High Catalytic Activity of C60Pdn Encapsulated in Metal–Organic Framework UiO-67, for Tandem Hydrogenation Reaction

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/chem.201803900

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by MOFs are very promising for catalysis, whereas introduction of C₆₀ into MOFs has been very rarely used, and there was no report for their cooperative catalysis in organic syntheses. In this work, C₆₀@UiO-67 was synthesized by a one-pot method, so that C₆₀ is uniformly distributed on UiO-67 in molecular form. Pd NPs coordinating with C₆₀ have been successfully embedded into the framework. The obtained multifunctional C₆₀Pd_n@UiO-67 catalyst exhibits remarkable synergistic catalytic activity in cascade reactions under mild conditions, where UiO-67 affords Lewis acidity and C₆₀Pd_n offers higher hydrogenation activity relative to solely Pd NPs.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/chem.201803900

A Journal of
Accepted Article
Title: High Catalytic Activity of C60Pdn Encapsulated in Metal-Organic
Framework, UiO-67 for Tandem Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Deng-Yue Zheng, Xue-Meng Zhou, Suresh Mutyala, and
Xiao-Chun Huang
This manuscript has been accepted after peer review and appears as an
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To be cited as: Chem. Eur. J. 10.1002/chem.201803900
Link to VoR: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803900
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COMMUNICATION
High Catalytic Activity of C60Pd
n
Encapsulated in Metal-Organic
Framework, UiO-67 for Tandem Hydrogenation Reaction
Deng-Yue Zheng, Xue-Meng Zhou, Suresh Mutyala and Xiao-Chun Huang*
Abstract: Metal nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by MOFs are very
promising for catalysis, while introduction of C60 into MOFs has been
very rarely used and there was no report for their cooperative catalysis
on organic syntheses. In this work, we synthesized C60@UiO-67 by
one pot method so that C60 is uniformly distributed on UiO-67 in
molecular form. Pd NPs coordinating with C60 have been successfully
embedded into the framework. The obtained multifunctional
effects on the catalytic activity of the material. These defects can
come simply from an imperfect crystallization of the MOF, or be
created in a controlled manner by the introduction of auxiliary
ligands with missing functional group(s).[14,15] Furthermore, the
cages or channels with tunable sizes in MOFs allow them to host
or support metal nanoparticles (NPs) for catalysis over a broader
scope.[
16,17]
Recently, Hai-Long Jiang et al. have reported several
C
60Pd
n
@UiO-67 catalyst exhibits remarkable synergistic catalytic
composites of NPs@MOF which exhibit superior catalytic activity
in selective hydrogenation reaction.[18] Yu-Zhen Chen et al. have
reported Pd-Ag alloy NPs encapsulated in MIL-101 as catalyst for
the selective synthesis of secondary arylamine.[ Bifunctional
catalysts Pd/MIL-101 and Pt/MIL-101 have been used for the
synthesis of quinolines, pyrroles and 3-arylpyrrolidines via
tandem hydrogenation-reductive amination reactions. However,
these catalytical reactions still need high hydrogen pressure, long
reaction time and/or high temperature. Therefore, it is necessary
to develop new catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, especially
tandem ones in milder conditions.
In this work, we wish to design a catalyst with multi-functional
catalytical sites to complete a tandem hydrogenation reaction in
one-step under mild conditions. In other words, we would make
use of the advantages of three components, MOFs, NPs, and C60
to attain this goal through integrating them into one composite.
UiO-67, composed of 4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (BPDC) and
activity in cascade reactions under mild conditions, where UiO-67
n
affords Lewis acidity and C60Pd offers higher hydrogenation activity
19]
relatvie to sole Pd NPs.
