Nitrogen-enriched porous carbon supported Pd-nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of alkenes

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c8nj03656j

Ultrafine palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on nitrogen-enriched porous carbon nanosheets (NPC), which were fabricated with g-C₃N₄ as a nitrogen source and a self-sacrificial template. The prepared Pd@NPC exhibited superior catalytic activity and chemoselectivity for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of alkenes under mild conditions with formic acid as a hydrogen donor. Moreover, the catalyst displays high structure stability, and can be reused for five runs without any significant decrease of its catalytic activity and obvious leaching of Pd species. This work provides a facile and feasible approach to fabricate nitrogen-enriched carbon nanosheets and to construct advanced Pd supported heterogeneous catalysts for achieving high catalytic activity.

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ISSN 1144-0546
PAPER
Jason B. Benedict et al.
The role of atropisomers on the photo-reactivity and fatigue of
diarylethene-based metal–organic frameworks
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Nitrogen-riched porous carbon supported Pd-
nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for the transfer
hydrogenation of alkenes
Received 00th January 20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
Jie Li‡, Xin Zhou‡, NingꢀZhao Shang*, Cheng Feng, ShuꢀTao Gao, Chun Wang*
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
www.rsc.org/
College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
Ultrafine palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on nitrogenꢀriched porous carbon
nanosheets (NPC), which was fabricated with gꢀC3N4 as nitrogen source and a selfꢀsacrificial
template. The prepared Pd@NPC delivered superior catalytic activity and chemoselectivity for
the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of alkenes at mild conditions with formic acid as hydrogen
donor. Moreover, the catalyst displays high structure stability, which can be reused five runs
without significant decrease of its catalytic activity and obvious leaching of Pd species. This
work provides a facile and feasible approach to fabricate nitrogenꢀriched carbon nanosheets
and to construct advanced Pd supported heterogeneous catalysts for achieving high catalytic
activity.
source because of high energy density with a hydrogen
content of 4.4 wt%, no obvious toxicity, excellent stability,
and easy handling capability 7. Moreover, FA can be
produced in large scale through the hydrogenation of CO2 and
artificial photosynthesis, which also is one of the major byꢀ
products in biomass processing.
1. Introduction
Hydrogenation of double bond is a key transformation
reaction in the fabrication of fine and commodity chemicals,
functional materials as well as pharmaceuticals . Although
1
alkene hydrogenation with pressurized hydrogen (H2)
catalyzed by various metal catalysts is the most atomꢀefficient
way 2ꢀ5, but the reaction is generally conducted at high
pressure and high temperature. In addition, H2 is flammable
and difficult to handle.
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) that utilizes a
safe hydrogen donor other than H2 has been considered as a
prospective, multipurpose and alternative approach for the
hydrogenation reaction. Different hydrogen donors, such as
isopropanol, hydrazine, ammonia borane, sodium borohydride
Recently, FA has been employed as the hydrogen donor in
the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of nitroꢀcompound,
preparation of γꢀvalerolactone from levulinic acid, reduction
of alkenes, etc. For example, Basset et al. prepared fibrous
silica nanospheres (KCCꢀ1) supported palladium catalyst for
the transfer hydrogenation of alkenes and carbonyl
6
compounds at 100oC with FA as hydrogen source . Pd@CN
catalyst was fabricated and used to catalyze the hydrogenation
8
of alkene at 90oC . Chen et al. reported a MottꢀSchottky
6
catalyst, Pd nanoparticles supported on gꢀC3N4, and used for
the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of the C=C compounds at
and formic acid (FA) have been employed. Among the
hydrogen sources used in transfer hydrogenation, FA has
been regarded as a promising and sustainable hydrogen
room temperature, however, high dosage of Pd (7.5 mol%) is
9
required
. Pd nanoparticles encapsulated in triazine
functionalized porous organic polymer was prepared and used
for the CTH of alkene in the presence of FA and Et3N, the
reactions were performed at 25oC for 4ꢀ15 h 10. Despite the
recent progresses have been achieved, the reported catalytic
systems still have one or more shortcomings, such as relative
long reaction time, harsh reaction conditions and high dosage
College of Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China.
