Acylated flavonol pentaglycosides from Baphia nitida leaves

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.12.002

Two new acylated flavonol pentaglycosides were isolated from the butanolic extract of Baphia nitida leaves by Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Structural elucidation of kaempferol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 3)-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 →

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.12.002

Phytochemistry Letters 3 (2010) 70–74
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Phytochemistry Letters
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytol
Acylated flavonol pentaglycosides from Baphia nitida leaves
a
a
Mehdi Chaabi a, Philippe Chabert a, , Catherine Vonthron-Senecheau , Bernard Weniger ,
*
´ ´
Modibo Ouattara b, Hugo Corstjens c, Ilse Sente c, Lieve Declercq c, Annelise Lobstein a
a Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Mole´cules Naturelles Bioactives, UMR 7200, CNRS-Universite´ de Strasbourg, Faculte´ de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
b
´
UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite de Cocody, 01 BP V34, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
c Biological Research Department Europe, Estee Lauder Coordination Center, Nijverheidsstraat 15, B-2260 Oevel, Belgium
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Two new acylated flavonol pentaglycosides were isolated from the butanolic extract of Baphia nitida
Received 6 November 2009
Received in revised form 9 December 2009
Accepted 17 December 2009
Available online 29 December 2009
leaves by Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Structural elucidation of kaempferol 3-O-
xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl- -rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[ -glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]-
-galactopyranoside-7-O- -rhamnopyranoside (1) and kaempferol 3-O-
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-
(4-O-Z-p-coumaroyl- -glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]- -galactopyranoside-
-rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[
7-O- -rhamnopyranoside (2) was achieved using UV, NMR, and mass spectrometry, indicating the
b-D-
a
-L
b-D
b-D
b-D
a-L
a-L
b-D
b-D
a-L
Keywords:
presenceoftransorcisisomers ofp-coumaric acid moiety in these novel structures. Theantioxidantactivity
of the two compounds was assessed in the peroxynitrite assay.
Baphia nitida
Fabaceae
ß 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Acylated kaempferol pentaglycosides
1. Introduction
Recent phytochemical studies in the genus Baphia led to the
isolation of three new isoflavonoid glycosides from the roots of B.
Baphia nitida Lodd. (Fabaceae) is a plant widely distributed in
the coastal rainy forests of Africa and Madagascar. The species is
growing as a small shrubby hard-wooded tree. It is known as
camwood or African sandalwood and provides a red santarubin C
containing dyewood. Former phytochemical studies on this species
have demonstrated the presence of isoflavonoids (sativan,
medicarpin, 6,7,30-trihydroxy-20,40-dimethoxyisoflav-3-ene) in
the heartwood (Arnone et al., 1981; Omobuwajo et al., 1992) as
well as iminosugars (2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxy-
bancoensis (Yao-Kouassi et al., 2008). In this paper, we report the
structural and chemical elucidation of two acylated flavonol
pentaglycosides isolated from the leaves of B. nitida.
2. Results and discussion
Compounds 1 and 2 were obtained from the butanolic leaf
extract of B. nitida after purification on Sephadex LH-20 followed
by preparative RP-HPLC.
Compound 1 was isolated as a pale yellow amorphous powder.
A molecular formula of C53H64O30 was obtained by HRESIMS. The
LC-ESI–MS2 in positive mode gave the following protonated
fragments at m/z 1049, 903, 757, 433, 287. The protonated
aglycone at m/z 287 was attributed to the kaempferol moiety. The
first fragment (132) suggested a loss of a pentose. The next
fragments were interpreted by the successive loss of two residues
of 146 indicating the possible loss of deoxyhexoses and/or
coumaroyl units, followed by the elimination of two hexose
sugars of 324 and finally another residue at 146. This interpreta-
tion is in accordance with Schmid and Harborne (1973). The IR
spectrum indicated typical absorption bands of OH groups
pyrrolidine (DMDP), 1-O-
glucopyranosyl-DMDP) in the leaves (Kato et al., 2008).
b-D-fructofuranosyl-DMDP, 3-O-b-D-
B. nitida leaves are used in traditional medicine of many African
countries, particularly for gastro-intestinal complaints (Anderson
and Mills, 1876; Bouquet and Debray, 1974; Kone-Bamba et al.,
1987; Onwukaeme and Lot, 1991, 1992). The butanolic leaf extract
exhibited anti-inflammatory activities on mice and rats, due to the
presence of flavonoids (Onwukaeme, 1995). The ethyl acetate leaf
extract was investigated in mice and showed neurosedative,
anxiolytic, skeletal muscle-relaxant effects and antidiarrhoeal
activity (Adeyemi et al., 2006; Adeyemi and Akindele, 2008).