Fullerene (C60) and its derivatives have been widely used in many
fields owing to their unique physical and chemical properties.[1]
Furthermore, it is one of elemental forms of carbon which has
great potential for being high-capacity hydrogen-storage material
and possible catalyst for hydrogenation reactions with special
catalytic activity due to its unique molecular structure.[2,3,4] In
[
20]
addition,
C60 molecules can act as a support for metal
nanoparticles (NPs) through stronger metal- interactions and
collaborate with NPs to synergistically improve catalytical
activity.[5-11] Zheng Xu et al. demonstrated that C60 can activate
molecular hydrogen and is a novel nonmetal hydrogenation
catalyst.[ The hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds to
amino aromatics was achieved on this catalyst with high yield and
8]
Zr
6
O
4
(OH)
4
clusters, one of the most popular MOFs in recent
NPs
reports on composite catalysts was chosen to load C60Pd
n
selectivity under 1 atmospheric pressure of H
at room temperature. Metal complexes C60Pt [
2
and light irradiation
onto the surface because of its large pore sizes (ca. 12 to 23 Å),
surface area (BET surface area ca. 1575 m2 g-1), as well as
9]
[10,11]
n
and C60Pd
n
have been reported to present good catalytical activity in the
reaction of hydrogenation of acetylene derivatives such as
diphenylacetylene and nitro compounds in mild reaction
conditions. However, these catalysts are difficult to work on multi-
step catalytic reactions for which multiple catalytic functional sites
are needed. It is still a challenge to develop new type of
composites behaving high synergistic catalytical activity and
working on a complex reaction.
excellent stability.[21] For the zirconium dicarboxylate MOFs,
modulators like acetic acid were introduced by Schaatte et al. in
[22]
the synthesis of UiO-66 and UiO-67. Thermal activation of the
material leads not only to dehydroxylation of the hexanuclear Zr
cluster but also to post-synthetic removal of the modulator groups
such as trifluoroacetate and benzoic acid resulting in a more open
[14,23]
framework with a large number of active sites.
We have
succeeded in synthesizing novel composite materials C60@UiO-
and @UiO-67 by one-pot and soaking method
sequentially (Scheme 1). C60Pd @UiO-67 has shown high
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of porous
materials with multifunctional sites assembled by metal/metal
cluster and organic ligand. Due to their high surface area, tunable
pore size and well-ordered crystalline structure, MOFs could be
promising materials for applications in heterogeneous catalysis.
67
C60Pd
n
n
catalytic efficiency for the tandem nitrobenzene hydrogenation
reaction because of the presence of multiple functional sites in the
composite material.
[
12,13]
The presence of defects in the MOF can have significant
D.-Y. Zheng, X.-M. Zhou, Dr. S. Mutyala, Prof. Dr. X.-C. Huang
Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and
Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province,
Shantou University, Guangdong 515063 (China).
Fax: (+86) 0754-82902767;
E-mail: xchuang@stu.edu.cn (X.C.H.)
Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the
document.
Scheme 1. Schematic illustration for the sequential synthesis of C60@UiO-67
and C60Pd @UiO-67.
n
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COMMUNICATION
High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM)
images of C60@UiO-67 composite show that there is no lattice
dispersion of C60 in UiO-67 (Figure 1a-b). Comparing the Raman
spectrum of the C60@UiO-67 composite and UiO-67 (Figure S1),
the increased number of peaks of composite are attributed to
prepared samples, and porous properties are presented in Table
S1.
completely merged without any hysteresis loop. It indicates that
most of the adsorbed N has been desorbed, and high amount of
was adsorbed below the partial pressure of 0.1. The isotherm
2
N adsorption-desorption isotherms of all samples are
2
N
2
−
1
pentagonal pinch mode A
g
(2) (1447 cm ) and degenerate mode
(8) (1564 cm ) for C60.[24]
60 encapsulated in UiO-67 is also
testified by UV-vis absorption spectra (Figure S2). Moreover,
60@UiO-67 presents better thermal stability than the pristine
patterns for all samples come to category of type-I by IUPAC
classification which indicates that these materials are micropores.
−
1
H
g
C
2
-1
Specific surface area and total pore volume were 1739 m ·g ,
3
-1
2
-1
3
-1
C
0.99 cm ·g for UiO-67, 1488 m ·g , 0.58 cm ·g for C60@UiO-
2
-1
3
-1
framework based on X-ray thermodiffractometry and TGA
analysis (as shown in Figure S3). C60@UiO-67 can be stable up
to 550 C which is much higher than that of UiO-67, 450 C,
revealing that the guest C60 molecules may support the MOF
framework.[25,26]
67 and 506 m ·g , 0.35 cm ·g for C60Pd
n
@UiO-67 respectively.
Successive decrease in surface area and pore volume indicated
that the cavities of UiO-67 were occupied by C60 and C60Pd
n
NPs
respectively.
