Thermochemical data on adducts of copper chloride with the amino acids lysine and glycine

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00181-8

Adducts of the general formula CuCl₂·nlys (n = 1,2,4;lys = lysine) and CuCl₂·ngly (n = 2,4;gly = glycine) were prepared by reacting the ligands with CuCl₂ in solid state. The adducts were characterized by elemental analysi

Full text of DOI:10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00181-8

Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
Thermochemical data on adducts of copper chloride
with the amino acids lysine and glycine
a
Leandro Martınez , Robson F. de Farias , Claudio Airoldi
b
a,*
´
Instituto de Quımica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
a
´
b
´
Departamento de Quımica, Universidade Federal de Roraima, 69310-270 Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
Received 10 September 2001; received in revised form 5 March 2002; accepted 9 March 2002
Abstract
Adducts of the general formula CuCl2ꢀnlys (n ¼ 1, 2, 4; lys ¼ lysine) and CuCl2ꢀngly (n ¼ 2, 4; gly ¼ glycine) were prepared
by reacting the ligands with CuCl2 in solid state. The adducts were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy
and thermogravimetry. In all cases, the cation is coordinated to the amino acids via amino and carbonyl groups. The standard
molar enthalpy of reaction in the condensed phase: CuCl2ðcÞ þ xLðcÞ ¼ CuCl2 ꢀ xLðcÞ; DrHmꢁ , was determined in aqueous
solution by the ampoule-breaking method. From DrHmꢁ and the standard enthalpies of formation of copper chloride and the
ligands, the standard molar enthalpies of formation of the adducts were calculated. The decomposition, lattice and reaction
enthalpies and the mean ligand–metal bond enthalpy were also determined through appropriate thermodynamic cycles.
# 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Copper chloride; Glycine; Lysine; Thermochemistry; Adduct
1. Introduction
potentially active sites in the formation of the peptide
bonds, the acid carboxyl group and the basic amino
group. However, natural amino acids can also include
other functional groups in the chain during the peptide
bond formation with sites for chemical activity in the
peptide chains [1].
When cations are incorporated in proteins, these
molecules manifest catalytic activity over countless
reactions involving biomolecules, such as enzymes,
whose action depends on metal complexation. This
feature calls attention to the importance in following
the interaction between cations with amino acids [2–4]
or some peptides [5,6].
Proteins constitute one of the most common classes
of substances present in biological systems. Their
chemical properties are of fundamental importance
to understand cell mechanisms as membrane trans-
port, secretion or digestion. Twenty naturally occur-
ring amino acids, joined together by peptide bonds,
form the common protein structures. The understand-
ing of the complexity of protein action in biological
systems, the interaction of forming blocks between the
set of amino acids and the species in living organisms
is of essential interest. Amino acids have two principal
In attempting to explore some aspects connected
to this interaction, a thermochemical study on adduct
conduct to a significant contribution to the under-
standing of the energetics of the metal–ligand bond.
* Corresponding author. Fax: þ55-19-788-3023.
E-mail address: airoldi@iqm.unicamp.br (C. Airoldi).
0040-6031/02/$ – see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 4 0 - 6 0 3 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 8 1 - 8

