The study on the performance of carbon supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) ternary electro-catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation reaction

Article abstract of DOI:10.1166/jnn.2016.11006

PtSn/C and Pt₅Sn₄M/C (M = W, Pd, Ni) electrocatalysts were prepared by impregnation method using NaBH₄ as a reducing agent. Chemical composition, crystalline size, and alloy formation were determined by EDX, XRD and TEM. The average particle sizes of the synthesized catalysts were approximately 3.64-4.95 nm. The electro-chemical properties were measured by CO stripping, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The maximum specific activity of the electro-catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation was 406.08 mA m^-2 in Pt₅Sn₄Pd/C. The poisoning rate of the Pt₅Sn₄Pd/C (0.0017% s^-1) was 4.5 times lower than that of the PtSn/C (0.0076% s^-1).

Full text of DOI:10.1166/jnn.2016.11006

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Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Vol. 16, 4516–4522, 2016
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The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported
PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts for
Ethanol Electro-Oxidation Reaction
Chang Soo Noh1ꢀ†, Dong Hyun Heo2, Ki Rak Lee3, Min Ku Jeon3, and Jung Min Sohn2ꢀ∗
1GS Fuelcell, GS Caltex New Energy R&D Center, 453-2, Seongnae 1-Dong, Gangdong-Gu,
Seoul 134-848, Republic of Korea
2Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University,
Jeon Ju 561-756, Republic of Korea
3Nuclear Fuel Cycle Waste Treatment Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
989-111 Daedeok-Daero, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea
PtSn/C and Pt5Sn4M/C (M = W, Pd, Ni) electrocatalysts were prepared by impregnation method
using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. Chemical composition, crystalline size, and alloy formation
were determined by EDX, XRD and TEM. The average particle sizes of the synthesized catalysts
were approximately 3.64∼4.95 nm. The electro-chemical properties were measured by CO strip-
ping, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The maximum specific
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activity of the electro-catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation was 406.08 mA m−2 in Pt5Sn4Pd/C.
IP: 91.236.120.144 On: Sat, 11 Jun 2016 21:51:43
The poisoning rate of the Pt Sn Pd/C (0.0017% s−1ꢀ was 4.5 times lower than that of the PtSn/C
Copy4right: American Scientific Publishers
5
(0.0076% s−1ꢀ.
Keywords: Electrochemical Catalyst, Ethanol Oxidation Reaction, Ternary Catalysts,
Bi-Functional Mechanism, Co Tolerance Property.
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to increase the electrocatalytic activity of Pt
towards ethanol oxidation, bimetallic alloyed catalysts
such as such as PtRu,6ꢀ7 PtSn,8–10 PtW,11 PtRh,12 and
PtMo13 have been reported. Fortunately, incorporation of
second metal could significantly improve catalytic activ-
ities due to improved CO tolerance property of Pt by
producing –OH species to reaction with Pt–CO, the so-
called “bi-functional mechanism.”4ꢀ14ꢀ15 Among these cat-
alysts, PtSn is generally considered as the best material for
ethanol oxidation.16ꢀ17 Recently, promoting effect of third
metal incorporation such as Pt–Sn–M system has been
reported while promoting mechanism of improved CO tol-
erance and ethanol oxidation by adding third metal is not
fully defined.16ꢀ18
In recent years, the direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) has
been studied extensively because of high energy den-
sity (8.01 kWh/kg) and environment-friendly property
as compared with other liquid fuels such as methanol
(6.09 kWh/kg).1 However, the slow reaction kinetics and
inefficient conversion of ethanol to CO2 are still the main
obstacles for its application in a direct fuel cell since com-
plete oxidation of ethanol involves many reaction steps
consisted of C–C bond splitting, –OH formation form
water activation, and oxidation of CO and CHx intermedi-
ates into CO2.2–4 Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of
the anodic oxidation is still not clearly understood.