Figure 1. HRTEM images of C60@UiO-67 NPs (a, b) and C60Pd
n
@UiO-67 NPs
(c, d) and corresponding EDX elemental (C, O, Pd and Zr) mapping of
C
n
60Pd @UiO-67 (e).
n
According to the HRTEM of C60Pd @UiO-67 (Figure 1c, d), the
C
60Pd NPs are highly dispersed with mean diameters of 5 ± 2 nm
n
(
Figure S4). To obtain more direct evidence, energy-dispersive X-
ray (EDX) was used to map the distribution of different elements
C, O, Pd and Zr, as shown in Figure 1e) for C60Pd @UiO-67.
(
n
EDX elemental mapping indicates that the carbon content far
exceeds that of other elements, and meanwhile, Pd is well-
distributed throughout the whole composite, suggesting the
uniform distribution of
C
60Pd
n
throughout the particles of
C60Pd
n
@UiO-67. The above results are well matched with our
hypothesis.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) will give the crystal lattice
information and phase purity of crystalline materials. PXRD
patterns of UiO-67, C60@UiO-67 and C60Pd
in Figure 2a. The diffraction peaks of one-pot synthesized
60@UiO-67 are in good agreement with reported ones of UiO-
7.[27] Moreover, no diffraction peaks of C60 are appeared which
represents that C60 is highly dispersed over UiO-67. While for Pd
encapsulated C60@UiO-67, the diffraction pattern is also in
accordance with C60@UiO-67, and no peak related to Pd is
detected implying that Pd is coordinated with C60 to form
nanoparticle instead of formation over the support UiO-67 due to
direct soaking and synthetic approaches during the preparation of
this composite. The metal- interactions between Pd and C60
allow Pd to form a shell on the surface of C60, other than crystalline
phase that can be detect by PXRD.
n
@UiO-67 are shown
C
6
Figure 2. PXRD patterns of UiO-67, C60@UiO-67, C60Pd
sorption isotherms at 77 of as-synthesized UiO-67,
@UiO-67 catalysts before reaction (b).
n
@UiO-67 (a). N
C60@UiO-67 and
2
K
C
60Pd
n
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results of the
60@UiO-67 show that the peak at 284.8 eV is ascribed to C 1s
C
[
28]
spectrum for the fullerene carbon atoms; the peak at 284.6 eV is
2
assigned to sp -hybridized carbon atoms in ligands (Figure 3a). For
n n
C60Pd NPs, Pd@UiO-67 and C60Pd @UiO-67, all of them present
two peaks assigned to Pd 3d5/2 and Pd 3d3/2 (Figure 3b), however,
Porosity of the materials can be determined by N
2
adsorption-
Pd@UiO-67 exhibits lower binding energies with shifting ∼0.6 and
desorption isotherms. Figure 2b shows the N isotherms of all
2
∼
n n
0.8 eV as compared to C60Pd @UiO-67 and C60Pd respectively
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(
Table S2), indicating that the state of Pd in C60Pd
n
@UiO-67 is commercial Pd/C (as shown in Table 1). The results indicated that
similar to it in C60Pd
n
. Furthermore, the data also implies that
n
C60Pd @UiO-67 gave the best catalytic activity with 100%
palladium atoms coordinate with C60 resulting in a small shift of conversion rate and highest selectivity for A (76%). Among three
binding energies toward higher values relative to Pd(0)[29,30], which UiO-67 supported catalysts, Pd@UiO-67 presented lower
may be related to the partial charge transfer between palladium conversion (80%) and selectivity (60% for A) than the target one,
and fullerene.[31]
whereas C60@UiO-67 without Pd showed very weak activity with
less than 10% conversion rate at the similar conditions (the
reaction time extended to 6 h). This comparison implies that Pd
NPs have intrinsic hydrogenation activity [32,33], and when combined
with C60, the catalytic activity (including conversion and selectivity)
will be significantly enhanced. In addition, the other two catalysts
without being supported with MOF but with Pd particles also gave
n
poorer performance wherein C60Pd showed 90% conversion rate
and 5% selectivity for A during an extended reaction time, and
commercial Pd/C just presented 50% conversion rate and 38%
selectivity for A under same conditions. The result of the former
should be ascribed to its poor dispersion and lack of sufficient
Lewis acidity, whereas the result of the latter could reflect the
critical role of acidity in the reaction between nitrobenzene and
benzaldehyde. In addition, the lower catalytic activity (40%) and
n
selectivity (3%) over a physical mixture of C60Pd and UiO-67
should be ascribed to the absence of synergistic effect.