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L. Martınez et al. / Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
22
Adducts of cadmium–glycine [7,8], copper–arginine
and copper–alanine [9] have been recently published.
The present study is focused on copper, a metal
of particular importance in cell function, due to its
action in cellular nutrient absorption, transport, tissue
distribution, excretion and toxicological activity [1].
The thermochemistry study is based on adducts:
CuCl2ꢀnlys (n ¼ 1, 2 and 4) and CuCl2ꢀngly (n ¼ 2
and 4). A set of thermochemical parameters was
obtained through isothermic calorimetry, from which
metal–amino bond enthalpy has been calculated.
each enthalpic determination, at least four individual
ampoules were broken and the complete thermal
effects were recorded over 300 s. This period was
enough to bring the baseline to the steady-state equi-
librium condition. Ampoules containing masses vary-
ing from 5 to 100 mg of copper chloride, glycine,
lysine and the respective adducts were prepared under
anhydrous conditions in a dry-box under nitrogen
atmosphere. Uncertainty intervals associated with
the variation of the enthalpies of solution are quoted
as twice the standard deviation of the mean.
2. Experimental
3. Results and discussion
Reagent grade CuCl2ꢀ2H2O, lysine and glycine
were used. Anhydrous halide can be dehydrated from
CuCl2ꢀ2H2O [9,10], which original method consisted
in heating this compound in air at 110 8C for 2h
[11]. However, in the present case, dehydration was
carried out under reduced pressure at 60 8C for 2 h. A
brownish powder was obtained, which was kept over
phosphorus pentoxide and handled in dry nitrogen
atmosphere.
All prepared adducts appeared as blue powders. The
elemental carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen analyses are
in acceptable agreement with the proposed formula
established for these adducts, as shown in Table 1.
The main infrared bands affected by cation coordi-
nation are those related to the carboxyl groups of the
amino acid molecules for the five synthesized com-
pounds, as shown in Table 2. As can be observed, all
The adducts were prepared in a dry-box under a dry
nitrogen atmosphere. In a typical synthetic procedure
the desired stoichiometry of the reactants was
mechanically induced by grinding the solids in a
mortar for 1 h. In each case, the end of any reaction
was checked through absence of free amino bands in
the infrared spectrum. The synthesized adducts were
dried under vacuum at 50 8C for 8 h, before storage.
All adducts were characterized by means of a series
of techniques [12]. Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen
contents were determined using a Perkin-Elmer
microelemental analyzer. IR spectra were recorded
on a FTIR Bomem MB series apparatus in the range
4000–400 cmÀ1, with a resolution of 4 cmÀ1. The
spectra were obtained from powders in KBr discs.
Thermogravimetric curves were obtained in a Shi-
madzu TGA 50 apparatus in an argÀo1n atmosphere with
Table 1
Percentages of experimental (exp) and calculated (calc) values for
elemental analysis of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H)
for copper chloride adducts with lysine and glycine
Adduct
C (%)
Exp
N (%)
Exp
H (%)
Exp
Calc
Calc
Calc
CuCl2ꢀlys
25.9
33.5
39.1
17.0
21.5
25.67
9.5
9.98 5.1
4.99
6.56
7.79
3.51
4.60
CuCl2ꢀ2lys
CuCl2ꢀ4lys
CuCl2ꢀ2gly
CuCl2ꢀ4gly
33.76 12.6
40.08 14.9
16.87 10.1
22.09 12.0
13.13 6.1
15.59 7.1
9.84 3.7
12.89 4.7
Table 2
Infrared bands (cmÀ1) for lysine, glycine and their respective
adducts with copper(II) chloride
Compound
nas(COOÀ) nas(N–H)
ns(COOÀ)
ns(N–H)
a heating rate of 1:67 Â 10À1 K s
.
Lysine
1578
1623
2930
3255
1406
1375
2845
3150
CuCl2ꢀlys
CuCl2ꢀ2lys
CuCl2ꢀ4lys
All calorimetric measurements were performed
with a LKB 2250 isothermal instrument by using
the ampoule-breaking procedure [13,14]. All mea-
surements were obtained at 298:15 Æ 0:02 K, using
a 0.10 dm3 reaction vessel charged with distilled
water, which was used as calorimetric solvent. For
1624/1663 3245
1393/1380 3140
1655
3020
1393
2925
Glycine
1610
3471
1412
3410
CuCl2ꢀ2gly
CuCl2ꢀ4gly
1655
1408
1652/1615
1408/1418

