57-88-5 Usage
Outline
Cholesterol is a kind of derivatives of cyclopentane multiple hydrogen phenanthrenes and is an important component of various parts of membrane phase structure and myelin cells of human being. For the normal person with weight of 70 kg, the body contains about 140 grams of cholesterol. Since the early 18th century, people had already discovered cholesterol from gallstones. At 1816, Chemist Marshall named this kind of lipid-property substance as cholesterol. Cholesterol is widely found and distributed in animal bodies, and is especially most abundant in the brain and nerve tissue. It also has high content in the kidney, spleen, skin, liver and bile. The solubility of cholesterol is similar to that of the fat which is insoluble in water, but easily soluble in ether, chloroform and some other solvents.
Cholesterol is closely related to the body tissues, bile acids and hormones. It is an indispensable substance of animal tissue cells, which is not only involved in the formation of cell membranes, but also as the precursor for the synthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D3. There are two sources of cholesterol with exogenous sources of cholesterol coming from dietary and endogenous sources coming from the body's own endogenous synthesis. The increased exogenous cholesterol can cause feedback inhibition of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Fat in your diet can boost the cholesterol absorption. Cholesterol can be metabolized into bile acids or steroids. The absorption of cholesterol also depends on the cholesterol intake with high intake causing reduction of the percentage of absorption. The absorption percentage of cholesterol in people at high levels of intake is less than 10% with the rest part excreted through the feces. Dietary cholesterol is absorbed in the form of chylomicrons into the bloodstream. Because cholesterol can’t be dissolved in water and transported in the form of binding with lipoproteins in the blood.
The main physiological function of cholesterol participating in forming cell membranes, myelin, brain, and can be further converted to bile acids and steroid hormones. There are two major lipoproteins which are involved in cholesterol transport: the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The former can transport cholesterol from the liver to the cells of whole body tissues, while the later one transports cholesterol from tissue cells back into the liver. The cholesterol level in the blood can reflect the overall metabolism condition of cholesterol. The total cholesterol content in the blood plasma of normal adult of empty stomach is about 2.83~5.17mmol/L. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism could easily lead to deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessel wall, forming atherosclerosis, causing coronary heart disease and stroke.
Cholesterol content of human tissue
Normal person of 70 kg weigh contains about 140 grams of cholesterol in the body; and its rough distribution is listed in the following table. The cholesterol content of various tissues is relatively stable. Moreover, the plasma concentration of cholesterol also keeps stable instead of being like fats and fatty acids which are prone to change.
Table 1. The cholesterol content of various human tissues
Classification
Cholesterol in the body can be classified into free from and bound lipids form (cholesterol ester).
Effect
(1) It is involved in the formation of cell membranes.
(2) It is the raw material for synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones.
(3) The total amount of serum cholesterol in China normal person serum is approximately 182.5 ± 4.3 mg%. Extra high blood cholesterol level indicates that cholesterol metabolism dysfunction may occur. Serum cholesterol level in patients with coronary atherosclerosis is often high. So the clinically determination of the serum cholesterol levels will help to diagnose certain diseases.
Sources and absorption
Source: (1) exogenous cholesterol coming from dietary. (2)From the body's own endogenous synthesis.
Absorption: cholesterol is absorbed in the intestines and mainly synthesized in the liver, skin and the small intestine mucosa. Dietary cholesterol is mainly absorbed in the form of chylomicrons into the bloodstream. Cholesterol absorption also depends on the amount; the percentage of absorption is reduced upon a high intake of cholesterol. The absorption percentage is lower than 10% upon high intake amount. After free cholesterol is absorbed, 2/3 of them quickly binds to fatty acid and esterified to form cholesterol esters, making the ability of lipoproteins on carrying cholesterol be enhanced. After cholesterol enters into cells, it will be hydrolyzed and degreased by acidic lipase inside the lysosomes. A fraction of cholesterol in the cells is converted into steroid with excess cholesterol being directly discharged to the gut; another fraction of cholesterol is oxidized in the liver into bile acid and excreted together with the bile.
The above information is edited by the lookchem of Dai Xiongfeng.
Transport
There are two major lipoprotein involved in cholesterol transport: the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The former can transport cholesterol from the liver to whole body tissue cells with the later one transporting cholesterol from tissue cells back into the liver.
Determination
Serum cholesterol assays include measurement of total cholesterol (CT), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE).