Tel.: +86 312 7528291. Eꢀmail: chunwang69@126.com
ningzhao611@126.com N. Shang
‡These authors contributed equally to this work.
（C. Wang）,
（
）
†Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: Chemicals and
characterization apparatus, TEM image and particle size of recycled Pd@NPC, the
filtration test, comparison with reported catalysts tested for reduction of alkenes. See
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
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of catalyst. Therefore, exploring a highly efficient catalyst for glucose was added to the uniform solution. The yellow milk
the hydrogenation of alkene is still highly desirable.
solution was transferred to a 100 mL Teflonꢀsealed autoclave,
Generally, the composition, morphology and surface heated to 180oC and maintained for 10 h. When cooled to
physicochemical property of the support play an room temperature, the brown precipitate was gained by
important role for the catalytic behavior of
a
centrifugal filtration and washed three times with ethanol and
heterogeneous catalyst. In recent years, the nitrogenꢀ water, respectively, and dried at 60oC for 2 h, the obtained
doped porous carbon material supported catalysts have solid was named as carbonizedꢀglucose. Then, it was heated
11,
attracted considerable interest
12. The nitrogen to 800oC with the rate of 5oC/min and maintained for 2 h
modification can not only strengthen the interaction under nitrogen atmosphere (N2). The obtained powder was
between carbon material and reactants, but also can named as NPC.
enhance the binding energy between the metal
Glu was prepared by the same procedure for the NPC
nanoparticle and the support, which is favorable to without the addition of gꢀC3N4.
increase the catalytic performance and stability of the
gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu was fabricated as follows: 500 mg gꢀC3N4 was
heterogeneous catalyst 13ꢀ15. In addition, nitrogen dopant milled with 2 g carbonizedꢀglucose, and then it was
can also affect the charge distribution of carbon atoms carbonized at 800oC for 2 h under nitrogen flow.
and the physicalꢀchemical property of the support 16, 17
.
2.2 Preparation of Pd@NPC
In this paper, a nitrogenꢀdoped porous carbon material
(micropore and mesoporous) was successfully fabricated
The catalyst preparation process was illustrated in Scheme
through a facile pyrolytic approach with graphitic carbon 1. 96 mg NPC was dispersed into 5 mL water in 25 mL round
nitride (gꢀC3N4) as sacrificial template and nitrogen source. gꢀ bottom flask, then 4.72 mL H2PdCl4 solution (2 mg·mLꢀ1)
C3N4 can be easily prepared by heating treatment of nitrogen was added into the mixture and stirred for 2 h. 1 mL sodium
18ꢀ
rich precursors, such as melamine, dicyandiamide or urea
borohydride solution (2 mol mLꢀ1) was added to the solution
21. gꢀ C3N4 with high concentration of nitrogen and quasiꢀtwoꢀ and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Finally, the black
dimensional layered structure can be employed as the solid was separated by centrifugation, washed with water and
nitrogen source and sacrificial template for the fabrication of dried at 80oC in vacuum overnight. The obtained solid was
nitrogenꢀdoped carbon nanosheet material 22. Pd nanoparticles named as Pd@NPC.
were assembled on the nitrogenꢀdoped porous carbon
Pd@Glu and Pd@gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu were prepared by the same
nanosheets (Pd@NPC), which was used as a heterogeneous process except that 96 mg of Glu and gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu were used,
catalyst for the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes with formic respectively.
acid as hydrogen source for the first time. The results
indicated that a series of alkenes substrates were successfully
2.3 Hydrogeation of alkenes
reduced to corresponding products at mild conditions. The
catalyst delivered good catalytic performance and selectivity.
