꢄꢄꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢑꢏꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢂꢅꢂꢃ
ꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢁꢊꢀꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ 105ꢃ VSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ SSPꢎꢃꢃ
ꢅꢍꢏꢏꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢀꢃVꢃDQGꢃꢄꢍꢅꢑꢃVꢃꢋꢉ+ꢃ
HDFKꢆꢃꢂꢈ0Hꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢇꢅ±ꢄꢍꢉꢇꢃPꢃꢋꢏ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢉꢏꢃPꢃDQGꢃꢃ
ꢄꢍꢊꢂꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢊꢈ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢄꢁꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢊꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃ
ꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢀꢍꢁꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢄꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢊꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢄꢁꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢊꢍꢅꢅꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢁꢄꢃEUꢍVꢃ
ꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢉꢉꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢀꢊꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢄꢂꢍꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢄꢍꢊꢑꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢁꢂꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢇꢁꢍꢃ
ꢋꢀ+ꢆꢃ+
ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢇꢇꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢅꢇꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢉꢀꢍꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢉꢍꢊꢀꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢄꢁꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢀꢇꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢀꢁKHSW\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁ
FKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH ꢌ;,,Kꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢇꢃJꢃꢋꢂꢂTꢌꢆꢃ
PSꢃꢄꢄꢁ±ꢄꢄꢏƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢅꢅꢆꢃꢉꢇꢏꢀꢆꢃ
ꢉꢄꢑꢏꢃ ꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃ ꢇꢇꢄꢅꢃ ꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢂꢄꢀꢃ ꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃ ꢄꢁꢊꢂꢃ ꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ
+ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃꢅꢍꢏꢂꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢁꢍꢏꢂꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢀ±ꢄꢍꢉꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢄꢊ+ꢆꢃꢁ&+ ꢆꢃꢂꢈ+ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢑꢀꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ
ꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢅꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢇꢃWꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢑꢀꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢄꢏꢃWꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢉꢍꢄꢑꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢏꢁꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢁꢑꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢇꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢀꢊꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ
&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢏꢅꢒꢃ+ꢃꢏꢍꢉꢑꢒꢃ1ꢃꢑꢍꢂꢄꢍꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢊꢂꢊꢁGLPHWK\OꢁꢀꢁꢌꢃꢁPHWK\OSURS\OꢍꢁꢄꢁR[Rꢁ
ꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH
ꢌ;,,Pꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢀꢏꢃJꢃꢋꢑꢊTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢁꢏ±ꢄꢂꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFꢈ
WUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢉꢏꢅꢆꢃꢉꢇꢑꢄꢆꢃꢉꢇꢄꢊꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢄꢑꢀꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢂꢅꢇꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢏꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃ
ꢅꢍꢁꢂꢃGꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0H&+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢁꢍꢊꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢅꢍꢑꢀꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0H&+ ꢆꢃ
-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢇꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢀꢃVꢃDQGꢃꢄꢍꢄꢅꢃVꢃꢋꢉ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢂꢈ0Hꢌꢆꢃꢃ
ꢄꢍꢇꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢊꢂꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢄꢊꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢀꢃGꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢀꢍꢂꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢀꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢊꢀꢃGꢃꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢏꢍꢊꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢇꢇꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢇꢍꢑꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢁꢂꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢁꢑꢍꢏꢂꢒꢃꢃ
+ꢃꢂꢍꢏꢏꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢅꢁꢍꢃ& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢅꢍꢅꢊꢒꢃ
+ꢃꢏꢍꢅꢏꢒꢃ1ꢃꢄꢅꢍꢇꢄꢍꢃ
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ꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH
ꢌ;,,Lꢍꢇꢃ<LHOGꢃꢇꢍꢀꢀꢃJꢃꢋꢂꢑTꢌꢆꢃPSꢃꢄꢑꢑ±ꢇꢅꢅƒ&ꢍꢃ,5ꢃVSHFꢈ
WUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃ FP ꢎꢃꢉꢊꢄꢄꢆꢃꢉꢇꢑꢁꢆꢃꢉꢇꢅꢅꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢄꢇꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢂꢄꢊꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢏꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃ
ꢄꢍꢅꢏꢃVꢃꢋꢁ+ꢆꢃꢂꢈ0HꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢇꢅꢃPꢃDQGꢃꢄꢍꢉꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃ
&+ 3KꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢄꢄꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢉꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢄꢀꢍꢁꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢄꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢉꢏꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢊꢏꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢇꢁꢃWꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢇꢍꢏꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢁꢍꢂꢑꢃEUꢍVꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ1+ ꢌꢆꢃꢂꢍꢄꢅꢃPꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢆꢃꢃ
ꢂꢍꢇꢉꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ+ ꢌꢍꢃ)RXQGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢊꢍꢊꢅꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢁꢀꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢀꢄꢍꢃ
& + 1 2 ꢍꢃ&DOFXODWHGꢆꢃTꢎꢃ&ꢃꢂꢊꢍꢀꢄꢒꢃ+ꢃꢁꢍꢏꢏꢒꢃ1ꢃꢏꢍꢁꢑꢍꢃꢃ
ꢃꢁ$PLQRꢁꢊꢂꢊꢁGLPHWK\OꢁꢄꢁR[RꢁꢀꢁꢌꢅꢁHWK\OSURS\Oꢍꢁ
ꢄꢂꢉꢂꢊꢂꢋꢁWHWUDK\GURꢁꢀ+ꢁFKURPHQHꢁꢆꢁFDUERQLWULOH
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WUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃFP ꢎꢃꢉꢉꢑꢂꢆꢃꢉꢉꢅꢊꢆꢃꢉꢇꢄꢑꢃꢋ1+ ꢌꢒꢃꢇꢇꢅꢅꢃꢋ& 1ꢌꢒꢃ
ꢄꢂꢄꢇꢃꢋ& 2ꢌꢒꢃꢄꢁꢊꢂꢃꢋ 1+ ꢌꢍꢃ +ꢃ105ꢃVSHFWUXPꢆꢃ ꢆꢃSSPꢎꢃ
ꢅꢍꢏꢊꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢂꢍꢁꢄꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢄꢃWꢃꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ0Hꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃꢃ
ꢂꢍꢁꢊꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢅꢊꢃVꢃDQGꢃꢄꢍꢅꢑꢃVꢃꢋꢉ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢂꢈ0HꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢄꢄꢃPꢃ
ꢋꢉ+ꢆꢃ&+&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢊꢄꢃPꢃꢋꢇ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢄꢀꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢊꢃGꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢁꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢊꢃGꢃDQGꢃꢇꢍꢊꢀꢃGꢃꢃ
ꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢏꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢏꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢉꢍꢉꢊꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃꢊꢈ+ꢆꢃ-ꢃ ꢃ
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ꢄꢍꢇꢀꢃPꢃꢋꢄ+ꢆꢃ&+0Hꢌꢆꢃꢄꢍꢉꢄ±ꢄꢍꢂꢑꢃPꢃꢋꢊ+ꢆꢃ&+ ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢄꢀꢃGꢃ
DQGꢃꢇꢍꢇꢊꢃGꢃꢋꢄ+ꢃHDFKꢆꢃꢁꢈ+ꢆꢃ -ꢃ ꢃꢄꢁꢍꢅꢇꢃ+]ꢌꢆꢃꢇꢍꢉꢀꢃGꢃDQGꢃ
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ꢄꢉꢍꢃ %XUNHꢈ/DLQJꢆꢃ 0ꢍꢃ DQGꢃ /DLQJꢆꢃ 0ꢍꢆꢃ $FWD &U\VWDOORJUꢁꢀ
6HFWꢁ %ꢆꢃꢄꢑꢂꢁꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢉꢇꢆꢃSꢍꢃꢉꢇꢄꢁꢍꢃ
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ꢄꢑꢏꢁꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢇꢇꢆꢃSꢍꢃꢄꢉꢄꢀꢒꢃ(OQDJGLꢆꢃ0ꢍ+ꢍꢆꢃ$DOꢆꢃ )ꢍ$ꢍ0ꢍ$ꢍꢆꢃ
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$OEDꢆꢃ /ꢍꢆꢃ 0DUWLQꢆꢃ 1ꢍꢆꢃ 0DUWLQH]ꢆꢃ 5ꢍꢆꢃ 4XLQWHULRꢆꢃ 0ꢍꢆꢃ
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DQGꢃ +HWHURF\FOLFꢃ &RPSRXQGVꢌꢆꢃ 6DUDWRYꢎꢃ 6DUDWRYꢍꢃ *RVꢍꢃ
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YROꢍꢃ ꢂꢏꢆꢃ Sꢍꢃ ꢀꢄꢇꢏꢒꢃ 6WRUNꢆꢃ *ꢍꢆꢃ %UL]]RODNDꢆꢃ $ꢍꢆꢃ /DQGHVꢈꢃ
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6RFꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢁꢉꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢏꢀꢆꢃSꢍꢃꢇꢅꢂꢍꢃ
ꢄꢁꢍꢃ 6KHVWRSDORYꢆꢃ $ꢍ0ꢍꢆꢃ (PHO¶\DQRYDꢆꢃ <Xꢍ0ꢍꢆꢃ DQGꢃ 1HVWHꢈꢃ
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URYꢆꢃ 9ꢍ1ꢍꢆꢃ ,]Yꢁ 5RVVꢁ $NDGꢁ 1DXNꢀ 6HUꢁ .KLPꢍꢆꢃ ꢇꢅꢅꢉꢆꢃꢃ
Sꢍꢃ ꢄꢄꢅꢉꢒꢃ 6KHVWRSDORYꢆꢃ$ꢍ0ꢍꢆꢃ (PHO¶\DQRYDꢆꢃ<Xꢍ0ꢍꢆꢃ DQGꢃ
1HVWHURYꢆꢃ9ꢍ1ꢍꢆꢃ,]Yꢁ 5RVVꢁ $NDGꢁ 1DXNꢀ 6HUꢁ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢇꢅꢅꢇꢆꢃ
Sꢍꢃ ꢇꢅꢂꢑꢒꢃ 5RGLQRYVND\Dꢆꢃ /ꢍ$ꢍꢆꢃ 6KHVWRSDORYꢆꢃ $ꢍ0ꢍꢆꢃ DQGꢃ
*URPRYDꢆꢃ$ꢍ9ꢍꢆꢃ,]Yꢁ 5RVVꢁ $NDGꢁ 1DXNꢀ 6HUꢁ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢇꢅꢅꢉꢆꢃ
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ꢂꢍꢃ6KDUDQLQꢆꢃ<Xꢍ$ꢍꢃDQGꢃ.ORNROꢆꢃ*ꢍ9ꢍꢆꢃ=Kꢁ 2UJꢁ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢏꢉꢆꢃ
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YROꢍꢃ ꢄꢑꢆꢃ Sꢍꢃ ꢄꢂꢏꢇꢒꢃ .ORNROꢆꢃ *ꢍ9ꢍꢆꢃ 6KDUDQLQDꢆꢃ /ꢍ*ꢍꢆꢃ 1HVWHꢈꢃ
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NRYꢆꢃ<Xꢍ7ꢍꢆꢃ=Kꢁ 2UJꢁ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢏꢂꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢇꢉꢆꢃSꢍꢃꢊꢄꢇꢍꢃ
ꢏꢍꢃ8UEDKQVꢆꢃ .ꢍꢆꢃ +HLQHꢆꢃ +ꢍꢈ*ꢍꢆꢃ -XQJHꢆꢃ %ꢍꢆꢃ 0DXOHUꢆꢃ )ꢍꢆꢃ:LWWꢈꢃ
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ꢄꢑꢑꢂꢒꢃ5HIꢁ =Kꢁꢀ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢑꢏꢆꢃQRꢍꢃꢄꢉ2ꢉꢑ3ꢒꢃ8UEDKQVꢆꢃ.ꢍꢆꢃ
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/DEꢍꢆꢃ8QLYꢍꢃRIꢃ2[IRUGꢆꢃꢄꢑꢑꢁꢍꢃ
ꢄꢏꢍꢃ 1RUWKꢆꢃ $ꢍ&ꢍ7ꢍꢆꢃ 3KLOOLSVꢆꢃ 'ꢍ&ꢍꢆꢃ 6FRWWꢆꢃ )ꢍꢆꢃ DQGꢃꢃ
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0DWKHZVꢆꢃ)ꢍ6ꢍꢆꢃ$FWD &U\VWDOORJUꢁꢀ 6HFW $ꢆꢃꢄꢑꢁꢏꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢇꢊꢆꢃ
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ꢃ 5HIꢁ =Kꢁꢀ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢑꢏꢆꢃQRꢍꢃꢄꢉ2ꢉꢏ3ꢍꢃ
ꢑꢍꢃ& DU\ꢆꢃ *ꢍ(ꢍꢃ DQGꢃ 4XLQQꢆꢃ 1ꢍ5ꢍꢆꢃ 86ꢃ 3DWHQWꢃ QRꢍꢃ ꢀꢁꢑꢁꢅꢀꢅꢆꢃ
ꢄꢑꢍꢃ &DUUXWKHUVꢆꢃ -ꢍ5ꢍꢃ DQGꢃ :DWNLQꢆꢃ 'ꢍ-ꢍꢆꢃ $FWD &U\VWDOORJUꢁꢀ
6HFWꢁ $ꢆꢃꢄꢑꢂꢑꢆꢃYROꢍꢃꢉꢀꢆꢃSꢍꢃꢁꢑꢏꢍꢃ
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ꢄꢑꢑꢂꢒꢃ5HIꢁ =Kꢁꢀ .KLPꢍꢆꢃꢄꢑꢑꢑꢆꢃQRꢍꢃꢇꢉ2ꢊꢏꢀ3ꢍꢃ
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