Light-Controlled Lipid Interaction and Membrane Organization in Photolipid Bilayer Vesicles

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03241

Controlling lateral interactions between lipid molecules in a bilayer membrane to guide membrane organization and domain formation is a key factor for studying and emulating membrane functionality in synthetic biological systems. Here, we demonstrate an approach to reversibly control lipid organization, domain formation, and membrane stiffness of phospholipid bilayer membranes using the photoswitchable phospholipid azo-PC. azo-PC contains an azobenzene group in the sn2 acyl chain that undergoes reversible photoisomerization on illumination with UV-A and visible light. We demonstrate that the concentration of the photolipid molecules and also the assembly and disassembly of photolipids into lipid domains can be monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy because of a blue shift induced by photolipid aggregation.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03241

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Interface Components: Nanoparticles, Colloids, Emulsions, Surfactants, Proteins, Polymers
Light-Controlled Lipid Interaction and Membrane
Organization in Photolipid Bilayer Vesicles
Patrick Urban, Stefanie D. Pritzl, David B. Konrad, James A. Frank, Carla
Pernpeintner, Christian R. Roeske, Dirk Trauner, and Theobald Lohmueller
Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03241 • Publication Date (Web): 10 Oct 2018
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on October 16, 2018
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Light-Controlled Lipid Interaction and Membrane
Organization in Photolipid Bilayer Vesicles
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Patrick Urban†, Stefanie D. Pritzl†, David B. Konrad‡, James A. Frank‡, Carla
Pernpeintner†,§, Christian R. Roeske†, Dirk Trauner‡,§,#,*, and Theobald Lohmüller†,§,*.
†Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universität München, Amalienstraße 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
#Department of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East,
Room 712, New York, 10003, United States
§Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
Abstract: Controlling lateral interactions between lipid molecules in a bilayer membrane to guide
membrane organization and domain formation is a key factor for studying and emulating
membrane functionality in synthetic biological systems. Here, we demonstrate an approach to
reversibly control lipid organization, domain formation, and membrane stiffness of phospholipid
bilayer membranes using the photoswitchable phospholipid azo-PC. azo-PC contains an
azobenzene group in the sn2 acyl chain that undergoes reversible photoisomerization on
illumination with UV-A and visible light. We demonstrate that the concentration of the photolipid
molecules, and also the assembly and disassembly of photolipids into lipid-domains, can be
monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy due to a blue-shift induced by photolipid aggregation.
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Introduction.
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The plasma membrane of living cells serves as a scaffold for enzymes and proteins whose proper
function can be strongly influenced by the membrane composition1-2 and its’ physical properties3-6.
It is important to note that lipid molecules are not merely passive elements of the bilayer matrix.
On the contrary, the localization of specific lipids in the plasma membrane is crucial for the proper
regulation of protein function7, membrane stiffness8, and signaling9. Furthermore, self-
organization of lipids in lipid domains is a well-known intrinsic property of native cell
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membranes10, and is important for the proper execution of certain cellular functions11-13
.
Lipid bilayers and vesicles made from synthetic phospholipids have been successfully used to
emulate the fundamental properties of cell membranes.14-17 A general shortcoming of most
synthetic membrane models, however, is the inability to achieve fast and reversible control over
the membrane properties. Phase transitions, for example, can be triggered by changing
experimental parameters such as temperature or ion concentrations, but these effects are only
slowly reversible, and require drastic changes to the physiological conditions around the
membrane.18-19 Nanoparticles or high-intensity laser pulses have been used to locally control the
formation of transient membrane pores for ion exchange over short time scales.20-23 These
examples also require a strong external trigger, which may be disruptive or damaging when applied
in a biological context. Molecules or surfactants can also be embedded in a bilayer membrane to
influence lipid organization and membrane properties. However, changing the membrane
composition is typically a non-reversible process.