Skeletal neuromuscular blocking properties of the aqueous leaf
extract were also described (Adeyemi and Ogunmakinde, 1991) as
well as negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on isolated
cardiac preparations (Adeyemi, 1992).
(3350 cmꢀ1),
a
ꢀ
b
unsaturated ketone (1693, 1650 cmꢀ1),
aromatic ketone (1494 cmꢀ1) and O-glycosidic linkage (1189–
1012 cmꢀ1). The UV spectral data recorded in methanol were
similar to the characteristic maxima at 269 and 317 nm of
kaempferol 3-O-glycoside acylated by a hydroxycinnamic acid.
Diagnostic shift reagents suggested the presence of 3,7-disubsti-
tuted glycoside with free 5,40 positions (Mabry et al., 1970).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 368 85 42 41; fax: +33 368 85 43 11.
E-mail address: pchabert@unistra.fr (P. Chabert).
1874-3900/$ – see front matter ß 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.12.002

M. Chaabi et al. / Phytochemistry Letters 3 (2010) 70–74
71
Table 1
1H and 13C NMR data of compounds 1 and 2 (CD3OD, 500 MHz)a.
Position
1
2
dH
dC
dH
dC
2
159.4
135.1
179.6
163.0
100.7
163.6
95.8
159.3
134.9
179.6
163.0
100.7
163.6
95.8
3
4
5
6
6.48 (d, 2.0)
6.75 (d, 2.0)
6.48 (d, 2.0)
6.75 (d, 2.0)
7
8
9
158.0
107.6
122.7
132.5
116.4
161.2
116.4
132.5
158.0
107.7
122.7
132.4
116.4
161.7
116.4
132.4
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
8.14 (d, 9.0)
6.90 (d, 9.0)
8.12 (d, 9.0)
6.91 (d, 9.0)
6.90 (d, 9.0)
8.14 (d, 9.0)
6.91 (d, 9.0)
8.12 (d, 9.0)
3-O-b-Gal
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.52 (d, 7.7)
101.7
77.6
75.6
70.5
75.8
68.9
5.55 (d, 7.7)
101.2
77.8
75.5
70.6
75.9
68.8
3.99 (dd, 9.4, 7.7)
3.75 (dd, 9.5, 3.5)
3.88 (dd, 3.5, 1.0)
3.49 m
3.97 (dd, 9.4, 7.7)
3.74 (dd, 9.5, 3.5)
3.87 (dd, 3.5, 1.0)
3.50 m
3.68 (dd, 11.7, 4.1)
3.86 (dd, 11.7, 7.8)
3.69 (dd, 11.7, 4.1)
3.84 (dd, 11.7, 7.8)
2Gal-O-
a-Rha(I)
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.28 (d, 1.2)
102.1
72.1
78.6
74.4
67.9
17.4
5.26 (d, 1.2)
102.3
72.2
78.5
74.4
68.0
17.5
4.22 (dd, 3.2, 1.2)
4.34 (dd, 9.6, 3.0)
5.16 (dd, 9.8, 9.8)
4.43 (dd, 9.7, 6.2)
0.88 (d, 6.2)
4.19 (dd, 3.0, 1.2)
4.33 (dd, 9.6, 3.0)
5.11 (dd, 9.8, 9.8)
4.33 (dd, 9.7, 6.2)
0.88 (d, 6.2)
3Rhal-O-
b-Xyl
1
2
3
4
5
4.41 (d, 7.4)
106.3
74.7
77.4
71.3
66.9
4.33 (d, 7.4)
106.1
74.7
77.4
71.4
66.9
3.19 (dd, 8.7, 7.4)
3.25 (dd, 8.7, 8.7)