Food containing high levels of cholesterol
Animal foods contain high content of cholesterol, such as meat, eggs, milk and so on, but there is no cholesterol in plant foods, such as vegetables, fruits, legumes which almost does not contain any cholesterol, so high cholesterol people should avoid eating animal food with selecting plant food being a better choice.
The cholesterol content of animal organs are particularly high, such as lung, kidney, liver, pig intestines, pig spleen, etc., they are high in cholesterol, so you should eat less.
The cholesterol level in animal brain is also very high, especially in porcine brain, followed by bovine brain, sheep brain, brain duck, and chicken brain, etc. So to prevent high cholesterol, eat less of this kind of food.
Food of low-cholesterol content: lean meat, rabbit meat, yellow croaker, hairtail, skinless chicken, carp, eel, ham square, white fish, jellyfish, milk, and sea cucumber.
Food containing high levels of cholesterol (parentheses lists the number of milligrams of cholesterol per 100 grams of food contains).
Animal brain has the highest cholesterol content: as porcine (3100 mg), bovine brain (2670 mg), sheep brain (2099 mg).
Followed by yellow eggs: duck eggs as yellow (2110 mg), egg yolk (1705 mg), quail’s egg yolk (1674 mg), yellow egg (1132 mg).
Harm of high cholesterol
High cholesterol is clearly related to the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Modern molecular biology has showed that atherosclerotic lesions are initially begun with fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaque disease, which is formed by macrophages which swallowed cholesterol and smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, high content of cholesterol, high blood pressure can cause harm to the integrity and function of vascular endothelium, resulting in a series of secondary damage. US National Cholesterol Education Program states: normal adult plasma cholesterol levels should be less than 5.2mmol/L; 5.2~6.2mmol/L is the high limit. For guys which exceed the upper limit should change their diet with further examination of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein, and select related drugs for treatment. Clinical data have shown 8.5% drop in blood cholesterol and 12.6% decrease in LDL can reduce the mortality of coronary heart disease by 24% as well as reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction by 19%.
Prevention
(1) Low-fat diet.
(2) Exercise. Saturated fatty acids cause the increase of serum cholesterol while unsaturated fatty acids reduce it. Mental workers have higher serum cholesterol levels than manual workers with exercise being able to reduce it.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 57-88-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 1. Used as the raw materials and biochemical research of brain phospholipids cholesterol flocculation test, vitamin D, and hormones.
2. Used for biochemical reagents and emulsifiers.
3. Used for the production of artificial bezoar, preparation of hormone drugs , also can be used as an emulsifier.
4. Used as emulsifiers; as the raw materials of synthesizing artificial bezoar, vitamin D, LCD, and hormone ; used for chemical and biological research.
5. It is an important raw material for manufacturing hormones, and can be used as an emulsifier; also used as reference analysis sample.
2. Cholesterol is commonly associated with cardiovascular disease and its routine measurement is used to measure its potential health risk. High blood serum cholesterol levels are often correlated with excessive plaque deposits in the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Although high total blood cholesterol levels are associated with heart disease, it is important to distinguish between types of cholesterol when interpreting cholesterol levels. Cholesterol has been labeled as good and bad depending on its physiological role. Forms of cholesterol depend on the lipoproteins that are associated with it. Lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) is often referred to as bad cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is identified as good cholesterol. An understanding of the difference between LDL and HDL cholesterol requires an understanding of substances associated with cholesterol in the body. Cholesterol is a lipid so it has very low solubility in water and blood. For the cholesterol synthesized in the liver to be delivered by the bloodstream to the rest of the body, the liver manufactures lipoproteins that can be viewed as carriers for cholesterol (and triglycerides).
3. cholesterol is a moisturizer and emollient that acts as a powerful emulsifier in water-in-oil systems. Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in plant and animal cells. It is also present in the secretion of the sebaceous glands and, therefore, is a component of the fat on the skin’s surface. It is considered a noncomedogenic raw material. It may sometimes be obtained from sheep’s wool wax.
4. analeptic, antibacterial
5. Cholesterol is a major component of all biological membranes; ~25% of total brain lipid is Cholesterol. Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals. Cholesterol was found in all body tis
sues, especial in the brain, spinal cord, and in animal fats or oils. Cholesterol is the main constituent of gallstones.