To date, Pt has been shown to be the only active and
stable single metal catalyst for the electro-oxidation of
ethanol in acidic media. Pt is readily poisoned and ren-
dered inactive by reaction intermediates such as CO.5
Ribeiro et al.16 have studied the effect of tungsten
on PtSn/C catalysts for ethanol oxidation with XRD
results showing that the electrocatalysts consisted of the
Pt displaced phase, suggesting the formation of a solid
solution between the Pt/W and Pt/Sn metals. The electro-
chemical tests of the electrocatalysts showed the PtSnW/C
catalyst displaying better catalytic activity for ethanol
∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†Present address: GS Power Co., Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-985,
Korea.
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1533-4880/2016/16/4516/007
doi:10.1166/jnn.2016.11006

Noh et al.
The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
ꢀ
oxidation compared to PtW/C. Furthermore, at 90 C, the
Pt85Sn8W7/C catalyst gave higher current and power per-
formances as an anode material in a direct ethanol fuel
cell. Colmati et al.18 investigated the electro-oxidation of
ethanol on ternary PtSnRh (1:1:0.3 and 1:1:1) catalysts
using a formic acid process and compared with PtSn and
PtR. From linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), for poten-
tials greater than 0.45 V (vs. RHE), the PtSnRh catalysts
showed the highest activity for ethanol electro-oxidation,
while for potentials lower than 0.45 V (vs. RHE), it was
lower than that of the PtSn catalyst.
method.19 The catalysts are subjected to cyclic voltamme-
try (CV), CO stripping, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV),
and chronoamperometry tests. The CV test is scanned in
a potential range of 0.05–0.8 V (vs. reference hydrogen
electrode (RHE)) at a rate of 15 mV s−1. Nitrogen purged
1.0 M H2SO4 + 1.0 M EtOH solution is used as an elec-
trolyte. CO stripping test is measured in a 1.0 M H2SO4
solution at a scan rate of 15 mV s−1: CO is bubbled
through the working electrode for one hour, while main-
taining a constant voltage of 0.1 V (vs. RHE). The elec-
trolyte is then purged by nitrogen gas (N2ꢁ bubbling for
50 minutes to remove dissolved CO in the electrolyte. LSV
tests are recorded at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 between
0.05 V and 0.8 V. Chronoamperometry tests are carried
out at 0.5 V for one hour in a solution of 1.0 M H2SO4 +
1.0 M EtOH to evaluate the electro-catalytic activity of
the electro-catalysts and poisoning of the active surface
under continuous operation conditions. All potentials in
this study are converted to RHE scale.
In this paper, ternary alloy electrocatalysts such as
the Pt5Sn4M1 system (M = W, Ni, Pd) were synthesized
by an impregnation method with NaBH4 and designated
Pt5Sn4W1, Pt5Sn4Ni1, and Pt5Sn4Pd1, respectively. For
comparison, a PtSn catalyst was also synthesized using the
same method. Physical properties were analyzed by trans-
mission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Electrochemical
properties using a three-electrode half-cell were charac-
terized by CO stripping, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep
voltammetry, and chronoamperometry.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
XRD results of synthesized electro-catalysts are shown in
Figure 1. In all the diffractograms, a broad peak near 25ꢀ
was associated with the (0 0 2) plane of the hexagonal
structure of the carbon black support material. Peaks at 2ꢃ
values of 40ꢀ, 47ꢀ, and 67ꢀ were related to the (111), (200),
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Electro-catalysts are synthesized using a conventional
impregnation method and chemically reduced using
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and (220) planes of the face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline
sodium borohydride (NaBH4ꢁ. Vulcan XC72R is dispersed
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Pt and Pt alloys, respectively. Additionally, two peaks were
in a mixture of de-ionized water aCndopiysroigprhotp: yAlmaelcrioc-an Scientific Publishers