3.47 (ddd,11.4,8.7, 5.2)
3.90 (dd, 11.4, 5.2)
3.24 (t, 11.4)
3.17 (dd, 8.7, 7.4)
3.26 (dd, 8.7, 8.7)
3.47 (ddd, 11.4, 8.7, 5.2)
3.87 (dd, 11.4, 5.2)
3.21 (t, 11.4)
4Rhal-p-Coumaroyl
1
127.2
131.2
116.8
161.7
146.6
115.5
168.8
127.6
133.8
115.8
161.7
145.4
116.8
167.8
2,6
3,5
4
a
b
7.28 (d, 8.5)
6.72 (d, 8.5)
7.57 (d, 8.5)
6.68 (d, 8.5)
7.42 (d, 16.0)
6.21 (d, 16.0)
6.78 (d, 12.8)
5.70 (d, 12.8)
g
6Gal-O-
b-Glc
1
2
3
4
5
6
4.11 (d, 7.7)
104.3
75.0
77.8
71.4
77.3
62.6
4.14 (d, 7.7)
104.4
75.0
77.9
71.5
77.7
62.6
3.02 (dd, 9.0, 7.7)
3.13 (t, 9.0)
3.02 (dd, 9.0, 7.7)
3.11 (t, 9.0)
3.18 (t, 9.4)
3.19 (t, 9.4)
2.99 m
2.99 m
3.75 (dd, 11.8, 2.0)
3.57 (dd, 11.8, 5.6)
3.76 (dd, 11.8, 2.0)
3.57 (dd, 11.8, 5.6)
7-O-a-Rha(II)
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.56 (d, 1.1)
100.0
71.7
72.5
73.7
71.1
18.1
5.57 (d, 1.1)
100.1
71.6
72.5
73.7
71.2
18.2
4.03 (dd, 3.0 1.5)
3.83 (dd, 9.0, 3.0)
3.47 (dd, 9.6, 9.6)
3.61 (dd, 9.5, 6.2)
1.22 (d, 6.2)
4.02 (dd, 3.0, 1.5)
3.82 (dd, 9.0, 3.0)
3.48 (dd, 9.6, 9.6)
3.63 (dd, 9.5, 6.2)
1.27 (d, 6.2)
a
J values are in parentheses and reported in Hz; chemical shifts are given in ppm; assignments were confirmed by ROESY, NOESY, COSY, 1D-TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC
experiments.
The structure of the kaempferol moiety for compound 1 was
confirmed from NMR spectral data (see Table 1). Two meta-
coupled proton resonances at 6.48 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz) C 100.7, and
6.75 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), C 95.8, were characteristic for H-6 and H-
8 of a flavonoid A-ring, respectively. Similarly the coupled
resonances at 8.14 (2H, J = 9.0 Hz), dC 132.5 and 6.90 (2H,
J = 9.0 Hz), dC 116.4, were typical of H-20/60 and H-30/50 of a
flavonoid B-ring, respectively. The 1H NMR spectrum exhibited
d
d
two ethylenic protons at d 6.21 and 7.42 with a coupling constant
of 16 Hz. The stereochemistry of the double bond was deduced
from the magnitude of J and attributed to an (E)-configuration
(trans). The four aromatic coupled protons at d 7.28 and 6.72 (2H
d
d
d

72
M. Chaabi et al. / Phytochemistry Letters 3 (2010) 70–74
each, J = 8.5 Hz) were attributed to a p-coumaroyl unit confirmed
by the correlation of the two vinylic protons in HMBC with the
carbonyl carbon at dC 168.8.