Light-responsive molecules that change their structural conformation - and thus their lateral
interaction - on illumination bear an exciting alternative for manipulating phospholipid bilayer
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membranes in situ. Photoswitchable amphiphiles containing an azobenzene moiety, also coined
“photolipids”, have been used as powerful reagents to manipulate membrane permeability24-27, to
control the association and distribution of domains in lipid membranes28-29, to induce liposome
fusion30, or to selectively induce vesicle bursting31 with light. In most cases, the photolipids
themselves could not sustain a bilayer membrane, and had to be incorporated into canonical bilayer
systems.26, 29 Recently, we devised a strategy to synthesize giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs)
entirely from a photoswitchable phosphatidylcholine derivative, azo-PC,32 which contains an
azobenzene group in the sn2 acyl chain that undergoes a reversible trans-to-cis isomerization upon
illumination with UV-A and visible light. Switching the lipid conformation allows reversible
manipulation of the mechanical properties of GUVs, such as the surface area and bending stiffness,
which could induce shape transformations and even controlled fission of the photolipid vesicles.
Importantly, we showed that the illumination power could regulate the temporal dynamics of these
shape transformations, indicating that not all photoswitchable molecules changed their
conformation simultaneously. However, monitoring the distribution of photolipids within a lipid
bilayer membrane at any given point in time, which is a prerequisite for quantitative studies of
photoswitchable membrane properties, has remained a challenge.
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Here, we report a strategy for measuring the concentration of azo-PC lipids in a bilayer
membrane. This is achieved by analyzing the concentration-dependent blue-shift of the absorption
spectrum of azo-PC when assembled in a vesicle. This hypsochromic effect is a result of the
dipole-dipole interaction between the trans-azobenzene groups of the lipid tails, and is therefore
sensitive to the photolipid density in the bilayer. We demonstrate that this approach allows us to
directly monitor phase separation and membrane domain formation in GUVs made from ternary
lipid mixtures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that optical switching of photolipids allows to
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reversibly control the assembly and disassembly of lipid domains in GUVs within milliseconds
and under physiological conditions. We analyze the effect of photoswitching and domain
formation on the mechanical properties of the photolipid bilayer membranes.
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Experimental.
Synthesis of azo-PC and iso-azo-PC. Photolipids were prepared by a new synthetic route,
which improved our previously reported procedure29 by allowing for a faster access to azo-PC
(supporting information). Our approach relied on selective mono-acylations of L--
glycerylphosphorylcholine (-GPC) which enabled the preparation of our target molecules in two
steps. By modifying the literature procedure for the dibutyltin oxide-mediated selective primary
alcohol acylation of 1,2-diols, we afforded 1-steaoryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPC) in
good yields with steraroyl chloride as acylating agent.33 In the following step, we found that
esterification reactions between lysoPC and FAAzo-434 were accompanied with acyl chain
migrations. This circumstance enabled the formation of the two products azo-PC and iso-azo-PC
in a single procedure.
Preparation of Small Unilamellar Vesicles. SUVs were prepared as previously described32.
Briefly, 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC, Avanti Polar Lipids) and azo-PC
were dissolved in chloroform at a concentration of 6.36 mM and stored at -20°C. Immediately
before preparation, lipids were mixed and 200 µl of the resulting solution was given into a round
glass bottom flask and diluted with chloroform to a final volume of 2 ml. The solvent was removed
with a rotary evaporator. The residue was then dissolved in 2 ml of ddH2O. The solution was
transferred to a centrifugation tube and tip sonicated (Bandelin Sonopuls) two times for 30s with
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high intensity until the solution was clear. Finally, the vesicle solution was centrifuged for 10min
at 10000rpm.
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Preparation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. GUVs were prepared by electroformation as
reported previously32, using a home-built reaction chamber. Two platinum wires, 3 mm apart, span
a chamber with a volume of 1.5 ml. Lipids and cholesterol were dissolved in chloroform at a
concentration of 6.36 mM and mixed to the desired composition. Additionally, Texas Red labelled
1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (TR-DHPE, Thermo Fisher Scientific)
was added to a final lipid concentration of 1 mol%. The reaction chamber and a 300 mM sucrose
solution were heated to 60°C. Then, 5 µl of the lipid solution were spread dropwise on the platinum
wires. After evaporation of the chloroform, the reaction chamber was filled with 1.5 ml sucrose
solution. The chamber was sealed and kept at 60°C. An electric field (10Hz, 3V) was applied for
120 min. Finally, the solution containing GUVs was stored at room temperature until further use.
