Asymmetric allylic alkylation of cyclic vinylogous esters and thioesters by Pd-catalyzed decarboxylation of enol carbonate and β-ketoester substrates

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200504421

(Chemical Equation Presented) Excellent yields and enantioselectivities were achieved for the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of vinylogous thioesters. The close-to-neutral reaction conditions ensure that this reaction can tolerate a wide range of functionalities. Furthermore, this approach provides a convenient protocol for the synthesis of synthetically important α,α- and γ,γ-di-substituted cycloalkenones.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200504421

Angewandte
Chemie
Asymmetric Synthesis
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504421
Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Cyclic
Vinylogous Esters and Thioesters by Pd-
Catalyzed Decarboxylation of Enol Carbonate
and b-Ketoester Substrates**
Barry M. Trost,* Robert N. Bream, and Jiayi Xu
b-Alkoxy a,b-unsaturated ketones are versatile synthons for
organic synthesis, as they serve as masked 1,3-dicarbonyl
compounds in which the two ketone groups and adjacent
carbon atoms may be selectively functionalized. Polysubsti-
tuted cyclic vinylogous esters are particularly useful for the
synthesis of terpene, alkaloid, and steroidal natural prod-
ucts;[1] a practical method for their synthesis in enantioen-
riched form is therefore eminently desirable. The catalytic
enantiomeric protocol to synthesize enones, such as 3, was
reported recently by Fuchs and co-workers, but was limited to
monosubstituted enones (R2 = H), and the relatively harsh
conditions may further limit the access to highly functional-
ized enones.[2] Our strategy aimed to take advantage of an
asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA)/Stork–Danheiser addi-
tion sequence to furnish g,g-disubstituted cycloalkenones 3
[Eq. (1)].[3]
We initially attempted to access 2 with our previously
reported method by alkylating the kinetically generated
enolate of 1 with a combination of Pd0, methyl allyl carbonate,
and a chiral bidentate phosphine ligand.[4] The use of lithium
diisopropyl amide (LDA) as the base (Li is essential for
regiospecific enolate formation and alkylation) allowed
quantitative formation of allylated products. However, we
could not improve enantioselectivity beyond 30%. We there-
[*] Prof. Dr. B. M. Trost, Dr. R. N. Bream, J. Xu
Department of Chemistry
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
Fax: (+1)650-725-0002
E-mail: bmtrost@stanford.edu
[**] We thank the National Science Foundation and the National
Institutes of Health, General Medical Sciences (Grant GM13598)
for their generous support. J.X. was supported by Abbott Labo-
ratories Fellowships. Mass spectra were provided by the Mass
Spectrometry Regional Center of the University of California—San
Francisco supported by the NIH Division of Research Resources.
We thank Chirotech (now Dow) for their generous gifts of ligands
and Johnson Matthey for gifts of Pd salts.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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fore set about investigating an asymmetric variant of the Tsuji
gave better conversions, although the synthesis of these
substrates was achieved in much lower yield.
We reasoned that the poorer orbital overlap between
sulfur and carbon would make the b-ketoesters or enol
carbonates of vinylogous thioethers more reactive substrates.
The generation of 9 proceeded as expected (Scheme 1).[8]
protocol for allylation, pioneered by Muzart and co-workers[5]
and developed recently by us and others.[6] This strategy
requires the preliminary synthesis of either allyl b-ketoesters
or allyl enol carbonates of ketone 1. Whereas efforts to
synthesize the desired enol carbonates 4 gave only by-product
6
[Eq. (2); HMDS = hexamethyldisilazane, TMEDA =
N,N,Nꢀ,Nꢀ-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine] or a low yield of
4 [Eq. (3); R1 = Bn], the related b-ketoesters were available
in excellent yields [Eq. (4)]. We then submitted these
substrates to our decarboxylative alkylation conditions and
were delighted to see product formation with excellent
enantiomeric excess. Enol carbonate 4 was completely con-
verted into the product. However, the conversion of the b-
ketoesters was much worse, reflecting the additional energy
Scheme 1. The preparation of allyl carbonate 10 and the Pd-catalyzed
asymmetric Tsuji reaction.