observed at 2ꢃ values of 34ꢀ and 52ꢀ which were identified
hol, followed by sonication for 30 min. Metal precursors
are then dissolved in the mixture. The H2PtCl6 · xH2O
(Kojima Chem. Co., City, Country), SnCl3 ·2H2O (Aldrich
Chem. Co., City, State, Country), WCl6 (Aldrich), PdCl2
(Aldrich), and NiCl2 · 6H2O (Aldrich) are used as the Pt,
Sn, W, Pd, and Ni precursors, respectively. The amounts
of metal precursors are adjusted to give a total metal con-
tent in the catalyst of 60 wt%. After the mixture is heated
and stirred for 1 h, it is reduced with a 0.2 mol% NaBH4
solution for 3 h, filtered, and washed with hot de-ionized
as the cassiterite SnO2 phase. Other diffraction peaks for
a third metal such as Pd, W, and Ni in the XRD patterns
were not observed. The diffraction peaks of the ternary
electro-catalysts were shifted slightly to higher 2ꢃ val-
ues compared to that of PtSn/C. The higher angle shifts
of the Pt diffraction peaks revealed the formation of an
alloy involving the incorporation of Sn and other transition
ꢀ
water. Finally, the samples are dried overnight at 80 C.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns are recorded on a
Rigaku DMAX-2500 using a Cu Kꢂ radiation source and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the
synthesized catalysts collected using a JEM2200FS. More-
over, the compositions of the synthesized electro-catalysts
are determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis
using a JSM-6400.
Electrochemical measurements are carried out using a
potentiostat (Bio-Logic, SP-150) at room temperature and
at ambient pressure. Electrochemical studies are performed
with a three electrode cell equipped with a Pt-wire counter
electrode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode (BAS Co., Ltd.,
MF-2052 RE-5B), and a glassy carbon working elec-
trode (3 mm diameter, BAS Co., Ltd., MF-2012). The
working electrodes are prepared by the thin-film electrode
Figure 1. XRD patterns of PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C, Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and
Pt5Sn4Ni/C.
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 4516–4522, 2016
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The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
Noh et al.
metal atoms into the fcc structure of Pt.16ꢀ20ꢀ21 The average
particle sizes were calculated using the Debye-Scherrer
equation.22 The (111) diffraction peak of crystallographic
Pt plane was used for particle size calculation.
Decrease of the on-set potential for CO electro-
oxidation was observed in the alloy catalysts from
Figure 3. The on-set potentials of the Pt1Sn1/C,
Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C electro-
catalysts for CO electro-oxidation were 0.276, 0.227,
0.206, and 0.212 V, respectively. Among these electrocata-
lysts, Pt5Sn4Pd/C exhibited the lowest potential at 0.206 V
for CO electro-oxidation. Friedrich et al.23 reported that
smaller platinum particles show more positive CO oxida-
tion potentials in relation to polycrystalline Pt and large
particles. From Table I, the synthesized catalysts showed
nearly the similar particle size, indicating that the greater
negative CO oxidation potential on the alloy catalyst is
not due to different particle size. Lu et al.24 reported a
Pt–Pd bimetallic system also exhibiting a high resistance
against CO poisoning from the oxidation of formic acid.
Ozturk et al.25 reported PtPd/C catalysts with high CO
tolerance property during ethanol oxidation. High CO tol-
erance of alloyed catalysts can be explained by the bifunc-
tional mechanism suggesting the oxidation of CO poisoned
surface by OH species. Synergistic effect of alloyed metal
causes CO2 formation from adsorbed Pt–CO.
kꢄ
d =
(1)
ꢅ1/2 cosꢃ
where d is the particle size (nm), ꢄ is the wavelength
of X-ray, ꢃ is the angle of the maximum peak, ꢅ1/2
is the width of the diffraction peak at half height, and
k is a coefficient of 0.89 to 1.39 (0.9 here). Aver-
age particle sized were 4.95, 4.07, 3.64, and 4.31 nm
for Pt1Sn1/C, Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C
electro-catalysts.
