Enhanced cooperative activation effect in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides on [co(salen)] catalysts confined in nanocages

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200701747

(Chemical Equation Presented) Being cagey: More than two chiral [Co-(salen)] catalyst molecules can be confined in one nanocage of SBA-16 by reducing the pore entrance size by silylation. The [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 catalysts with more than two [Co(salen)] complexes in each cage show a significantly enhanced cooperative activation effect and exhibit much higher activity than the homogeneous [Co(salen)] catalyst in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides (see scheme).

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200701747

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701747
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Enhanced Cooperative Activation Effect in the Hydrolytic Kinetic
Resolution of Epoxides on [Co(salen)] Catalysts Confined in
Nanocages**
Hengquan Yang, Lei Zhang, Lin Zhong, Qihua Yang,* and Can Li*
It has been recognized that the cooperative activation by two
or more catalytic centers with proper proximity could greatly
increase the activity and enantioselectivity of homogeneous
chiral catalysts through a specific control of the transition
and thus generated a more active solid catalyst compared with
the homogeneous counterpart.
The cagelike mesoporous silica SBA-16 with isolated
cages connected by a small pore entrance was chosen as the
solid host. In comparison with microporous zeolites, which
have pore diameters of less than 2 nm and can also be used as
[
1]
state, like in enzymatic catalysis. If the cooperative activa-
tion could be realized in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis,
it may provide new possibilities for the development of high-
performance heterogeneous catalysts, especially solid cata-
lysts. This area is of ongoing academic and industrial interest
for its potential advantages, such as in the separation and
recycling of catalysts, continuous flow operations, and for the
[
3]
host materials to confine metal complex catalysts, the
nanocages of SBA-16 is large enough (the cage size is tunable
between 4–ca. 8 nm) to accommodate a desired number of
[
4]
transition-metal complexes in the confined space. The
transition-metal complex [Co(salen)] was chosen as the
model catalyst because this catalyst has been demonstrated
to have a cooperative activation effect in the HKR of terminal
[
2]
easy purification of products.
However, the generation of such a cooperative activation
in a solid catalyst is difficult, because of the inability to
elaborately control the proper proximity and the relative
conformation of the active centers. If transition-metal com-
plexes are confined but allowed to move freely in the isolated
nanospace of a porous solid, the proper proximity and the
relative conformation of the catalysts required for the
cooperative activation could be realized through precisely
adjusting the loadings and types of the transition-metal
complexes in a confined space. Herein we demonstrate that
the cooperative activation effect in the hydrolytic kinetic
resolution (HKR) of epoxides could be greatly enhanced by
confining [Co(salen)] (salen = (R,R)-N,N’-bis(3,5-di-tert-
butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine) complexes in the
isolated nanocages of SBA-16 with a high local concentration
[
5]
epoxides.
After introducing a given number of [Co(salen)] com-
plexes in the nanocages of SBA-16, the pore entrance size was
reduced through a silylation reaction. Propyltrimethoxysi-
lane, which has a moderate hydrophobicity, was chosen as the
silylating reagent not only to reduce the pore entrance size
but also to modify the inner surface of SBA-16, thereby
optimizing the diffusion rates of epoxides and H O during the
2
reaction. The [Co(salen)] complexes confined in the nanocage
of SBA-16 can basically move freely since there are no
covalent linkages or other strong interactions between the
[Co(salen)] complexes and the surface of SBA-16. We
prepared four solid catalysts with different loadings of
[Co(salen)] (see the Experimental Section). The solid cata-
lyst, denoted as [Co(salen)]/SBA-16, was characterized by
FTIR, UV/Vis, XRD, TEM, and N sorption techniques (see
2
the Supporting Information). Based on an approximate
estimation (see the Supporting Information), [Co(salen)]/
SBA-16 with a Co content of 0.055, 0.087, 0.157, and
[
*] Dr. H. Q. Yang, L. Zhang, L. Zhong, Prof. Dr. Q. H. Yang,
Prof. Dr. C. Li
State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences
0
.225 wt% corresponds to 1.2, 1.9, 3.4, and 4.9 [Co(salen)]
complexes, respectively, accommodated in each nanocage of
SBA-16.