Hydrogenation of alkene was conducted in a 25 mL
round bottom flask, which was placed in a oil bath at
50oC. Firstly, 10 mg Pd@NPC nanocatalyst and 0.25
mmoL alkene were dispersed in 5 mL ethanol. 2.5 mmoL
FA and 2.5 mmoL ammonium formate (AF) were then
2. Experimental section
Basic information including chemicals, materials and added into the soultion and the reaction was conducted at
the sectional TEM pictures were given in the Electronic 50oC for a certain time. The reaction was tracked by thin
Supporting Information (ESI).
layered chromatography and GC. After completion of the
reaction, the catalyst was recycled by filtration and
washed by ethanol. The recycled catalyst was dried in a
2.1 Preparation of materials
The bulk gꢀC3N4 was prepared based on the previous work vacuum at 60oC overnight. The product was extracted
23. 20 g urea was heated at 550oC in a crucible with a lid for 4 with dichloromethane (3×10 mL) and dried over an
h under air, then the yellow fluffy solid was obtained and anhydrous MgSO4. The yield of the product was
ground for further use. 500 mg of bulk gꢀC3N4 was dispersed analyzed by GC.
in 50 mL distilled water and sonicated for 2 h. Then 2.0 g
Scheme 1. Schematic illustrate of the preparation process of the Pd@NPC catalyst.
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Fig 1. The TEM images of NPC (A), Pd@NPC (B and C), and
Pd particleꢀsize distribution in the Pd@NPC (D).
3. Results and Discussion
The elemental composition of the catalyst was determined by
Xꢀray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS spectra of
Pd@NPC clearly exhibited three chief peaks corresponding to
C (C1s), N (N1s) and Pd (3d) elements (Fig. 4A). The results
displayed the peak of C1s loated at 284.6 eV and no other
peak appeared, suggesting there is no other carbon containing
groups except CꢀC or C=C bonds in the catalyst (Fig. 4B).
Beside, the carbon content was about 73.5%, the results well
proved the high degree of the carbonized glucose 12. The N 1s
spectra of Pd@NPC can deconvolut into two peaks centred at
398.3 eV and 400.6 eV, which corresponding to pyridinic
3.1 Characterization of the catalyst
From the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures
of the samples (Fig. S1), we can see that the morphology of
the gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu prepared by carbonization of the mixture of
the partial carbonized glucose and gꢀC3N4 was almost the
same as that of the Glu because gꢀC3N4 can be completely
decomposed at 800oC. With gꢀC3N4 as selfꢀsacrificial
template, carbon nanosheets with lamellar structure were
obtained (Fig. 1A, and S1A). Pd nanoparticles were well
dispersed on the NPC (Fig. 1B). In addition, the crystal plane
spacing of Pd was measured as 0.227 nm (Fig. 1C), which can
be ascribed to the lattice spacing of face centered cubic Pd.
The average size of Pd nanoparticles was about 4.0 ± 1.0 nm
(Fig. 1D). And the content of Pd in the Pd@NPC sample was
determined by ICPꢀAES and amounted to be 4.01 wt%.
The crystalline structures of the samples were characterized
by Xꢀray diffraction (XRD) (Fig. 2 and Fig. S2B). No XRD
peaks for gꢀC3N4 can be observed, which indicated that gꢀ
C3N4 was conversed completely during the pyrolysis at
800oC. For Pd@NPC and the used Pd@NPC, the reflection
peaks at 2θ = 40.1o can be attributed to the Pd (111). The
broad peak at 2θ = 27.5o can be attributed to the graphitic
carbon face (100). The pore properties of the NPC, Pd@NPC
and the reused catalyst were investigated by nitrogen
adsorption desorption isotherms (Fig. 3). The specific surface
area of NPC, Pd@NPC and the reused Pd@NPC were 802 m2
g−1, 397 m2 g−1 and 382 m2 g−1, respectively. Compared with
NPC, the lower surface area of Pd@NPC indicated that a
certain amount of Pd successfully supported onto the NPC.
Fourier transform infrared spectra of gꢀC3N4 was also
provided in supplement information (Fig. S2A).
24
nitrogen and amine/amide groups, respectively (Fig. 4C).