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Optical Spectroscopy. Absorption spectra of lipids in chloroform, SUVs and GUVs were
obtained with a Cary 60 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies). The solutions
containing the sample were measured in quartz cuvettes. Spectra were taken either without or after
illumination with a 365 nm high power LED light source (Prizmatix). Illumination periods were
>1 min, to guarantee that a photostationary state was reached. For an unfocused LED (365 nm),
the time constant for the isomerization process from trans to cis was typically 34 s (supporting
information, Figure S3).
Fluorescence Microscopy. GUVs were imaged with a 20x oil immersion objective (Olympus
UPlanSApo, NA 0.85) on an inverted microscope (IX81, Olympus). The solution containing
GUVs was mixed with a 300 mM glucose solution. Due to the higher density of sucrose compared
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to glucose, the GUVs are immobilized on the glass coverslide. For image acquisition, we used
either a color CMOS camera (Canon, EOS 550D or EOS 5D Mark IV) or a monochrome CCD
camera (Andor iXon Ultra 897). Green (U-MWG2, Olympus) and UV (U-MWU2, Olympus) filter
sets were used to prevent unwanted switching.
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Bending Rigidity Measurements. The mechanical properties of the photoswitchable GUVs
were determined with micropipette aspiration35. The bending rigidity was calculated from the
elongation of a membrane tube in a micropipette (Hilgenberg GmbH). The pressure was controlled
with two liquid filled reservoirs and measured with a pressure transducer (Valydine Inc., DP15).
The micropipette and the GUVs were imaged on an upright microscope (Zeiss, AXIO Scope.A1)
in phase contrast configuration with a water immersion objective (Zeiss, Achroplan 100x, NA 1.0,
Ph3). Image acquisition was done with a CMOS camera (Canon, EOS 550D). Experimental details
and the analysis are discussed in the Supporting Information.
Results and Discussion.
Our previous synthesis of azo-PC suffered from an air/water-sensitive multi-step procedure,
which prevented us from preparing larger amounts of material for more elaborate biophysical
studies. To circumvent this limitation, we designed a new synthesis that enabled us to quickly
prepare large amounts of azo-PC, and its’ regioisomer iso-azo-PC, which contains the azobenzene
on the sn1 acyl chain. Starting from -GPC, azo-PC was prepared over two steps consisting of a
selective acylation of the primary alcohol followed by a Yamaguchi esterification (Figure 1a).
In the dark, the azobenzene persists mostly in the thermally stable trans configuration (Figure
1b). The absorption spectrum of trans-azo-PC dissolved in CHCl3 showed a strong absorbance in
the UV-A region with a maximum at 335 nm (Figure 2a). This corresponds to the S0  S2
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transition36 and is characteristic for a standard azobenzene. Furthermore, a weaker absorption band
was observed at 440 nm, corresponding to the S0  S1 transition, which is symmetry forbidden
for trans-azobenzene.36 On irradiation with UV-A light (365 nm), the absorbance spectrum of the
photolipids changed until the photostationary state is reached, indicative for the isomerization of
azo-PC from the trans to the cis conformation (Figure 2a). For cis-azobenzene, the S0  S2
transition weakened and the maximum absorption shifted to 295 nm. At the same time, the
intensity of the S0  S1 transition increased as the symmetry of the azobenzene group changes
on isomerization due to the structural change. The spectra of the photolipids in a photostationary
state did not change for several minutes and even hours. Since all measurements presented in this
study were conducted within seconds, the possibility of thermal isomerization of photolipids from
cis to trans could be neglected.