Compound 1 was a pentaglycoside as shown by the 1H and 13
C
NMR spectra with five anomeric proton signals at
d 5.56
(d, J = 1.1 Hz), 5.52 (d, J = 7.7 Hz), 5.28 (d, J = 1.2 Hz), 4.41
(d, J = 7.4 Hz), 4.11 (d, J = 7.7 Hz) and carbons at dC 100.0, 101.7,
102.1, 106.3 and 104.3, respectively. Acid hydrolysis afforded the
isolation of different sugar units identified by GC-MS analysis of
their corresponding trimethylsilylated derivatives. The attribution
of the absolute configurations was determined by comparison
with authentic samples. The configurations of each anomeric
carbons were assigned
a or b based on the magnitudes of the
corresponding 3JH-1,H-2 coupling constants. A coupling constant of
1.1 Hz was indicative of a diequatorial configuration between H-1
and H-2 in a sugar unit demonstrating
case for the anomeric sugar proton at
Rha unit at position 7 of the kaempferol was deduced from the
a
configuration. This is the
d
5.56. Assignment of an a-
3
following observations: a JCH of the anomeric proton at
with C-7 of the kaempferol moiety at dC 163.6, downfield shifts
observed of H-6 ( +0.24 ppm) and H-8 ( +0.31 ppm) of the
d 5.56
D
D
kaempferol (Merfort and Wendisch, 1988), long range connectiv-
ities observed from 6-CH3 to C-4 and C-5 and from H-1 to C-2, C-3
and C-5, the presence of two identical doublets for H-4 and finally
the presence of a methyl as a doublet at
d 1.22, dC 18.1. A second
anomeric sugar proton at
d
5.52 was coupled by 3JCH with C-3 of
the kaempferol moiety at dC 135.1. This was confirmed by the
chemical shift changes for C-2, C-3 and C-4 by comparison with
non-substituted kaempferol molecule supporting evidences for 3-
glycosylation of compound 1 (Agrawal, 1989). The identification
of the sugar unit at C-3 was deduced from COSY, HMQC and HMBC
starting from the anomeric proton (Table 1). The primary sugar
Fig. 1. Structures of compounds 1 and 2.
linked at C-3 was identified as
b-galactopyranose. The main
HMBC correlations observed were from 6-CH2OH to C-4 and C-5
and from H-4 to C-2, and finally from H-2 to the anomeric carbon
C-1. These hypotheses were supported by the chemical shifts
the long range correlations of the anomeric proton
carbon Rha(I) C-3, dC 78.6 (Semmar et al., 2002). Confirmation of
d 4.41 and
observed for kaempferol 3-O-((
O-(E-p-coumaroyl))-
-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ! 6)-
pyranoside))-7-O- -rhamnopyranoside (Mariani et al., 2008).
The downfield shift resonance of both Gal C-2, C 77.6 and Gal C-6,
C 68.9 with respect to their counterparts suggested a glycosyla-
tion at these two positions. This was confirmed by the long range
correlations of the anomeric proton 4.11, C 104.3 to Gal C-6 and
assigned as a 6-O-linked glucopyranoside. Assignment of an
b
-
D
-glucopyranosyl-(1 ! 3)-(4-
the different ether linkages between sugar units were shown by
NOESY correlations. These data demonstrated that a branched
tetrasaccharide bearing a trans p-coumaroyl unit was linked at C-3
to a kaempferol moiety in addition to a monosaccharide Rha(II) O-
linked at C-7 (Khan et al., 2009). Thus 1 was identified as
a
-L
-
L
b-D
-galacto-
a
d
d
kaempferol 3-O-
-rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[
galactopyranoside-7-O- -rhamnopyranoside (see Fig. 1).
b
-
D
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-
d
d
a
-
L
b
-
D
-glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]-
b-D-
a
-
a-L
Rha unit in position 2 of the Gal was deduced from the following
observations: a 3JCH correlation between Gal C-2 and the anomeric
proton at d 5.28, long range connectivities observed from 6-CH3 to
C-4 and C-5 and from H-1 to C-2, C-3 and C-5, the presence of two
identical doublets for H-4 and finally the presence of a methyl as a
Compound 2 was isolated as a pale yellow amorphous
powder. The UV spectral data recorded in methanol were also
similar to the previous compound 1 with the characteristic
maxima at 268 and 317 nm. The mass spectrum by HRESIMS in the
positive mode was identical to compound 1. The similar
fragmentations of the two molecules indicated that compound
2 was an isomer of compound 1. The analysis of 1H and 13C NMR
showed the presence of a kaempferol moiety with five anomeric
protons signals corresponding to a pentasaccharide. These two
compounds differed by the configuration of the p-coumaroyl unit
doublet at
d 0.88, dC 17.4. The p-coumaroyl unit was linked to
3
position 4 of the Rha(I) unit based on the JCH correlation of the
2
Rha(I) H-4,
correlations with Rha(I) C-3 and C-5. The downfield shift of the
proton Rha(I) H-4 adjacent to the acylated carbon ( +1.7 ppm)
compared to kaempferol-3-O-{[
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-
rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 6)][ -rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2)]}-
d 5.16 with the ester carbon dC 168.8 and JCH
D
b
-
D
a
-
L
-
with two olefinic protons d 6.78 and 5.70 (1H each, d, J = 12.8 Hz).