The two peaks of Pd 3d5/2 and Pd 3d3/2 were observed for the
Pd@NPC. The peaks at 335.9 eV, 341.2 eV are related to Pd0
and the peaks at 337.3 eV, 342.7 eV can be attributed to Pd2+
25 (Fig. 4D). The palladium in the catalyst primarily existed as
Pd0. The XPS image showed that a small quantity of Pd2+
existed because Pd supported on the suface of NPC can be
oxidized in an oxygenꢀcontaining environment.
Fig. 2. The XRD patterns of NPC, Pd@NPC and the used
Pd@NPC.
Fig. 3. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of NPC, Pd@NPC
and the used Pd@NPC.
3.2 Catalytic performance of the catalysts
To illustrate the practical application of the Pd@NPC
catalyst, the catalytic hydrogenation of transꢀstilbene was
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selected as model substrate to optimize the reaction desired products were afforded in quantitative yields. The
conditions. Almost no conversion of transꢀstilbene can be unsaturated C=C bond of cyclic alkenes, such as
observed without catalyst, Pd nanoparticles or hydrogen cyclohexene, cyclooctene and norbornylene, can be
source (Table 1, entries 1ꢀ3). The results testified that the Pd completely conversed to saturated bonds after 0.5, 3 and
nanoparticles are requisite for the catalytic hydrogenation of 1.0 h reaction, respectively (Table 2, entries 1ꢀ3). For the
alkene. To our delight, Pd@NPC exhibited excellent catalytic
activity and selectivity for the transfer hydrogenation of
transꢀstilbene with FA and AF as hydrogen source at 50oC,
achieving high conversion of 99% after 3 h (Table 1, entry 4)
and 1,2ꢀdiphenylethane was the only one product in the
reaction. Compared with Pd@NPC, the Pd@gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu and
commercial Pd@C catalyst exhibited much lower catalytic
activity (Table 1, entries 5, 6). The results indicated that the
morphology and composition of the catalyst support play a
key role for the catalytic activity of the catalysts.
The effect of hydrogen donor was also investigated. The
conversion of transꢀstilbene with FA or AF as hydrogen
donor was 99% and 55% after 5 h reaction (Table 1, entries 7,
8), respectively. When FA:HCOOK and FA:HCOONa were
used as the hydrogen donors (Table 1, entries 9, 10), relative
long reaction time was required. Only 52% conversion was
achieved after 6 h with FA and Et3N as hydrogen donor
(Table 1, entry 11)
We also investigated the impact of the dosage of Pd@NPC.
In order to complete the reaction, 3, 10 and 20 h were Fig. 4. The XPS spectra of Pd@NPC (A), highꢀresolution C 1s
required when the dosage of Pd was 1.5, 1.0 and 0.75 mol%, (B), N 1s (C) and Pd 3d (D) in Pd@NPC.
respectively (Table 1, entries 4, 12ꢀ13).
The stability and reusability of the catalyst are of great
importance for their practical applications in industry. For the
transfer hydrogenation of transꢀstilbene, Pd@NPC catalyst
delivered superior recyclability for at least
5 times
competitive catalytic cycles without significant loss of its
catalytic activity (Fig. 5). The recycled Pd@NPC catalyst was
analyzed by the TEM (Fig. S3), XRD (Fig. 2) and BET (Fig.
3), indicating that the XRD pattern, and crystal structure of
the used Pd@NPC have not obvious change compared with
the fresh catalyst. Obvious Pd leaching during the reaction
was also excluded here according to the ICP result (data not
shown), with the concentration of leached Pd species in the
reaction solution below the detection limit of the equipment.
Fig. 5 Durability test for the transfer hydrogenation of alkenes
over Pd@NPC catalyst.
To demonstrate the catalytic transfer hydrogen
reaction of alkenes using Pd@NPC as catalyst is a
heterogeneous process, the hot leaching experiment was
carried out by separating Pd@NPC catalyst after 1 h
electronꢀrich group substituted styrene, 4ꢀmethylstyrene was
reduced to 4ꢀmethyl ethylbenzene within 1.5 h in an efficient
way with absolute selectivity (>99%) (Table 2, entries 4, 5).
Successful hydrogenation of diꢀsubstituted alkenes was
conducted and achieved the TOF of 44 hꢀ1 (Table 2, entry 6).