6. Cholesterol be used as pharmaceutical intermediates and be used as synthetic materials of liquid crystal polymers.
Production methods
1. Extracted from pig brain (or spinal cord) or sheep brain.
2. Use the brain tissue of livestock as the raw materials.
Preparation of dry powder: take fresh animal brain and spinal cord (remove the fat and spinal cord membranes), mince, dry at 40-50 °C to obtain the brain dry powder.
Brain (pig, cattle, sheep) [40-50 °C] → brain dry powder
Preparation of crude cholesterol crystals: brain powder is impregnated in 1.2 times the amount of acetone with constant stirring for extraction of 4.5h, and extract for continuously 6 times, filtrate, combine the extract, distill to recycle the acetone and obtain a yellow solid substance. Add 10 times the amount of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1h to obtain the cholesterol ethanol solution, filter and the filtrate is further cooled at 0-5 °C, stand static, separate out the crystals, filter gain to obtain the crude crystals of cholesterol.
Brain dry powder [acetone] → yellow solid [ethanol] → cholesterol ethanol solution [0-5 °C] → crude cholesterol crystals.
Making refined cholesterol: Take the crude cholesterol crystals and add 5 fold the amount of ethanol, add 5%-6% sulfuric acid, heat and reflux for 8h to obtained the hydrolysis liquid, further cool it at 0-5 °C, separate out the crystals, filter to obtain the crystals, add ethanol and wash to being neutral. The crystals washed into neutral were further added into 10 times the amount of 95% ethanol together with 3% activated carbon, heated for reflux and decolorization for 1h, insulate and filter, the filtrate was subject to cooling crystallization at 0-5 °C, repeated three times, filter, collect the crystals, compress for drying, evaporate the ethanol, and vacuum dry at 70-80 °C and obtain the refined cholesterol.
The crude cholesterol crystals [ethanol, H2SO4] → [8h] hydrolysis liquid [0-5 °C] → crystal [ethanol, activated carbon] → [1h] refined cholesterol.
3. Bovine spinal cord is used as raw materials, extract it using petroleum ether and then repeatedly refine to obtain the product.
Precautions
Daily intake of cholesterol for normal adult should be less than 500 mg which is proper with patients suffering coronary heart disease should not exceed 300 mg.
References
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
https://medlineplus.gov/cholesterol.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol
https://heartuk.org.uk/health-and-high-cholesterol
https://familydoctor.org
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 57-88-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. White to faintly yellow cryst. powder
2. Cholesterol occurs as white or faintly yellow, almost odorless,
pearly leaflets, needles, powder, or granules. On prolonged
exposure to light and air, cholesterol acquires a yellow to tan color.
History
Cholesterol was discovered in 1769 by Poulletier dela Salle (1719–1787), who isolated
the compound from bile and gallstones. It was rediscovered by Michel Eugène Chevreul
(1786–1889) in 1815 and named cholesterine. The name comes from the Greek words khole
meaning bile and steros meaning solid or stiff . The “ine” ending was later changed to “ol” to
designate it as an alcohol.
Definition
Different sources of media describe the Definition of 57-88-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. ChEBI: A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.
2. cholesterol: A sterol occurringwidely in animal tissues and also insome higher plants and algae. It canexist as a free sterol or esterified witha long-chain fatty acid. Cholesterol isabsorbed through the intestine ormanufactured in the liver. It servesprincipally as a constituent of bloodplasma lipoproteins and of thelipid–protein complexes that formcell membranes. It is also importantas a precursor of various steroids, especiallythe bile acids, sex hormones,and adrenocorticoid hormones. Thederivative 7-dehydrocholesterol isconverted to vitamin D3 by the actionof sunlight on skin. Increased levelsof dietary and blood cholesterol havebeen associated with atherosclerosis,a condition in which lipids accumulateon the inner walls of arteries andeventually obstruct blood flow.
Production Methods
The commercial material is normally obtained from the spinal cord
of cattle by extraction with petroleum ethers, but it may also be
obtained from wool fat. Purification is normally accomplished by
repeated bromination. Cholesterol may also be produced by entirely
synthetic means.
Cholesterol produced from animal organs will always contain
cholestanol and other saturated sterols.
General Description
Cholesterol is a minor sterol present in plants. It is majorly associated with the plant membranes and is a constituent of leaf surface lipids.
Hazard
Questionable carcinogen.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Cholesterol is used in cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical
formulations at concentrations of 0.3–5.0% w/w as an emulsifying
agent. It imparts water-absorbing power to an ointment and has
emollient activity.