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Notably, the absorbance spectrum of trans-azo-PC changed when the lipids were assembled in
a bilayer membrane. Compared to the measurement in CHCl3, the absorption maximum shifted
from 335 nm to 315 nm, and therefore towards higher energies. This hypsochromic- or blue-shift
of the absorption peak has been observed previously in mono- or bilayers containing azobenzene
groups and is attributed to the formation of H-aggregates.26-27, 37 In addition to a hypsochromic
shift, the appearance of a vibrational pattern was observed around the absorption band of the S0
 S2 transition (between 320 nm – 380 nm, supporting information, Figure S2). This vibronic
progression is the result of the coupling between delocalized excitonic states and vibrational
modes, and a characteristic feature of H-aggregation38. The transition dipole moments of the
azobenzene groups can couple via dipole-dipole interactions. The observed hypsochromic shift of
the absorbance maximum is a direct indicator for the coupling strength, and thus carries
information about the density and intermolecular distance between the azo-PC lipids in the bilayer
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membrane27. The prerequisite for H-aggregation is that the azobenzenes in the lipid tails are
aligned parallel to each other, which is the case in a bilayer membrane.39-42
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The absorption spectrum of the cis-isomer did not display a shift in the absorbance maximum
(Figure 2a), indicating that the cis-photolipids were less aligned and oriented in the bilayer. This
is in accordance with previous results32, where the overall size of photolipid vesicles made from
only azo-PC increased by 3% on photoswitching, and that photolipid membranes displayed strong
fluctuations and decreased in bending rigidity after photoswitching (Figure 2a, inset).
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Since the dipole-dipole coupling strength is distance dependent, the amount of photolipids in the
bilayer membrane must have an influence on the position of the absorption maximum. In a dilute
sample, fewer interactions between the photolipids should result in a less pronounced
hypsochromic shift. Different mixtures of azo-PC in the dark-adapted state with DPhPC were
tested to quantify this effect. For bilayer membranes composed of 100% to only 10% azo-PC, the
maximum of the absorbance peak in the UV spectrum shifted from 315 nm to 335 nm, close to the
absorption peak of the free photolipids in CHCl3 (Figure 2b, supporting information, Figure S4).
The strongest hypsochromic shift was observed for membrane mixtures with an azo-PC content
above 75%, indicating that the photolipids are packed more closely together and aligned at higher
concentrations. These results demonstrate that measuring the absorption spectra of the vesicle
solution provides a straightforward way to determine the concentration of trans-azo-PC for a
simple two-component system, provided that the molecules are evenly distributed within the
bilayer and that no clustering or phase separation of the lipids can take place. However, this is not
always the case for more complex membrane compositions, where phase separation and membrane
domain formation can become a factor.
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We then studied lipid domain formation of photolipids embedded in GUVs by preparing ternary
mixtures of azo-PC, DPhPC and cholesterol (Figure 3). To observe the domain structure using
epi-fluorescence microscopy, 1 mol% TR-DHPE was added to the lipid mixture. The excitation
wavelength range between 510 nm and 550 nm keeps the azo-PC molecules in a photostationary
state with a majority of photolipids being in the trans conformation. In this case, addition of
cholesterol to the GUVs aids in the formation of large lipid domains. Different lipid mixtures were
tested systematically in order to investigate the boundary conditions for phase separation and
domain formation. First, a series of measurements was performed with a constant concentration of
cholesterol (20 mol%) and a varying ratio of azo-PC and DPhPC (Figure 3a). Domain formation
was observed between a 1:3 and a 3:1 ratio of azo-PC:DPhPC (Figure 3a). In the fluorescence
images, we observed that the area covered by the dark domains increased with an increasing
amount of azo-PC. The dark areas are therefore attributed to be azo-PC rich domains. Since TR-
DHPE partitions preferentially into the liquid disordered phase43, the dark domains are presumably
in the liquid ordered phase and therefore rich in cholesterol as well44. Furthermore, a stronger
hypsochromic shift of the S0  S2 band was observed for increasing amounts of azo-PC in the
bilayer (Figure 3b), which is well in accordance with the previous measurements of the binary
lipid mixture (see Figure 2b).
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Next, the ratio between azo-PC and DPhPC was kept constant, while the cholesterol
concentration was increased. Domain formation was only observed for a cholesterol content
between 10-35 mol% (Figure 3c). However, the S0  S2 peak measured at different points of the
phase diagram was blue-shifted at larger concentrations of cholesterol (Figure 3d). Above 40
mol% cholesterol, the formation of membrane domains was no longer observed (Figure 3c). Now,
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the absorption peak of azo-PC also shifted towards longer wavelengths, as one would expect due
to a decreasing concentration of azo-PC in the membrane.
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The blue-shift of the spectrum observed for 10-35 mol% cholesterol was directly correlated to
the presence of membrane domains. Clustering of azo-PC in large domains led to H-aggregation.