When 4ꢀnitrostyrene was employed as a substrate, only the
complete hydrogenation product, 4ꢀethylaniline, were
obtained (Table 2, entry 7), which demonstrated that
Pd@NPC can efficiently reduce the both functionalities. For
the pꢀchlorostyrene, we can observe the dehalogenation
process during the hydrogenation, which gave 99%
conversion and 67% selectivity (Table 2, entry 8). Strangely,
for the fluoꢀsubstituted styrene, only a slight dehalogenation
process was observed, the conversion and selectivity were
99% and 89%, respectively (Table 2, entry 9). The reduction
reaction (Fig. S4). No further conversion of trans
ꢀ
stilbene in the remaining liquid solution was observed
even after 5 h of reaction under identical conditions,
which demonstrated that the filtrate did not contain a
catalytically correlative Pd species.
To prove the universal applicability of the Pd@NPC
catalyst, the hydrogenation reactions of various
substrates were carried out at optimal conditions. All the
results are shown in Table 2. The Pd@NPC catalyst
delivered high catalytic performance for the
hydrogenation of differently substituted alkenes and the
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of stilbene (Table 2, entries 10, 11) was proceeded smoothly renewable biofuel. The corresponding products, 2ꢀ
affording high yields of the desired products within 3 h. The methyltetrahydrofuran and 2ꢀtetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, were
chemoselectivity of the catalyst was evaluated for the obtained in high yields. The results demonstrated that the
hydrogenation of the substrates with reducible substituents, method provided an effective way for the preparation of
such as ester group and conjugated carbonyl group. The biomass regenerated fuel.
hydrogenation of ethyl cinnamate was successfully achieved
The Pd@NPC catalyst was compared with other
with total chemoselectivity towards the hydrogenation of the reported catalysts for the CTH of alkenes in terms of
double bond (Table 2, entry 12). Chalcones (α,βꢀunsaturated turnover frequency (TOF), reaction time and temperature
ketone) are a kind of challenging substrates for the reduction (Table S1). The maximum TOF value of the present
reaction. To our delight, the chemoselective hydrogenation of catalytic system was estimated to be 132 mol molꢀ1 Pd hꢀ
the chalcones to the corresponding saturated ketones were 1, surpassing most of the reported heterogeneous catalysts
achieved with 99% selectivity (Table 2, entries 13ꢀ15). with FA, N2H4·H2O, or
iꢀPrOH as hydrogen donor. The
However, the transfer hydrogenation of chalcones catalyzed TOF of the reported PdꢀgꢀC3N4 NS/rGO20 catalyst is 9ꢀ
27
by the reported catalyst, Pd/KCCꢀ1ꢀNH2, yielded a mixture of 266 mol molꢀ1 Pd hꢀ1 for the hydrogenation of alkenes
,
the products of partial and complete hydrogenation in low to which is superior to the Pd@NPC catalyst. For the
9
28
moderate yields at 100 oC 26. We further explored the transfer Pd/CN and Pd@POP catalysts, the TOF is 4ꢀ53 and
hydrogenation of 2ꢀmethylfuran and 2ꢀfuranemethanol (Table 4ꢀ57 hꢀ1, respectively. The results indicated that
2, entries 16, 17), which is the critical step for increasing the Pd@NPC was an efficient and selective catalyst for the
hydrogen/carbon ratios and thus transforming the biomass to hydrogenation of alkenes.
Table 1 Catalytic performance of the catalysts [a]
Dosage
FA
Formate Time Con. Sel.
Entry
Catalysts
(mol% Pd) (mmol) (mmol)
(h)
(%) (%)
1
2
ꢀ
ꢀ
2.5
2.5
0
2.5
2.5
0
12
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
NPC
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.75
12
12
3
3
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@C
4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
>99 >99
5
5
82
95
>99
>99
6
Pd@gꢀC3N4ꢀGlu
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
Pd@NPC
12
5
7
>99 >99
55 >99
8
2.5
2.5[b]
2.5[c]
2.5[d]
2.5
2.5
5
9
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
8
>99 >99
>99 >99
10
11
12
13
10
6
52
>99
10
20
>99 >99
>99 >99
[a] Reaction conditions: 0.25 mmol transꢀstilbene, 5 mL EtOH, 50oC, GC analysis using
nꢀdecane as an internal
standard. [b] HCOOK, [c] HCOONa. [d] Et3N.