Figure 2 shows TEM image of Pt1Sn1/C, Pt5Sn4W1/C,
Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C electro-catalysts. Uniform
dispersion of the prepared catalysts, without agglom-
eration, was observed for the all catalysts. Moreover,
the chemical compositions of the electro-catalysts were
determined by EDX analysis. The EDX analysis showed
that the determined compositions were quite similar to the
purposed value. The atomic ratios among the metals were
51.19 (Pt):48.81 (Sn), 49.71 (Pt):41.61 (Sn):8.68 (W),
Figure 4 shows the CO stripping results of the
Pt1Sn1/C, Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C
electro-catalyst. The CO stripping experiments were
used to estimate the electrochemically active surface
area (EAS). Due to the strong adsorption of CO onto the
50.56
(Pt):39.60
(Sn):9.84
(Pd),
and
48.98 (Pt):41.86 (Sn):9.16 (Ni) for PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C,
Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni/C, respectively. Results of XRD
and EDX analysis were listed in Table I.
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Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
Figure 2. TEM images of (a) PtSn/C, (b) Pt5Sn4W/C, (c) Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and (d) Pt5Sn4Ni/C.
4518
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Noh et al.
Table I. Atomic ratios of in-house catalysts and crystalline size.
Determined by EDX Crystalline size
The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
39.18, 55.93, and 32.26 mA cm−2, respectively. The
Pt5Sn4Pd1/C showed the highest current density for the
EOR among the prepared electro-catalysts due to high CO
tolerance property. It is in agreement with CO stripping
results.
Catalysts
Pt
Sn
Third metal
XRD
PtSn/C
51.19
49.71
50.56
48.98
48.81
41.61
39.60
41.86
–
4.95
4.07
3.64
4.31
Pt5Sn4W/C
Pt5Sn4Pd/C
Pt5Sn4Ni/C
8.68
9.84
9.16
Figure 6 shows the linear sweep curves for the EOR of
synthesized electro-catalysts in the potential range between
0.05 and 0.8 V. The ternary electro-catalysts show higher
EOR activities than PtSn/C. It is similar with CV results.
The Pt5Sn4Pd1/C electro-catalyst had a lower on-set poten-
tial and higher current density than any of the other
electrocatalysts. The current densities were converted into
mass and specific activities. The current densities of all
electro-catalysts are compared at 0.5 V in terms of EOR
activity. The current densities of the electro-catalysts were
5.32, 15.12, 18.37, and 8.38 mA cm−2 for Pt1Sn1/C,
Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C, respectively.
The mass activities of Pt1Sn1/C, Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C,
and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C were 4.70, 13.35, 16.23, and 7.40 A (g ·
catal)−1, respectively. Compared to the 117.13 mA m−2 of
the Pt1Sn1/C electrocatalyst, the specific activities of the
electrocatalysts were 355.97, 406.08, and 314.67 mA m−2
for Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C, respec-
tively. The Pt5Sn4Pd1/C electro-catalyst had the highest
specific activity among the other electro-catalysts. Spe-
cific activity of the Pt5Sn4Pd1/C was approximately 3.5
times higher than that of the Pt1Sn1/C. The electrochem-
Pt surface, the hydrogen adsorption–desorption on the Pt
was completely blocked in the hydrogen region, indicat-
ing the presence of a saturated CO adlayer.26 The elec-
trochemically active surface areas of the electrocatalysts
were calculated using Eq. (2),27ꢀ28 where Qco is the charge
for CO desorption electro-oxidation in the microcoulomb
(ꢆC) and G is the loading of the electrocatalyst in the
electrode, assuming an adsorption charge of 420 ꢆCcm−2
for a CO monolayer.
QCO
G×420ꢇꢆCcm−2
SEAS
=
(2)
ꢁ
The electrochemically active surface areas (EAS) of the
electrocatalysts were 40.13, 37.53, 39.97, and 23.53 m2
(g · catal)−1 for PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C, Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and
Pt5Sn4Ni/C, respectively. The EAS of the PtSn/C estimated
to be 40.13 m2 (g·catal)−1 was higher than the other alloy
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catalysts.
ical properties such as on-set voltage for CO oxidation,
EAS, current density, mass activity, and specific activity
are summarized in Table II.