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L. Martınez et al. / Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
23
synthesized adducts exhibit a positive shift of the
antisymmetric and a negative shift of the symmetric
stretching mode vibrations, in comparison to the free
ligands. This fact is in agreement with a ligand
coordination through the amidic nitrogen and an
oxygen atom of the COOÀ group, leaving the unco-
ordinated C=O group [7,8,15]. For CuCl2ꢀ2lys and
CuCl2ꢀ4gly adducts, splitting of the symmetric and
antisymmetric bands are observed, suggesting a stron-
ger metal–amino acid interaction for these com-
pounds. In case of lysine–copper adducts, it was
proposed a non-participation of o-NH2 terminal group
in the metal–amino acid bond, from spectroscopic and
thermodynamic studies [16]. The symmetric and anti-
symmetric nitrogen–hydrogen bands are also listed in
Table 1 for lysine compounds, but it was difficult to
locate them on those very broad bands in glycine
compounds. Then, for adduct containing four lysine
molecules it is expected that part of them are not
bidentated to copper, because the coordination number
8 is most unlike. In fact, these shifts in N–H bonds are
lower for such compounds, in agreement with the
existence of monodentate ligand to establish the coor-
dination number 6 for copper. On the other hand, when
heated the thermogravimetric curves did not distin-
guish this behavior.
The thermogravimetric curves for the adducts of
copper chloride involving lysine show a mass loss
related to the release of the ligand molecules, a loss
which occurred in a single step, suggesting that all
ligand molecules are bonded to the metal with iden-
tical strengths. The observed mass loss percentages
are in agreement with the (calculated) ones, such as:
55.0 (52.0), 68.0 (65.0) and 81.0 (78.0), for 1:1, 1:2
and 1:4 adducts, respectively.
The compound CuCl2ꢀ2gly presented a main step of
mass loss that occurred between 180 and 400 8C and
represents 48.0% of the total mass of the adduct, due to
the release of the glycine ligands. A new step between
400 and 700 8C represents 42.0% of the total mass of
the adduct and is due to the sublimation of the metal
halide.
The thermogravimetric curve for CuCl2ꢀ4gly adduct
showed three mass loss steps as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The first one is due to the release of two thirds of the
ligand molecules in the range 200–370 8C. The third
portion of the glycine molecule is released in the 370–
600 8C interval, followed by sublimation of the metal
halide in the last stage. The complete release of
glycine molecules represent 67.0% of total mass, in
good agreement with the calculated amount of 68.0%.
This total glycine mass loss in distinct stages are in
Fig. 1. Thermogravimetric curve of CuCl2ꢀ4gly, adduct, obtained under argon atmosphere.