457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023 (China)
Fax: (+86)411-8469-4447
E-mail: yangqh@dicp.ac.cn
canli@dicp.ac.cn
Homepage: http://www.hmm.dicp.ac.cn
http://www.canli.dicp.ac.cn
The catalytic performances of these solid catalysts with
different Co contents were evaluated in the HKR of
propylene epoxide under identical reaction conditions
(Figure 1). The conversion of propylene oxide increases
with an increase in the [Co(salen)] loading in the solid
catalyst and reaches a plateau at a [Co(salen)] loading above
[
**] This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (no. 20621063 and 20673113), the National
Basic Research Program of China (2003CB615803), the Knowledge
Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (DICP
K2006B2), and the Programme for Strategic Scientific Alliances
between China and the Netherlands (2004CB720607 and NSFC
0
.157 wt%. Previous studies have shown that at least two
[
Co(salen)] complexes are required for cooperative activa-
[
5]
tion. For [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with 1.2 [Co(salen)] com-
plexes per cage, the reaction is mainly catalyzed by a single
[Co(salen)] molecule in the cage of SBA-16. Thus, this
catalyst exhibits very low activity (8% conversion with
93% ee of the diol). For [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with 1.9 [Co-
2
1
0520130214). Salen=(R,R)-N,N’-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-
,2-cyclohexanediamine
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6861 –6865
ꢀ 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
6861

Communications
Figure 1. The conversion of propylene oxide on [Co(salen)]/SBA-16
with different loadings of [Co(salen)] complexes per cage. The molar
ratio of epoxide to [Co(salen)] was 4000:1; the molar ratio of epoxide
to H O was 1:0.75; reaction temperature, 283 K; reaction time, 12 h;
2
conversion is calculated according to the following equation: conver-
sion=(ee /ee (1+ee /ee ”100%, according to reference [5d].
ep
diol)/
ep
diol)
(
salen)] molecules per cage, the possibility of the cooperative
activation between two [Co(salen)] complexes increases.
Consequently, the catalytic activity increases greatly (30%
conversion with 94% ee of the diol). The [Co(salen)]/SBA-16
catalyst with 3.4 [Co(salen)] complexes per cage exhibits
much higher activity (49% conversion with 98% ee of the
diol) than that with fewer [Co(salen)] complexes per cage.
The [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with 4.9 [Co(salen)] complexes per
cage shows a similar catalytic activity as that with 3.4
Figure 2. A) TEM image of the (100) projection of cubic SBA-16
Im3m); B) schematic representation of the [Co(salen)] catalyst trap-
ped in the isolated nanocage of mesoporous materials, which results
in enhanced cooperative activation between reactants on two [Co-
(
[
Co(salen)] complexes per cage. The [Co(salen)]/SBA-16
catalysts with 1.2, 1.9, 3.4, and 4.9 [Co(salen)] complexes per
cage exhibits 93, 94, 98 and 98% ee of the diol, respectively
(salen)] complex molecules for the HKR of epoxides. For clarity, the
four tert-butyl groups on the 3,5,3’,5’-postions of the salen ligand, the
À
(
see Table S2 in the Supporting Information). Namely, the
CH COO group of [Co(salen)], and the propyl groups on the surface
3
enantioselectivity also increases with the increase of the
number of [Co(salen)] complexes in each cage.
of SBA-16 are omitted.
As a direct consequence of the cooperative activation (or
second-order kinetic dependence on the concentration of the
catalyst), the overall reaction rate may sharply increase if the
local concentration of the catalyst increases. Also, the HKR
reaction involves a competition between a highly enantiose-
lective bimetallic pathway (second-order kinetics of the
catalysts) and a less enantioselective monometallic path-
way. The increase in the activity and enantioselectivity with
an increase in the number of [Co(salen)] complexes per cage
primarily indicates that the cooperative activation of [Co-
in conversion was observed with the [Co(salen)]/SBA-16
catalyst with 4.9 [Co(salen)] complexes per cage (Figure 1).
The catalytic activity of [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 was also
compared with that of the homogeneous [Co(salen)] at the
same “volume active site density” (the [Co(salen)] density in
the whole homogeneous system is kept the same as the local
density of [Co(salen)] in the nanocages of SBA-16; see
Table S2 in the Supporting Information). It can be clearly
seen that the catalytic activity of [Co(salen)] also increases as
the density of [Co(salen)] increases, because of the enhanced
cooperative activation effect at high [Co(salen)] density in the
HKR of terminal epoxides. The catalytic activity of [Co-
(salen)]/SBA-16 with 1.2 [Co(salen)] complexes per cage is
much lower than that of [Co(salen)] when the reaction was
performed at the same “volume active site density”. This
finding can be explained by the fact that it is difficult to induce
the cooperation activation effect for the single active site
isolated in the nanocages of SBA-16, as mentioned above. In
homogeneous catalysis, there is still some possibility for
[
5b]
(
salen)] complexes in the nanocages can be enhanced, as a
result of the crowded nature of the cobalt complexes in the
nanocages. The appropriate proximity and the free movement
of [Co(salen)] in the confined space means that H O activated
2
by one [Co(salen)] complex can attack the epoxide activated
by another [Co(salen)] complex, and readily produce the diol
with high activity (Figure 2). However, too many [Co(salen)]
complexes within a confined space may result in a too
crowded microenvironment, where mass diffusion becomes a
limiting step. This can explain the fact that no further increase
6
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Chemie
[
“
Co(salen)] complexes to meet each other even at a low
volume active site density”. So the TOF of [Co(salen)] is
much higher than that of [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 when the
volume active site density” is low. Upon increasing the
epoxide than the homogeneous counterpart, especially at
high S/C ratios.