Cholesterol also has a physiological role. It is the major sterol of
the higher animals, and it is found in all body tissues, especially in
the brain and spinal cord. It is also the main constituent of
gallstones.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Cholesterol is a lipid that makes up about 20-25% of the structural components of the cell membranes. It determines the fluidity and permeability of the membrane, making it permeable to water but not to ions and protons. Cholesterol also regulates the functions of the transporters and signaling proteins present on the plasma membrane. The major sites of cholesterol synthesis are small intestine and liver.
Safety Profile
Experimental
teratogenic and reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental
carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Mutation
data reported. Used in pharmaceutical and
dermal preparations as an emulsifying agent.
When heated to decomposition it emits
acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Safety
Cholesterol is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and
nonirritant material at the levels employed as an excipient. It has,
however, exhibited experimental teratogenic and reproductive
effects, and mutation data have been reported.
Cholesterol is often derived from animal sources and this must
be done in accordance with the regulations for human consumption.
The risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
contamination has caused some concern over the use of animalderived
cholesterol in pharmaceutical products. However, synthetic
methods of cholesterol manufacture have been developed.
storage
Cholesterol is stable and should be stored in a well-closed container,
protected from light.
Purification Methods
Crystallise cholesterol from ethyl acetate, EtOH or isopropyl ether/MeOH. [Hiromitsu & Kevan J Am Chem Soc 109 4501 1987.] For extensive details of purification through the dibromide, see Fieser [J Am Chem Soc 75 5421 1953] and Schwenk and Werthessen [Arch Biochem Biophys 40 334 1952], and by repeated crystallisation from acetic acid; see Fieser [J Am Chem Soc 75 4395 1953]. Like many sterols, cholesterol gives colour reactions with conc H2SO4: When cholesterol is dissolved in a small volume of CHCl3 and mixed with conc H2SO4, the colour of the organic layer becomes crimson, then changes to purple and on further standing in air it turns to blue, then green and finally yellow. The H2SO4 layer develops a green fluorescence. [Beilstein 6 III 2607, 6 IV 4000.]
Incompatibilities
Cholesterol is precipitated by digitonin.
Regulatory Status
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections;
ophthalmic, topical, and vaginal preparations).
Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included
in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 57-88-5 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 5 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 57-88:
(4*5)+(3*7)+(2*8)+(1*8)=65
65 % 10 = 5
So 57-88-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C27H46O/c1-18(2)7-6-8-19(3)23-11-12-24-22-10-9-20-17-21(28)13-15-26(20,4)25(22)14-16-27(23,24)5/h9,18-19,21-25,28H,6-8,10-17H2,1-5H3/t19-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1
57-88-5Relevant articles and documents
Stereochemical Fate of the Isopropylidene Methyl Groups of Lanosterol during the Biosynthesis of Isofucosterol in Pinus Pinea
Nicotra, Francesco,Ronchetti, Fiamma,Russo, Giovanni,Lugaro, Giuseppe,Casellato, Marilena
, p. 498 - 502 (1981)
Lanosterol (16) was administered to Pinus pinea and the isofucosteryl acetate (6) obtained was chemically transformed into cholesterol (13).Compound (13) was incubated with rat-liver mitochondria to yield the propionic acid.The data obtained are consistent with a biosynthetic pathway in which the pro-E isopropylidene methyl group of the Δ24-precursor becomes the pro-R isopropyl methyl group in isofucosterol.
Novel Trifunctional Building Blocks for Fluorescent Polymers
Batra, Dolly,Shea, Kenneth J.
, p. 3895 - 3898 (2003)
(Matrix presented) Herein, we describe the synthesis of fluorescent 2-(arylsulfonyl)methacrylates and its polymers. These novel trifunctional monomers, possessing a fluorescent arylsulfonyl (ArSO2) group, an alkyl group (R), and a polymerizable olefin, serve as useful building blocks for functionalized fluorescent polymers.
Hydrolysis of Steroidal Esters Catalysed by Tetracyanoethylene
Hanson, James R.,Uyanik, Cavit,Yildirim, Kudret
, p. 580 - 581 (1998)
Tetracyanoethylene has been shown to be a mild catalyst which possesses some stereoselectivity, for the hydrolysis of the esters of steroidal alcohols.