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L. Martınez et al. / Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
24
Table 3
agreement with the infrared data, demonstrating that
the four glycine molecules are coordinated to copper.
However, part of them should be coordinated as
monodentated way, and consequently, affects more
strongly the profile of the thermogravimetric curve.
To obtain the energetic information about the amino
acids, represented generically by L, with copper in a
typical acid–base interactive process, a complete set of
thermochemical parameters was calculated. All these
data can be obtained from the standard molar enthalpy
of reaction in the condensed phase [7,8,14,17] and
the collected data which are based on the general
equation:
Standard molar enthalpies of dissolution (DsolHmꢁ ) of lysine,
glycine, copper chloride and adducts in appropriate solvents at
T ¼ 298:15 Æ 0:02 K
Reagent
Solvent
Solution
D
solHmꢁ
1
2
CuCl2(c)
H2O
A1
A1
A2
A2
A4
A5
A6
A7
B1
B2
B3
B4
À50.01 Æ 0.19
À29.16 Æ 1.36
8.10 Æ 0.40
lys(c)
CuCl2ꢀlys(c)
2lys(c)
3
H2O
A1
4
À60.38 Æ 1.69
26.95 Æ 0.72
À101.60 Æ 0.38
46.13 Æ 1.42
33.73 Æ 0.82
14.68 Æ 0.54
65.83 Æ 0.36
57.78 Æ 0.51
5
CuCl2ꢀ2lys(c)
4lys(c)
H2O
A1
6
7
CuCl2ꢀ4lys(c)
2gly(c)
H2O
A1
8
9
CuCl2ꢀ2gly(c)
4gly(c)
H2O
A1
10
11
CuCl2ðcÞ þ nLðcÞ ¼ CuCl2 ꢀ nLðcÞ; DrHmꢁ
CuCl2ꢀ4gly(c)
H2O
The standard molar enthalpic value might be
obtained from a sequence of dissolutions of reagents
and products in the calorimetric solvent, which was
distilled water. In each calorimetric reaction a strict
control of stoichiometry was maintained to ensure an
equivalence of the initial and final stages of the
reactions [18], as represented in the following thermo-
chemical cycle:
The enthalpic values for all dissolution processes
employed in the thermodynamic cycle are listed in
Table 3. Each enthalpic value of dissolution is a mean
value derived from at least five independent measure-
ments. By using the resulting DrHmꢁ value, as well as
the corresponding auxiliary data, a complete set of
thermochemical parameters were calculated and the
values are summarized in Table 4. Thus, the standard
molar enthalpy of formation of each adduct in con-
densed phase was calculated by considering the
CuCl2ðcÞ þ solvent ¼ Sol A; D1Hmꢁ
Sol A þ nLðcÞ ¼ Sol B; D2Hmꢁ
respective enthalpy of reactions, given by: DrHmꢁ
¼
CuCl2 ꢀ nLðcÞ þ solvent ¼ Sol C; D3Hmꢁ
Solution B ¼ Solution C; D4Hmꢁ
DrHmꢁ ðproductÞ À DrHꢁ ðreagentÞ. The enthalpy of
decomposition (DDHmꢁm) and lattice enthalpy (DMHꢁ )
are related to the following reactions: CuCl2 ꢀ 4LðcÞm¼
CuCl2ðcÞ þ 4LðgÞ and CuCl2 ꢀ 4LðsÞ ¼ CuCl2ðgÞþ
4LðgÞ [18], respectively. These enthalpy values were
calculated by using the equations:
A null enthalpy D4Hmꢁ value was obtained when
ampoules of mixtures of reactants were broken into a
solution of the product of each reaction. From these
values DrHmꢁ can be calculated by using Hess’ law,
through the equation:
DDHmꢁ ¼ ÀDrHmꢁ þ nDgcrHmꢁ ðLÞ
DMHmꢁ ¼ DDHmꢁ þ DgcrHmꢁ ðCuCl2Þ
DrHmꢁ ¼ D1Hmꢁ þ nD2Hmꢁ À D3Hmꢁ
Table 4
Standard molar enthalpy values (kJ molÀ1) for reaction in condensed phase (DrHmꢁ ), enthalpy of formation (DfHmꢁ ), enthalpy of decomposition
(DDHmꢁ ), lattice enthalpy (DMHmꢁ ), enthalpy of reaction in gaseous phase (DgHmꢁ ) and the mean value of enthalpy of the copper–ligand bond,
hDi(M–L), for the adducts
CuCl2ꢀlys
CuCl2ꢀ2lys
CuCl2ꢀ4lys
CuCl2ꢀ2gly
CuCl2ꢀ4gly
ÀDrHmꢁ
ÀDfHꢁ
87.30 Æ 1.43
818.4 Æ 1.9
326 Æ 20
137.30 Æ 1.85
1456.1 Æ 3.8
615 Æ 40
197.7 Æ 1.48
2950.5 Æ 6.3
1154 Æ 80
1327 Æ 80
1089 Æ 60
272 Æ 15
30.70 Æ 1.00
1242.3 Æ 1.7
306.9 Æ 9.3
481.6 Æ 9.4
343.5 Æ 4.9
171.8 Æ 2.5
41.96 Æ 0.65
2370.0 Æ 2.3
594.4 Æ 18.4
769.1 Æ 18.4
631.0 Æ 13.9
157.8 Æ 3.5
DDHmꢁ m
ÀDMHꢁ
ÀDgHmꢁm
hDi(M–L)
501 Æ 20
790 Æ 40
262.0 Æ 1.7
262.0 Æ 1.7
551 Æ 20
276 Æ 10