The concentration of [Co(salen)] in the reaction system
greatly affects the conversion and enantioselectivity in the
HKR of epoxides because at least two [Co(salen)] complexes
“
volume active site density, the TOF values of the homoge-
neous catalyst and solid catalyst increased gradually. [Co-
[
5b]
are needed to generate the cooperative activation.
For
(
salen)]/SBA-16 with more than 1.9 [Co(salen)] complexes
per cage exhibits only slightly lower TOF values than [Co-
salen)] because of the mass diffusion limitation for the
homogeneous HKR of epoxide, at S/C ratios of 4000:1 and
12000:1, it is estimated that there are 3.4 [Co(salen)]
complexes in a volume of 1580 and 4740 nm , respectively.
3
(
heterogeneous system. This result also strongly supports the
formation of the cooperative activation effect in [Co(salen)]/
SBA-16 with a high [Co(salen)] density.
This means that the “volume active site density” decreases to
1/3 when the S/C ratio increases from 4000:1 to 12000:1.
Clearly, the possibility for [Co(salen)] complexes to meet
To further understand the enhanced cooperative activa- each other decreases at higher S/C ratios, therefore reducing
tion effect in the nanocage, we compared the catalytic
performances of the homogeneous [Co(salen)] and [Co-
the possibility for cooperative activation. Thus, the catalytic
activity drops greatly as the S/C ratio increases (Table 1). To
generate an efficient reaction system at high S/C ratios for the
HKR of epoxide, the [Co(salen)] complexes should be
spatially close enough to enhance the cooperative activation
(
salen)]/SBA-16 (with a Co content of 0.157 wt%) for the
HKR of propylene epoxide at high substrate/catalyst (S/C)
ratio (the molar ratio of racemic epoxide to [Co(salen)];
Table 1). Homogeneous [Co(salen)] affords 34% conversion as previously demonstrated by the research group of Jacobsen
[
5a,b,6]
and others.
The [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with Co content of
0
.157 wt% has 3.4 [Co(salen)] complexes in each nanocage,
Table 1: Hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic propylene oxide on
homogeneous Co(salen) catalyst and heterogeneous [Co(salen)]/SBA-16
catalyst.
which corresponds to 3.4 [Co(salen)] complexes in a volume
of 65 nm . Therefore, the local density of [Co(salen)] in the
[
a]
3
[
b]
[c]
[e]
[f]
À1
nanocage is much higher than that of the homogeneous
system. Consequently, [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with a Co content
of 0.157 wt% exhibits much higher catalytic activity than its
homogeneous counterpart, even at high S/C ratios. Since the
local density of [Co(salen)] in each cage remains the same
regardless of the change in the S/C ratio, the catalytic activity
does not apparently decrease when the S/C ratio increases.
The higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of [Co-
(salen)]/SBA-16 than the homogeneous counterpart at high
S/C ratio is clearly a consequence of the reinforced cooper-
ative activation effect arising from the high local density of
Catalysts
S/C
Conv [%] ee of
Diol
TOF [h
]
[
d]
ep [%]
ee [%]
[
[
Co(salen)]
Co(salen)]/
4000:1 34
4000:1 49
52
96
98
98
113
163
SBA-16
[
[
Co(salen)]
Co(salen)]/
12000:1
12000:1 50
7
7
89
98
35
250
98
SBA-16
[
a] The Co content in [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 is 0.157 wt% (3.4 [Co(salen)]
complexes in each cage) based on the ICP analysis; the molar ratio of
epoxide/H O is 1:0.75; reaction temperature, 283 K; reaction time at S/C
of 4000:1 and 12000:1 was 12 and 24 h, respectively. [b] The molar ratio
of racemic epoxide to [Co(salen)]. [c] Conversion is calculated according
to the following equation: conversion=(eeep/eediol)/(1+eeep/eediol)
2
[
[
Co(salen)] complexes in the nanocage. This is the reason why
Co(salen)]/SBA-16 shows higher TOF values than the
homogeneous system (Table 1), despite the mass-diffusion
limit for the heterogeneous system.