Surprisingly, the attempted formation of the b-ketoesters
under the previously optimized conditions [Eq. (3)]
predominantly afforded the allyl enol carbonates 10
instead. These proved to be excellent substrates for the
allylation reaction (Table 2). Dioxane or THF at lower
temperature were superior to other solvents for this
reaction, an observation consistent with tight ion pairs as
intermediates. Allylated products 11 containing five-, six-
, and seven-membered rings are produced in excellent
yield and enantioselectivity. Substitution at the 2-position is
tolerated as well (Table 2, entries 2–4): the vinyl bromide is
particularly useful for further functionalization. Remarkably,
disubstitution at the 5-position is also tolerated (Table 2,
entry 5), thus allowing the formation of adjacent quaternary
centers in good enantiomeric excess.
The related b-ketoesters were also available through a
slightly modified route. Accordingly, the enolization of 8 with
two equivalents of LDA in toluene at À788C followed by the
addition of allyl chloroformate yielded b-ketoester 12 as the
major product in 75% yield of the isolated product. Alkyla-
À
required to break a C C bond in the decarboxylation step.
This effect is exacerbated by the p-donating ability of the
ether oxygen atom (Table 1, entries 2 and 4). Heating the
reaction or addition of oxophilic Lewis acids failed to improve
the conversion.[7] O-tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and O-
phenyl derivatives (Table 1, entries 5 and 6), in which the
electron-donating power of the oxygen atom is attenuated,
Table 2: The reaction of various allyl enol carbonates.[a]
Entry
n
R3
R4
Solvent
T [8C][b] Yield [%][c] ee [%][d]
Table 1: The optimized results for the reaction of 4 or 5.[a]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
H
CH3
Br
Ph
H
H
H
H
H
H
THF
THF
dioxane
dioxane
À20
0–4
23
100
100
97
100
91
98
99
86
97
79
94
80
Entry
Substrate
Solvent
Yield [%][b]
ee [%][c]
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
toluene
1,4-dioxane
THF
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane
THF
87
26
51
29
70
66
85
94
91
97
96
94
23
5a
5b
5c
5d
5e
Me2 THF
H
H
0–4
0–4
0–4
THF
THF
100
96
Me
[a] All reactions were performed on a 0.1-mmol scale at 0.1m overnight
with 2.5 mol% of [Pd2dba3]·CHCl3 and 6 mol% of ligand. [b] Optimized
temperature for the best ee value and conversion. [c] Yield of the isolated
products. [d] The ee values were determined by chiral HPLC on Chiralcel
columns.
[a] All reactions were performed on a 0.1-mmol scale at 0.1m at 238C
overnight with 2.5 mol% of [Pd2dba3]·CHCl3 and 6 mol% of ligand.
[b] Yield of the isolated products. [c] The ee values were determined by
chiral HPLC on Chiralcel columns.
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Angewandte
Chemie
tion by either SN2 substitution or conjugate addition gave 13
in excellent yields (Scheme 2). These compounds were also
excellent substrates for the decarboxylative alkylation reac-
tion and products were formed in excellent yields and with
generally excellent enantioselectivities (Table 3). The reac-
Scheme 3. Schematic representation of the mechanism of the enantio-
recognition step with or without chelation.
Scheme 2. The preparation of vinylogous thioester 13 and the
Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Tsuji reaction.
The synthetic utility of the alkylated products was briefly
investigated (Schemes 4 and 5). The addition of alkyllithium
reagents[9] or diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H)
occurs selectively in a 1,2-fashion to afford g,g-disubstituted
cyclohexenones on aqueous acidic work up. Conversion into
the corresponding vinylogous methyl ester occurs readily on
treatment with sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol,[10] to
which Grignard reagents may be added directly. Along these
lines, 14 was manipulated to afford known compounds 15 and
20.[11] Comparison of optical rotation allowed us to assign the
absolute stereochemistry of 14 as R, which is consistent with
our previous results.[6c]
Table 3: The reaction of various b-ketoesters 13 and 14.[a]
Entry
R2
T [h]
Yield [%][b]
ee [%][c]
1
2
CH3
CH2Ph
16
16
75
78
100
92
3
2
98
95
4
16
84
91
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4
1
0.5
6
2
1
4
2
83
89
98
75
97
80
90
86
72
91
83
57
85
92
73
94
CH2CH2CN
CH2CH2C(O)CH3
CH2C(O)CH3
CH2CO2Et
CH2CH2CO2Et
CH2(CH2)2CO2Et
13
0.5
87
95
14
15
CH2(CH2)2OBn
CH2CH(CO2tBu)2
16
2
65
97
93
36
[a] All reactions were performed on a 0.2-mmol scale at 0.1m in 1,4-
dioxane at 238C with 2.5 mol% of [Pd2dba3]·CHCl3 and 5.5 mol% of
ligand. [b] Yield of the isolated products. [c] The ee values were
determined by chiral HPLC on Chiralcel columns. TMS=trimethylsilyl.