The lower coupling constant and chemical shift values indicated a
cis isomer (Ichiyanagi et al., 2005). Finally, 2 was identified as
a
-
L
b
-
D
-
galactopyranoside (Semmar et al., 2002) further confirmed the
position of the coumaroyl unit. The last sugar unit could be
attributed to a pentose because of the presence of five carbons
including a CH2 observed in DEPT. The main correlations observed
were from H-5 to C-4 (2JCH) and to C-3 (3JCH) and from H-3 to the
kaempferol 3-O-
-rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[
galactopyranoside-7-O- -rhamnopyranoside.
b
-
D
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-(4-O-Z-p-coumaroyl-
a
-
L
b
-
D
-glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]-
b-D-
a
-L
Other rare flavonol tetra- and pentaglycosides in other
members of Leguminosae have been characterised by branched
tetrasaccharides at C-3 of the aglycone e.g. in Astragalus caprinus
Maire (Semmar et al., 2002), Mildbraediodendron excelsum Harms
and the genus Cordyla (Veitch et al., 2005, 2008), but acylated
forms were only found in A. caprinus Maire and the genus Cordyla.
anomeric carbon C-1 (3JCH). This sugar unit was attributed to a
xylopyranoside supported by the 13C NMR chemical shifts
(Agrawal, 1992) and acid hydrolysis. The -xylose unit was
connected to the 3-position of Rha(I) based on the ROESY
connection between Rha(I) H-3, 4.34 and Xyl H-1, 4.41 and
b-
b
d
d

M. Chaabi et al. / Phytochemistry Letters 3 (2010) 70–74
73
Other unusual diacylated kaempferol hexa- and tetraglycosides
were isolated in the genus Planchonia (Lecythidaceae) (Crublet
et al., 2003; McRae et al., 2008).
Compounds 1 and 2 displayed a mild antioxidant activity in the
in vitro peroxynitrite assay with EC50 values of 62 ꢁ 9.3 mM and
19 ꢁ 2.9 mM, respectively. These values were higher than those of the
reference compound, gallic acid (4.9 ꢁ 0.4 mM). The isomeric
difference of activity might be explained by the higher reactivity of
cis, compared to trans, bonds.
(solvent B). The following gradient elution was used: t = 0 min 5%
B, t = 5 min 5% B, t = 15 min 50% B, t = 20 min 70% B, t = 25 min 80%
B, t = 30 min 100% B, t = 35 min 100% B. Under these conditions,
two purified compounds were obtained: 1 (15 mg) and 2 (9 mg).
3.4. HPLC analysis of compounds 1 and 2
After separation, the purity of the two compounds was
confirmed by analytical HPLC (Macherey-Nagel Nucleodur column
100-10-C18, 150 ꢂ 4.6 mm id, 5
mm); solvent A: formic acid 0.01%,
3. Experimental
solvent B: MeOH using the following gradient of B: 0 min 5%,
10 min 50%, 15 min 70%, 20 min 80%, 25 min 100%, 30 min 100%,
35 min 5% B; flow rate 1.0 ml/min; UV detection between 200 and
600 nm. Compounds 1 and 2 were eluted with retention time of
20.9 and 20.1 min, respectively. Their relative purity was >98%.