Such enhanced activity of [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 was also
observed in the HKR of other types of epoxides at high S/C
ratios (Table 2). For styrene oxide, [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 gives
”
100%, according to reference [5d]. [d] The ee value of epoxides was
determined by GC with a chiral stationary phase (see the Supporting
Information). [e] The ee value of the diol was determined by GC with a
chiral stationary phase. [f] TOF (average) is calculated according to the
following equation: TOF=Nconversed propylene oxide/(N
[Co(salen)]
”t), where N
denotes molar numbers, and t denotes reaction time (h).
2
2
2% conversion with 84% ee of the diol at an S/C ratio of
000:1; however, homogeneous [Co(salen)] exhibits nearly no
at a S/C of 4000:1. Under the similar conditions, [Co(salen)]/
SBA-16 gives 49% conversion. The catalytic activity of
activity. The similar tendency was also observed in the HKR
of phenyl glycidyl ether. [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 gives 52%
conversion with 86% ee of the diol at an S/C ratio of
10000:1; whereas homogeneous [Co(salen)] affords only 9%
conversion with 84% ee of the diol under the same conditions.
To evaluate the stability of the solid catalysts we inves-
tigated recycled [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with a Co content of
0.157 wt% (3.4 [Co(salen)] complexes per cage) in the HKR
of propylene oxide (Table 3). The solid catalyst can be easily
recovered by centrifugation or filtration and regenerated by
treatment with dilute acetic acid in air. A 43% yield of the
diol with 98% enantioselectivity was obtained even after
eight consecutive cycles of the reaction. No apparent loss of
activity and enantioselectivity was observed for the reused
catalyst. The Co content in the filtrate of the reaction was
below the detection limits of ICP-AES analysis. This further
[
Co(salen)]/SBA-16 is higher than that of the homogeneous
À1
À1
catalyst (TOF: 163 h versus 113 h ). When the S/C ratio
increases from 4000:1 to 12000:1, the conversion for the
homogeneous catalyst sharply decreases from 34% to 7%
even though the reaction time is prolonged to 24 h, and the
TOF decreases from 113 h to 35 h . The enantioselectivity
simultaneously decreases from 98% ee to 89% ee. In contrast,
under similar conditions, [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 can still afford
À1
À1
5
0% conversion with 98% ee of the diol at a S/C ratio of
1
2000:1 (the average TOF increases because the reaction
undergoes an induction period for the solid catalyst, see the
kinetic plots in the Supporting Information). Thus, [Co-
(
salen)] confined in the nanocage displays much higher
activity and enantioselectivity in the HKR of propylene
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6861 –6865
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Communications
Table 2: Hydrolytic kinetic resolution of different terminal epoxides with
homogeneous [Co(salen)] and heterogeneous [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 cata-
lysts.
cooperative activation by separate catalytic centers or
second-order kinetic dependence on the local concentration
of catalysts.
[
a]
Experimental Section
SBA-16 (0.5 g, evacuated at 398 K for 6 h) was dispersed in dichloro-
methane (3 mL) containing the desired amounts of [Co(salen)]
[
b]
[e]
R
S
/C
T [k] Conv [%] ee of
ee of
diol [%]
ep [%]
(0.0040, 0.0125, 0.0500, and 0.0800 g). After stirring the mixture at
[
f]
313 K for 24 h under Ar, the CH Cl was removed by evaporation.
Ph
Ph
2000:1
303
303 22
298
298 52
2
2
2
2
2
[
c]
The resultant solid was introduced to a solution containing dried
toluene (0.62 g), anhydrous pyridine (0.70 g), and propyltrimethox-
ysilane (0.70 g). After refluxing the mixture for 24 h under Ar, the
resultant solid was isolated by filtration, washed thoroughly with
THF, and dried in vacuum. The resultant solid catalyst was denoted as
(
homo.)
2000:1 (het-
23
8
84
84
86
[
d]
ero.)
PhOCH2 10000:1
homo.)
PhOCH2 10000:1
hetero.)
9
(
[
Co(salen)]/SBA-16.
93
(
Received: April 19, 2007
Revised: June 7, 2007
Published online: July 31, 2007
[
[
a] The molar ratio of epoxide to H O is 1:0.75; reaction time, 48 h.
b] The molar ratio of racemic epoxide to [Co(salen)]. [c] Homo. refers to
2
homogeneous [Co(salen)]. [d] Hetero. refers to solid catalyst [Co-
salen)]/SBA-16. [e] The conversion is calculated according to the
(
Keywords: epoxides · heterogeneous catalysis ·
equation in footnote [c] of Table 1. [f] The conversion is estimated
based on the ee value of epoxides.
.
kinetic resolution · nanostructures · SBA-16
Table 3: Recycling test of [Co(salen)]/SBA-16 with a Co content of
0
propylene oxide.
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(
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