As a consequence, a stronger hypsochromic shift is observed compared to the same concentration
of lipids when they are homogeneously distributed within the membrane. The absorbance spectra
of the phase separated GUVs in solution (Figure 3b, d) are a superposition of the spectra of all
different conditions and domain sizes in the sample.
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We then investigated the possibility to control the formation of membrane domains by switching
azo-PC on irradiation. This was tested using GUVs composed of a 4:4:2 ratio of azo-PC, DPhPC
and cholesterol. Again, the vesicles were labelled with 1 mol% TR-DHPE to observe the presence
of large membrane domains using fluorescence microscopy (Figure 4a). On illumination with UV-
A light, the membrane domains disappeared. However, this effect was fully reversible. After
illumination of the vesicles with visible light (510 nm – 550 nm), the membrane domains formed
again within seconds. Importantly, this process could be repeated over several illumination cycles
until photobleaching of the dye prevented further observation.
Photoswitching of lipid domains can be viewed as a change of the molecular ratio of the
photolipids that are in a trans or a cis state. Controlling the illumination conditions (e.g. intensity
and duration) thus renders it possible to change the lipid composition between photostationary
states, as depicted in the phase diagram (Figure 4b). On illumination with UV-A or visible light,
the photolipids change their conformation until a photostationary state between the cis and trans
configuration is reached. After visible light illumination of GUVs with azo-PC in a cis state, for
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example, most molecules were switched to a trans state within ~300 ms, which was in accordance
with the appearance of small membrane domains on the GUV surface. These small domains then
fused to form large domains over the course of seconds (supporting information, Figure S5, video
V1).
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Changes in membrane composition and organization go hand in hand with a modulation of the
mechanical properties such as membrane stiffness and bending rigidity.45-46 For azo-PC, it was
shown that membrane stiffness of GUVs decreased in the cis state.32 In order to quantify this effect,
the bending moduli of vesicles with different azo-PC:DPhPC compositions were measured by
micropipette aspiration (Figure 5a). The experiment was first performed with pure azo-PC-GUVs.
GUVs made from non-photoswitchable lipids were used as a control. The bending modulus of
membranes made from 100% azo-PC (kc = 3.1x10-20 J) under white-light illumination was found
to be one order of magnitude lower than the value for bilayers consisting purely of DPhPC
(kc=1.2x10-19J) (Figure 5b, see also Supporting Information Figure S6 for mixtures of azo-PC with
DOPC). After UV-A illumination, the bending modulus for azo-PC membranes decreased by a
factor of 5 to kc = 6.4x10-21 J as the molecules are switched to the cis state. The measurement was
repeated for different mixtures of azo-PC and DPhPC (Figure 5c). The largest difference between
the two photostationary states was observed for mixtures containing 35% azo-PC.
To interpret these results, one should consider that the bending rigidity also carries information
about the distribution of the lipid molecules within the bilayer. For two-component membranes,
the function describing the bending rigidity in terms of the fraction of one lipid type has a positive
curvature for systems with ideal mixing, and a negative curvature for systems displaying
domains.47 The curves for DPhPC and azo-PC mixtures were consistent with this observation
(Figure 5c). The measured curve for the UV-A adapted state suggests a homogeneous lipid
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distribution, indicating that the majority of lipids are indeed in a cis state. After illumination with
blue light (465 nm) to switch the lipids back to trans, the bending rigidity displayed a negative
curvature, indicative for de-mixing and the presence of small domains. Importantly, these small
membrane domains could not be seen by fluorescence microscopy of DPhPC and azo-PC vesicles.
Yet, the combination of micro-aspiration measurements and absorption measurements (cp. Figure
2b) provided clear evidence for the occurrence of photolipid aggregation and clustering,
particularly at high azo-PC concentrations.
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The local variation of the membrane stiffness due to membrane domains does have an effect on
the function of proteins or enzymes within a bilayer membrane. Photolipids that self-organize into
small, rigid domains can therefore be used to control the properties and function of synthetic
biological systems. By devising strategies for embedding photolipids in the plasma membrane of
living cells, the controlled switching of the lipid conformations and thus shift of lipid composition
and mechanical properties with light could provide a powerful approach to control cellular function
in situ and potentially also in vivo.
Conclusion.