tion tolerates a wide range of functionalities at R2. We believe
the reaction to proceed through an inner-sphere mechanism,
in which the final bond-forming event occurs by reductive
elimination of a Pd-bound enolate and p-allyl moiety.[6c,f] The
successful reaction given in entry 15 lends further credence to
this theory: the free enolate would undoubtedly deprotonate
the tethered malonate, which could then be alkylated. We
suggest that coordination of the side-chain functionality
Scheme 4. Transformations of 14 to g,g-disubstituted cyclohexenones.
ꢀ
=
(Table 3, entry 5: C C; entries 8, 11, and 15: C O) disrupts
the transition state of the enantiorecognition step, thus
resulting in the lower observed ee values (Scheme 3). Shorter
(Table 3, entries 9 and 10) or longer (Table 3, entry 12) tethers
to the coordinating group or increased steric congestion
(Table 3, entry 6) disfavor this interaction and the ee values of
the products return to ꢁ 90%.
Scheme 5. Confirmation of the configuration of 17.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3109 –3112
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3111

Communications
[7] [In(OTf)3] (OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate), [Sc(OTf)3], [Ho-
(OTf)3], BEt3, and B(OMe)3 have been investigated.
[8] a) J. B. Hendrichson, M. A. Walker, Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 2729 –
2731; b) B. M. Trost, P. Seoane, S. Mignani, M. Acemoglu,J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 7487 – 7500.
In summary we have achieved the palladium-catalyzed
asymmetric allylic alkylation of vinylogous thioesters in
excellent yield and enantiomeric excess under neutral con-
ditions. Both allyl enol carbonates and allyl b-ketoesters are
competent substrates. However, the b-ketoesters react more
sluggishly and therefore show a greater dependency on the
choice of the 3-heteroatom substituent, to which the differ-
ence in the rate of decarboxylation is attributed. These
compounds are readily transformed into g,g-disubstituted
cycloalkenones, the utility of which will be demonstrated in
synthetic endeavors in due course.
[9] Grignard reagents give a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-addition
products.
[10] T. H. Chan, C. V. C. Prasad, J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 110.
[11] a) S. Yamada, G. Otani, Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 10, 4237 – 4240;
b) G. Otani, S. Yamada, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1973, 21, 2125 –
2129; c) D. I. Schuster, R. H. Brown, B. M. Resnick, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4504 – 4512.
Experimental Section
Typical experimental procedures for the reaction of 13: Two oven-
dried test tubes were connected with a double-ended needle. One test
tube was loaded with [Pd2(dba)3]·CHCl3 (dba = dibenzylideneace-
tone; 5.2 mg, 0.005 mmol) and (R,R)-7 (9.2 mg, 0.011 mmol), and the
other tube was loaded with 13 (R2 = CH3; 0.20 mmol, 60.5 mg). The
system was evacuated and flushed with argon three times, at which
point dry degassed 1,4-dioxane (1.0 mL) was added to both of the test
tubes. After being stirred for 20 min, the orange catalyst solution was
transferred into the test tube containing the substrate. The color of
the reaction solution turned to light yellow within a few minutes and
then back to orange, thus indicating the completion of the reaction.
The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by
column chromatography on silica gel eluted with diethyl ether/
petroleum ether (30:70, v/v) to afford 14 as a colorless oil (39 mg,
75%).
Received: December 13, 2005
Published online: April 5, 2006
Keywords: alkylation · asymmetric catalysis · ketones ·
.
palladium
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