Method for preparing cholesterol and derivatives thereof by taking phytosterol as raw material
-
Paragraph 0065, (2021/02/20)
The invention discloses a method for preparing cholesterol and derivatives thereof by taking phytosterol as a raw material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: taking phytosterol asa starting raw material, carrying out etherification protection on 3-hydroxyl of the phytosterol, and carrying out biological fermentation, oxidation, GM-2 oxidation, witting reaction, hydrogenation and hydrolysis to obtain cholesterol and derivatives thereof. According to the invention, sterols are developed and utilized, so that the problem of raw material sources is solved, and the environmental protection problem of waste water and waste residues is also solved.
Me3SI-promoted chemoselective deacetylation: a general and mild protocol
Gurawa, Aakanksha,Kashyap, Sudhir,Kumar, Manoj
, p. 19310 - 19315 (2021/06/03)
A Me3SI-mediated simple and efficient protocol for the chemoselective deprotection of acetyl groups has been developedviaemploying KMnO4as an additive. This chemoselective deacetylation is amenable to a wide range of substrates, tolerating diverse and sensitive functional groups in carbohydrates, amino acids, natural products, heterocycles, and general scaffolds. The protocol is attractive because it uses an environmentally benign reagent system to perform quantitative and clean transformations under ambient conditions.
Novel method for synthesizing cholesterol from 21-hydroxy-20-methylpregna-4-ene-3-ketone as raw material
-
Paragraph 0039; 0047, (2021/11/19)
The invention provides a method for synthesizing cholesterol from 21-hydroxy-20-methylpregna-4-ene-3-ketone (4-BA) as a raw material. The method comprises the step of: (1) carrying out etherification reaction, oxidation reaction, Grignard reagent addition reaction, sulfonylation reaction, reduction reaction, acetylation reaction and reduction reaction on 4-BA and triethyl orthoformate to obtain cholesterol. The synthesis method is simple in process, high in yield, low in cost, environment-friendly in process and suitable for industrial production.
Method for synthesizing cholesterol by taking BA as raw material
-
Paragraph 0113-0117, (2021/08/14)
The invention discloses a method for synthesizing cholesterol by taking BA as a raw material. A plant source raw material 21-hydroxy-20-methylpregna-4-en-3-one, also known as Shuangjiangchun or BA is taken as a raw material, and the cholesterol is synthesized by the steps of oxidation, Wittig reaction, acetylation, reduction, selective hydrogenation reduction and the like. The raw materials for synthesizing cholesterol are plant sources, the price is low, the safety is high, the risk of pathogenic bacteria and virus infection is avoided, and the synthesis method is easy to operate, high in yield, few in side reaction, environmentally friendly, good in economical efficiency and convenient for industrial production; and the invention solves the safety problem of the existing cholesterol product and the problems of high cost, environmental unfriendliness and unsuitability for large-scale industrial production in the synthesis technology.
Methods for preparing cholesterol, and derivatives and analogs thereof
-
Paragraph 0313-0314; 0321-0323, (2021/04/07)
The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and in particular to methods of preparing cholesterol,and derivatives and analogs thereof. The cholesterol derivatives include, but not limited to, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 25- hydroxy7dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol. In the invention, phytosterol can be used as a raw material to prepare the compound shown in the formula I through microbial conversion, and then cholesterol and the derivatives and analogues thereof are prepared.
PHOTOLYTIC COMPOUNDS AND TRIPLET-TRIPLET ANNIHILATION MEDIATED PHOTOLYSIS
-
Paragraph 0026, (2021/04/17)
The invention provides novel photolytic compounds and prodrugs, nanoparticles and compositions thereof, and methods of conducting photolysis mediated by triplet-triplet annihilation.
KMnO4-catalyzed chemoselective deprotection of acetate and controllable deacetylation-oxidation in one pot
Gurawa, Aakanksha,Kumar, Manoj,Rao, Dodla S.,Kashyap, Sudhir
supporting information, p. 16702 - 16707 (2020/10/27)
A novel and efficient protocol for chemoselective deacetylation under ambient conditions was developed using catalytic KMnO4. The stoichiometric use of KMnO4 highlighted the dual role of a heterogeneous oxidant enabling direct access to aromatic aldehydes in one-pot sequential deacetylation-oxidation. The reaction employed an alternative solvent system and allowed the clean transformation of benzyl acetate to sensitive aldehyde in a single step while preventing over-oxidation to acids. Use of inexpensive and readily accessible KMnO4 as an environmentally benign reagent and the ease of the reaction operation were particularly attractive, and enabled the controlled oxidation and facile cleavage of acetate in a preceding step. This journal is