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Table 2 Catalytic hydrogenation of different alkenes[a]
Entry
Substrates
Products
Time (h)
Con. (%)
Sel. (%)
TOF (hꢀ1)
1
2
0.5
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
5.0
6.0
6.0
3.0
2.0
6.0
6.5
9.0
9.5
2.5
4.5
99
99
99
98
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
90
99
93
85
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
67
89
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
132
22
3
66
4
66
5
44
6
44
7
13.2
7.5
9.9
22
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
33
10
10
6.8
6
26.4
14.7
[a] substrate: 0.25 mmol, catalyst: 10 mg Pd@NPC (1.5 mol %), 5 mL EtOH, 2.5 mmol HCOOH, 2.5 mmol NH4COOH,
50oC. GC analysis using
nꢀdecane as an internal standard.
catalytic activity and stability for the hydrogenation of
alkenes with HCOOH and NH4COOH as the hydrogen donors
at mild conditions. The high catalytic activity can be ascribed
to the synergistic effect between the well dispersed Pd
nanoparticles and the unique nitrogenꢀdoped carbon
nanosheets structure of the NPC support, as well as the high
specific surface area of the catalyst. We believe that this work
4. Conclusions
In summary, nitrogenꢀdoped porous carbon nanosheets was
fabricated with gꢀC3N4 as nitrogen source and a selfꢀ
sacrificial template. Well dispersed palladium nanoparticles
were supported on the NPC. The Pd@NPC exhibited high
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can boost the exploring of novel two dimentional nanosheet
materials via a selfꢀsacrificial template method and highlight
their broader applications in heterogeneous catalysis.
11. W. J. Lee, J. Lim and O. K. Sang, Small Methods, 2017, 1,
1600014ꢀ1600023.
12. H. Yu, L. Shang, T. Bian, R. Shi, G. I. Waterhouse, Y.
Zhao, C. Zhou, L. Z. Wu, C. H. Tung and T. Zhang, Adv.
Mater., 2016, 28, 5080ꢀ5086.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
13. R. Nie, M. Meng, W. Du, J. Shi, Y. Liu and Z. Hou, Appl.
Catal. B.Environ., 2016, 180, 607ꢀ613.
Acknowledgements
Financial supports from the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (21603054), the Natural Science
Foundation of Hebei Province (B2015204003, B2016204131,
B2018204145), the Young Topꢀnotch Talents Foundation of
Hebei Provincial Universities (BJ2016027), the Natural
Science Foundation of Hebei Agricultural University
(ZD201613, LG201709, LG201711), are gratefully
acknowledged.
14. Z. Li, J. Li, J. Liu, Z. Zhao, C. Xia and F. Li,
Chemcatchem, 2014, 6, 1333ꢀ1339.
15. X. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Gong, P. Zhang, H. Li and Y. Wang, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 16987ꢀ11699.
16. Y. Gao, G. Hu, J. Zhong, Z. Shi, Y. Zhu, D. S. Su, J.
Wang, X. Bao and D. Ma, Angew. Chem., 2013, 52, 2109ꢀ
2113.
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03656J
ARTICLE
Journal Name
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DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03656J
Nitrogen-riched porous carbon supported Pd-nanoparticles as an
efficient catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of alkenes
Jie Li, Xin Zhou, Ning-Zhao Shang*, Cheng Feng, Shu-Tao Gao, Chun Wang*
College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
Well-dispersed Pd nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-riched porous carbon was prepared
and the material displayed excellent catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation of
alkenes. The Pd@NPC exhibited high catalytic activity and stability for the hydrogenation of
alkenes with HCOOH and NH4COOH as the hydrogen donors at mild conditions.