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L. Martınez et al. / Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
25
Based on the acid–base reaction in the gaseous
phase, DgHmꢁ , the corresponding enthalpy values are
related to the reaction:
heating and it was assumed that the enthalpy of
sublimation of the adduct is equivalent to the enthalpy
of sublimation of 1 mol of the corresponding ligands
[18]. This previous hypothesis was then supported
by a series of sublimable adducts [26]. The principle
was based on the assumption that the intermolecular
forces in the adduct and ligand are very similar, since
the crystalline structure of the formed compound and
ligand remain virtually unchanged [18].
By comparing the calculated thermochemical data,
some features can be detected: (a) for lysine the DrHmꢁ
data vary linearly with the number of ligands. However,
this general tendency is not observed for hDi(Cu–L)
values. This fact suggests that for these compounds the
structural solid state features associated with coordina-
tion play a major role in the energetic behavior, and (b)
considering hDi(Cu–L) values for adducts of lysine
and glycine with the same stoichiometry, it is observed
that the former ligand exhibits much higher metal–
amino acid values, proving that the copper–lysine
interaction is more effective than the copper–glycine
one.
It is worth mentioning that, for the adducts of lys
and gly with copper, each amino acid molecule
is bonded to the cation through two distinct bonds,
that are copper–oxygen and copper–nitrogen. Conse-
quently, the mean metal–ligand bond [hDi(M–L)]
values listed in Table 4 are, in reality, the sum of
these two contributions. However, as reported for the
chelate [27] Cu(gly)2, there is no way of calculating
the individual contributions of each individual bond.
However, the calculation for cadmium–oxygen bond
in a 1:2 glycine adduct [7] gave the value 82:3 Æ
5:0 kJ molÀ1. Supposing there is a certain similarity in
cadmium and copper bonds in these adducts, then
the copper–nitrogen bond in the synthesized copper
adduct, could be estimated as near to 70 kJ molÀ1. The
mean values obtained of 163 kJ molÀ1 for the adducts
CuCl2ꢀngly (n ¼ 1; 2) are lower than the estimated
value of 413 kJ molÀ1 for the previously considered
chelate [19]. This fact could be easily understood by
considering that the observed difference in metal–
amino acid interactions for each individual compound
can be related to the nature of the bonds of the
compound formed. Thus, a high value for the nitrogen
and oxygen bonds in the chelate compound is
expected due to their more pronounced covalent
metal–amino acid bond character.
CuCl2ðgÞ þ 4LðgÞ ¼ CuCl2 ꢀ 4LðgÞ
The expression to calculate these enthalpy values is
DgHmꢁ ¼ DrHmꢁ À DcgrHmꢁ ðCuCl2Þ À ðn À 1ÞDgcrHmꢁ ðLÞ
Using DgHmꢁ values, the mean metal–ligand bond
dissociation enthalpy can be calculated using the
following expression for a compound with n ligands:
DgHmꢁ
n
hDiðMÀLÞ ¼
In order to calculate these thermochemical data, the
standard molar enthalpy of formation of copper chlor-
ide in the crystal phase of À218:0 Æ 1:0 kJ molÀ1 and
that related to the gaseous phase of À43.3 kJ molÀ1
[19], enabled the enthalpy of sublimation to be calcu-
lated as 174:7 Æ 1:0 kJ molÀ1. Also needed are the
standard molar enthalpies of formation in the con-
densed and in the gaseous phases for ligands used in
forming these adducts. For glycine, two independent
determinations are reported [20,21]: À527:5 Æ 0:5 and
À528:61 Æ 0:34 kJ molÀ1 for the condensed phase,
and for gaseous phase [20], the value of À390:5 Æ
4:6 kJ molÀ1 is also reported. The standard molar
enthalpy of sublimation is then 138:1 Æ 4:6 kJ molÀ1
.
[22,23]: 130:5 Æ 2:1 and 136:4 Æ 0:4 kJ molÀ1. Based
on these published results, and to maintain coherence
in the collected values, then the couple for the crystal-
line phase and for sublimation [20] of À528:61 Æ 0:34
and 138:1 Æ 4:6 kJ molÀ1, respectively, were used in
all calculations.
The standard molar enthalpy of formation of lysine
in the condensed phase [20] of À678:7 Æ 1:5 kJ molÀ1
was also chosen. However, the standard enthalpy of
formation of lysine in the gaseous phase was estimated
by means of the group addition method [24] as
À449 Æ 20 kJ molÀ1. The deviation quoted was esti-
mated from the maximum error found for similar
amino acids: glycine, alanine, valine and leucine,
for which experimental have been reported [25]. From
these values the enthalpy of sublimation of lysine was
estimated as 239 Æ 20 kJ molÀ1
.
In attempting to obtain information about the acid–
base interactive process in gaseous phase, the enthal-
pies of sublimation for the adducts must be known.
However, this class of compounds decomposes on

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L. Martınez et al. / Thermochimica Acta 395 (2003) 21–26
26
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Acknowledgements
[15] K. Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and
Coordination Compounds: Applications in Coordination,
Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition,
Wiley, New York, 1997.
The authors are indebted to CAPES-PICDT and
CNPq for fellowships and FAPESP for financial
support.
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