In summary, we have shown that optical switching of azo-PC assembled in a bilayer membrane
can be used to influence lipid organization and the mechanical properties in phospholipid bilayers
with high temporal control and accuracy. H-aggregate formation of azobenzene molecules in the
lipid tails renders it possible to measure the concentration of azobenzene molecules in a bilayer
membrane by a hypsochromic shift of the absorbance maximum corresponding to the S0  S2
transition. Controlling the isomerization process for ternary mixtures of azo-PC with cholesterol
allows us to reversibly control membrane domains with light. The dynamic control of lipid
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membranes and membrane self-organization with light paves the way towards new applications in
synthetic biology, or as light sensitive reagents in native cell membranes to control cellular
functions in space and time.
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
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Supporting Information.
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The following files are available free of charge.
Experimental details for bending rigidity measurements, for the chemical synthesis, and
additional data (PDF).
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Video V1 (ZIP).
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
t.lohmueller@lmu.de, dirk.trauner@nyu.edu
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been supported by the DFG through the Collaborative Research Center (SFB1032),
project A8 and B9.
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Figure 1. azo-PC photolipids (a) azo-PC and iso-azo-PC, which contain the azobenzene in the
sn1 acyl chain, were prepared by a new synthetic route. Employing an optimized Yamaguchi
esterification protocol afforded good yields and an 83:17 ratio in favor of azo-PC. (b) The
molecule configuration can be switched reversibly from trans to cis by UV-A and visible light.
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Figure 2. Aggregation of azo-PC in a phospholipid bilayer membrane. (a) Absorbance spectra of
azo-PC in CHCl3 (dashed line) and in a lipid bilayer (solid line) in the dark-adapted state (blue)
and after illumination with UV light (red). A shift of 20 nm of the absorbance maximum is
observed for photolipids in the trans state when they are assembled in a membrane. In dark-field
microscopy, membrane fluctuations and shape changes of the azo-PC GUVs can be observed upon
photoswitching the lipids from trans to cis (inset, scale bar = 5 µm). (b) The peak position of the
S0  S2 transition shifts for mixtures of azo-PC with DPhPC. The magnitude of the shift is
depending on the concentration of azo-PC in the bilayer.
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Figure 3. Domains in ternary mixtures of DPhPC and cholesterol with azo-PC. (a) Fluorescence
images of GUVs with a constant cholesterol concentration. The lipid compositions correspond to
the points in the phase diagram. (b) Absorption spectra of GUVs for the lipid compositions
displayed in (a). The colored lines correspond to the respective points in the phase diagram; the
arrow indicates the blue-shift due to a higher concentration of azo-PC. Spectra are normalized and
offset for clarity. (c) Fluorescence images of GUVs with a 1:1 ratio of DPhPC and azo-PC. Lipid
domains are observed for a cholesterol concentration between 10 and 35 mol%. The arrow
displayed in the phase diagram indicates the increasing concentration of cholesterol. (d)
Absorption spectra of GUVs corresponding to the lipid compositions in (c). The absorption spectra
of lipid compositions with domain formation display a stronger hypsochromic shift compared to
lipid mixtures where phase separation was not observed. (Scale bar = 20µm)
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Figure 4. Photoswitching of membrane domains in ternary mixtures with azo-PC. (a) Domains in
GUVs containing DPhPC, azo-PC and cholesterol (lipid ratio 4:4:2) can be switched reversibly
with UV-A and visible light. (Scale bar = 20 µm) (b) Controlling the illumination intensity and
duration allows continuous tuning of the concentration of trans- and cis-azo-PC in the bilayer
membrane.
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Figure 5. Mechanical properties of azo-PC/DPhPC bilayer membranes. (a) Schematic
representation of the micropipette aspiration setup. GUVs are sucked into a micropipette. The
bending modulus of the membrane is calculated from the elongation LP of the vesicle tube inside
the pipette. (b) Bending modulus, kc, for 100 % azo-PC GUVs and 100 % DPhPC GUVs, each
illuminated with blue or UV-A light. c) Bending moduli, kc, for membranes composed of mixtures
of azo-PC and DPhPC. Each data point represents the measurements of three different vesicles
that were illuminated with visible and UV-A light to switch the photolipids from trans to cis.
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