IP: 91.236.120.144 On: Sat, 11 Jun 2016 21:51:43
Figure 5 shows the representative CV results obtained
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
with the Pt1Sn1/C, Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and
Pt5Sn4Ni1/C electro-catalysts in a mixture of 1.0 M H2SO4
and 1.0 M EtOH. The ethanol electro-oxidation reaction
(EOR)s of Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C
were started at 0.25, 0.27, and 0.25 V, respectively. It
is similar to that of the PtSn/C electro-catalyst (0.25 V).
However, ternary electro-catalysts exhibited higher perfor-
mance in maximum current densities of EOR than PtSn.
The maximum current densities of EOR on Pt1Sn1/C,
Pt5Sn4W1/C, Pt5Sn4Pd1/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni1/C were 13.36,
Oxidizing ethanol to CO2 can produce many intermedi-
ates, including COads, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. These
species can be strongly adsorbed onto the Pt active sites,
thus poisoning the catalyst and significantly reducing reac-
tion kinetics.30 We carried out long-term chronoamperom-
etry testst at 0.5 V for one hour to calculate the poisoning
rate. Chronoamperometry results are shown in Figure 7.
For comparison, the results are separately displayed by dif-
ferent time scales 600 s (a) and 3600 s (b). The initial cur-
rents for the EOR in chronoamperometry test were higher
than those characterized by LSV at the same potential, due
to the lower amounts of oxidized Pt surface (PtOxꢁ in the
catalysts.31 Furthermore, during the initial minutes, there
was a sharp decrease in the current density. It is because
of the formation of COads and other intermediate species,
such as CH3OHads, CHOads, and OHads during the ethanol
oxidation reaction,32 followed by a slow decrease in the
current values during long time tests. The poisoning rate
(ꢈꢁ of the catalysts were calculated using the following
equation:33ꢀ34
ꢀ
ꢁ
100
dI
dt
ꢈ =
×
ꢇ%s−1
ꢁ
(3)
I0
t>500 s
where dI/dt is the slope of the linear portion of the cur-
rent decay above 500 seconds and I0 is the current at the
Figure 3. On-set voltages for CO electro-oxidation of PtSn/C (dash),
Pt5Sn4W/C (dot), Pt5Sn4Pd/C (solid), and Pt5Sn4Ni/C (dash dot).
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 4516–4522, 2016
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The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
Noh et al.
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Figure 4. CO stripping results for (a) PtSn/C, (b) Pt5Sn4W/C, (c) Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and (d) Pt5Sn4Ni/C.
IP: 91.236.120.144 On: Sat, 11 Jun 2016 21:51:43
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
start of polarization, back extrapolated from the linear cur-
rent decay. The poisoning rates were calculated with cur-
rent densities until 600 and 3600 seconds. A summary of
the calculated poisoning rates is listed in Table III. The
poisoning rates of the electro-catalysts until 600 seconds
decreased in the order of: PtSn/C (0.0176) > Pt5Sn4Ni/C
(0.0155) > Pt5Sn4Pd/C (0.0092) > Pt5Sn4W/C (0.0057),
respectively. However, until 3600 seconds, the poison-
ing rates decreased in the order of: PtSn/C (0.0076) >
Pt5Sn4Ni/C (0.0035) > Pt5Sn4W/C (0.0020) > Pt5Sn4Pd/C
(0.0017), respectively. The ternary catalysts also showed
better stability than Pt1Sn1/C catalyst. Especially, the
Pt5Sn4Pd1/C exhibited the lowest poisoning rate among
other catalysts that was approximately 4.5 times lower than
Figure 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves for EOR in 1.0 mol%
H2SO4 + 1.0 mol% EtOH on the PtSn/C (dash), Pt5Sn4W/C (dot),
Pt5Sn4Pd/C (solid), and Pt5Sn4Ni/C (dash dot).