3.1. General experimental procedures
Opticalrotationsweremeasured onaPerkinElmermodel241MC
polarimeter. Melting points were determined on a Buchi melting
point apparatus B-545. IR spectra were measured on a Nicolet 5-sxc-
FTIR spectrometer. UV spectra were recorded on a CARY 100 Bio UV–
vis spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE
500 (500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C) and chemical shifts are
3.5. Sugar analysis
Acid hydrolysis of 1 and 2 (2 mg of each solution in MeOH) was
carried out with 2 ml of 2 M HCl at 85 8C during 2 h. After cooling,
the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The sugar
mixture was extracted from the aqueous phase and washed with
ethyl acetate to eliminate kaempferol. The absolute configuration
of each monosaccharide was determined from GC-MS analysis of
their trimethylsilylated derivatives by comparison with authentic
given in d(ppm) value relative toTMS as internal standard. HRESIMS
spectra were recorded on a micrOTOF ESI-TOF mass spectrometer
(Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) operating in negative or
positive modes in separate analyses using a mixture MeOH:H2O
(1:1). LC-ESI–MS2 was performed on a HCT Ultra (Bruker Daltonics)
system consisting of a 1200 SL Agilent (Agilent Technologies, Massy,
France), anautomatic autosampler and a C18 Hypersil (30 ꢂ 1.0 mm
samples. Typically, 500
ml of a solution of 1-(trimethylsilyl)imi-
dazole in dry pyridine (1:4 v/v) were added to the standard sugar
(2 mg) and heated at 70 8C during 2 h in a glass vial. GC analysis
was performed with a capillary TR-5MS SQC (15 m ꢂ 0.25 mm ꢂ
i.d., 1.9
mm particle size) with a flow rate 0.2 ml/min. Sephadex LH-
20 (Pharmacia, Sweden) was used for column chromatography.
Reversed-phase HPLC was conducted on a Gilson instrument
(Middleton, US) equipped with a 9010 pump, a 115 UV photodiode
array detector and a Nucleodur 100-10-C18 (250 ꢂ 21 mm id;
0.25
mm) column. Operating conditions were as follows: carrier
gas, helium with a flow rate of 1 ml/min; column temperature,
1 min in 150 8C, 150–220 8C at 4 8C/min; injector temperature,
250 8C; volume injected, 1 ml of the trimethylsilylated sugar in
10
mm particle size) column for semi-preparative separation, and a
Nucleodur 100-10-C18 (150 ꢂ 4.6 mm id; 5
m
m particle size)
methylene chloride (0.1%); split ratio, 1:50. The MS operating
parameters were as follows: ionization potential, 70 eV; ion
source temperature, 230 8C; solvent delay 4.0 min, mass range
(Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany) column for analytical use.
Electron impact ionization mass spectra were obtained on a Thermo
Fisher Scientific GC-MS Trace DSQ II with a capillary TR-5MS SQC
100–700. Both 1 and 2 gave
D-xylose, D-galactose and D-glucose
(15 m ꢂ 0.25 mm ꢂ 0.25
mm) column. All samples were protected
from UV-light during handling.
(tR = 4.66, 6.21, and 6.74 min, respectively).
3.6. Kaempferol 3-O-
b
-
D
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-(4-O-E-p-
3.2. Plant material
coumaroyl-
a
-
L
-rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[
b-D-
glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]-
b
-D
-galactopyranoside-7-O-a-L-
The leaves of B. nitida were collected in the classified forest of
rhamnopyranoside (1)
´
the Abobo Adjame University, Ivory Coast in September 2006. The
20
´
botanical determination was performed by Dr. Laurent Ake Assi at
Pale yellow amorphous powder, [
a
]
D
ꢀ978 (c 0.22, MeOH). UV
the National Floristic Center, University of Cocody, Abidjan, in the
Herbarium of which a voucher specimen (No. 1549) was deposited.
lmax (MeOH) nm: 227 (4.66), 269 (4.49), 317 (3.79), 355 (sh);
(MeOH + NaOH): 244, 271, 298, 370; (MeOH + AlCl3): 278, 304,
320, 398; (MeOH + AlCl3 + HCl): 232, 278, 301, 322, 395;
(MeOH + NaOAc): 269, 319, 358 (MeOH + NaOAc + H3BO3): 270,
319, 352. IR (KBr) nmax cmꢀ1: 3350 (OH), 2930, 1693, 1650
(conjugated ketone C55O), 1633, 1598 (aromatic C55C), 1514, 1494,
1446, 1347, 1258, 1205, 1189, 1012, 890, 832. 1H and 13C NMR: see
Table 1. ESIMS m/z: 1181 [M+H]+. HRESIMS positive mode m/z:
1181.3524 and calcd for C53H64O30 + H, 1181.3555 and [MꢀH]ꢀ
HRESIMS negative mode m/z: 1179.3410 and calcd for
3.3. Extraction and isolation
Air-dried and ground leaves of B. nitida (250 g) were extracted
by percolation at room temperature with MeOH and concentrated
to dryness under vacuum. The residue (36 g) was suspended in H2O
and successively partitioned with cyclohexane (300 ml 3ꢂ), CH2Cl2
(300 ml 3ꢂ), EtOAc (300 ml 3ꢂ) and finally with n-BuOH (300 ml
3ꢂ). Part of the butanolic residue was subjected to column
chromatography over Sephadex LH-20 eluted with a H2O–MeOH
mixture of increasing percentage of MeOH. The flavonoid rich
fractions were pooled and resubjected to column chromatography
over Sephadex LH-20 using 100% MeOH as eluent, yielding 12
subfractions. Dry subfractions 2–4 (45 mg) were redissolved in
C
53H64O30 ꢀ H, 1179.3399.