Figure 6. Liner sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves for ethanol electro-
oxidation on PtSn/C (dash), Pt5Sn4W/C (dot), Pt5Sn4Pd/C (solid), and
Pt5Sn4Ni/C (dash dot).
4520
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Noh et al.
The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
Table II. Electrochemical properties of the PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C, Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and Pt5Sn4Ni/C electrocatalysts.
On-set voltage
for CO oxidation (V)
SEAS
(m2/g·catal)
Current density
at 0.5 V (mA/cm2)
Mass activity
at 0.5 V (A/g·catal)
Specific activity
at 0.5 V (mA/m2)
Catalysts
PtSn/C
0.276
0.227
0.206
0.212
40.13
37.53
39.97
23.53
5ꢉ32
15ꢉ12
18ꢉ37
8ꢉ38
4ꢉ70
13ꢉ35
16ꢉ23
7ꢉ40
117.13
355.97
406.08
314.67
Pt5Sn4W/C
Pt5Sn4Pd/C
Pt5Sn4Ni/C
Table III. Poisoning rate of the PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C, Pt5Sn4Pd/C, and
Pt5Sn4Ni/C electrocatalysts.
that of the Pt1Sn1/C catalyst. The enhanced EOR activ-
ity of Pt5Sn4Pd1/C is originated from low on-set potential
of CO oxidation. It is in good agreement with CO strip-
ping results. In the previous study, Xu35 et al. reported
that PtPd catalysts had showed enhancement in the per-
formance towards EOR due to the high CO tolerance
property. Additionally, Kadirgan et al.4 and She et al.36
reported the high CO tolerant property of Pd system.
The formation of the OHad species at lower potentials
on the Pd surface can transform the CO-like poisoning
species into CO2 or other products on the Pt–Pd sur-
face. These products could then be dissolved in water,
thereby freeing the active sites for further electrochemical
reaction.
Poisoning rate (%s−1
)
Catalysts
∼600 s
∼3600 s
PtSn/C
0.0176
0.0057
0.0092
0.0155
0.0076
0.0020
0.0017
0.0035
Pt5Sn4W/C
Pt5Sn4Pd/C
Pt5Sn4Ni/C
4. CONCLUSIONS
The Pt1Sn1/C and Pt5Sn4M1/C (M = W, Pd, Ni) elec-
trocatalysts were synthesized by an impregnation method
using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The catalytic activ-
ities of the synthesized ternary electrocatalysts were
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measured via electrochemical experiments, including CO
IP: 91.236.120.144 On: Sat, 11 Jun 2016 21:51:43
stripping, ethanol electro-oxidation, and chronoamper-
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
ometry tests. For comparison, Pt1Sn1/C catalyst was
characterized.
From the CO stripping and ethanol electro-oxidation,
ternary electro-catalysts exhibited better performances than
Pt1Sn1/C binary catalyst. The maximum specific activity
of the electro-catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation was
406.08 mA m−2 in Pt5Sn4Pd1/C. The poisoning rate of the
Pt5Sn4Pd1/C (0.0017% s−1ꢁ was 4.5 times lower than that
of the Pt1Sn1/C (0.0076% s−1ꢁ.
Acknowledgments: This research was supported
by Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded
by the Ministry of Education, Science and Tech-
nology (2012R1A1A2007288) and R&D program
(20133030050010) of the Korea Institute of Energy Tech-
nology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded
by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and
Energy.
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Figure 7. Chronoamperometry curves of PtSn/C, Pt5Sn4W/C,
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J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 4516–4522, 2016
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The Study on the Performance of Carbon Supported PtSnM (M = W, Pd, and Ni) Ternary Electro-Catalysts
Noh et al.
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Delivered by Ingenta to: Nanyang Technological University
Received: 23 September 2014. Accepted: 10 November 2014.
IP: 91.236.120.144 On: Sat, 11 Jun 2016 21:51:43
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
4522
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 4516–4522, 2016