3.7. Kaempferol 3-O-
b
-D
-xylopyranosyl(1 ! 3)-(4-O-Z-p-
coumaroyl-
a
-
L
-rhamnopyranosyl(1 ! 2))[
b-D-
glucopyranosyl(1 ! 6)]-
b
-D
-galactopyranoside-7-O-a-L-
rhamnopyranoside (2)
1 ml MeOH and filtered through 0.45
preparative HPLC. This was performed on a 100-10-C18 Nucleodur
m particle size) column,
flow rate: 14 ml/min, UV detection 205 nm developed with 0.01%
aqueous formic acid (solvent A) and MeOH-acetonitrile (1:1)
mm PTFE filter prior to semi-
20
Pale yellow amorphous powder, [
a
]
ꢀ1438 (c 0.16, MeOH).
D
Macherey-Nagel (250 ꢂ 21 mm id; 10
m
UV lmax (MeOH) nm: 268 (4.49), 317 (3.79), 355 (sh); (MeOH +
NaOH): 244, 272, 372; (MeOH + AlCl3): 276, 304, 322, 392
(MeOH + AlCl3 + HCl): 277, 302, 325, 396; (MeOH + NaOAc): 268,

74
M. Chaabi et al. / Phytochemistry Letters 3 (2010) 70–74
Choi, H.R., Choi, J.S., Han, Y.N., Bae, S.J., Chung, H.Y., 2002. Peroxynitrite scavenging
activity of herb extracts. Phytother. Res. 16, 364–367.
Crublet, M.L., Long, C., Se´venet, T., Hadi, H.A., Lavaud, C., 2003. Acylated flavonol
glycosides from leaves of Planchonia grandis. Phytochemistry 64, 589–594.
Ichiyanagi, T., Kashiwada, Y., Shida, Y., Ikeshiro, Y., Kaneyuki, T., Konishi, T., 2005.
Nasunin from eggplant consists of cis-trans isomers of delphinidin 3-[4-(p-
318, 354; (MeOH + NaOAc + H3BO3): 268, 318, 359. IR (KBr) nmax
cmꢀ1: 3350 (OH), 2930, 1693, 1650 (conjugated ketone C55O),
1633, 1598 (aromatic C55C), 1514, 1494, 1446, 1347, 1258, 1205,
1189, 1012, 890, 832. 1H and 13C NMR: see Table 1. ESIMS m/z:
1181 [M+H]+. HRESIMS m/z: 1181.3545 and calcd for
coumaroyl)-
Food Chem. 53, 9472–9477.
L
-rhamnosyl(1 ! 6)glucopyranoside]-5-glucopyranoside. J. Agric.
C
53H64O30 + H, 1181.3555
Kato, A., Kato, N., Miyauchi, S., Minoshima, Y., Adachi, I., Ikeda, K., Asano, N., Watson,
A.A., Nash, R.J., 2008. Iminosugars from Baphia nitida Lodd. Phytochemistry 69,
1261–1265.
3.8. Antioxidant activity
Khan, A., Ahmad, V.U., Farooq, U., 2009. Two new acylated flavonol glycosides from
the roots of Otostegia limbata. Helv. Chim. Acta 92, 731–739.
Kone-Bamba, D., Pelissier, Y., Ozoukou, Z.F., Kouao, D., 1987. Hemostatic activity of
216 plants used in traditional medicine in the Ivory Coast. Plant Med. Phytother.
21, 122–130.
The antioxidant activity of the two isolated compounds was
assessed in the peroxynitrite assay according to a previously
described method (Choi et al., 2002) using gallic acid as positive
standard. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
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Flavonoids. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
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Acknowledgements
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The authors would like to thank retired Dr. Laurent Ake´ Assi,
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