Table 1. Synthesis of secondary arylamines through hydrogenation of
nitrobenzene and reductive amination of benzaldehyde
Selectivity (%)
Catalyst[a]
Time (h)
Conversion (%)
A
B
C
C
60Pd
Pd@UiO-67
Pd/C
n
@UiO-67
3
3
3
6
6
6
100
80
50
90
 10
40
76
60
38
5
-
3
0
15
0
0
-
24
25
62
95
-
C
60Pd
n
C
60@UiO-67
Figure 3. XPS spectra of C 1s for C60@UiO-67 composite (a) and Pd 3d for
[b]
C
60Pd
n
+ UiO-67
24
73
n n
Pd@UiO-67, C60Pd and C60Pd @UiO-67 (b).
UiO-67
no
[
a] Reaction conditions: substrates benzaldehyde (107 mg, 1.0 mmol) and
nitrobenzene (124 mg, 1.0 mmol), 20 mg catalyst in 3 mL of ethanol at room
the carbon content of UiO-67 and C60@UiO-67 using elemental temperature, 1 atmospheric pressure of H
. [b] The catalytic result was based on
analysis as shown in Table S1. The molar amount of C60 was a physical mixture of C60Pd and UiO-67, in which the content of Pd is the same
The mass ratio of C60 and UiO-67 was determined by measuring
2
n
n
as those in C60Pd @UiO-67.
calculated to be ca. 0.027 mmol for 100 mg UiO-67 host matrix.
The coexistence of Lewis acid sites in UiO-67 and C60Pd
n
Furthermore, the reaction was also conducted with UiO-67 and
species may render C60Pd
@UiO-67 a multifunctional catalyst that without catalyst, but no products were detected. If taking metal
n
is suitable for multistep cascade reactions. In order to prove that (Pd) to benzaldehyde molar ratio used in the reactions into
C60Pd
n
n
@UiO-67 has good tandem hydrogenation catalysis activity, account, the superior hydrogenation ability of C60Pd @UiO-67
a
reaction route involving acid catalysis and catalytic compared to Pd@UiO-67 could also be verified by the increasing
hydrogenation steps was chosen for the overall three-step process turnover frequency (TOF) values (to 180 h-1 from 142 h ). These
-1
including nitroarene hydrogenation, reductive amination of results strongly prove that the presence of Lewis acid active sites
aldehydes and selective hydrogenation to secondary arylamine.
For comparison, the reaction of synthesis of benzyl aniline improving the catalytic activity of the reaction.
product A) by benzaldehyde and nitrobenzene was performed
The recyclability of C60Pd @UiO-67 was also studied as well.
using different catalysts including the target composite After five recycles, the conversion of secondary amine was 96%
@UiO-67 and Pd@UiO-67, C60Pd
, C60@UiO-67 as well as which was maintained throughout each cycle almost without any
n
in UiO-67 and C60Pd NPs cooperate with each other, greatly
(
n
C60Pd
n
n
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Chemistry - A European Journal
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COMMUNICATION
loss of activity (Figure S5a). The structural characteristics of
recycled catalysts were studied and presented in Figure S6. No
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n
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revealed retained integrity of the UiO-67 framework and the
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evident in HRTEM images and
isotherms (Figure S5b), showing that C60Pd
n
NP agglomeration, which is further
adsorption-desorption
NPs have well
N
2
n
[6]
retained sizes after five cycles and demonstrating good
recyclability and durability of the catalyst (Figure S6a).
Among other reports on this tandem reaction with MOF-
supported Pd catalysts, there are two works that can be compared
with the present work, as shown in Table S3. For PdAg@MIL-101,
the introduction of Ag raised the selectivity (90%) but suffurred
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practical and energy-consuming (one-pot synthesis of C60@UiO-
n
67 and simple soaking method to obtain C60Pd @UiO-67, see
Figure S7).
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n
of MOF based multifunctional material with high catalytic activity.
The present study may bring light to the construction of functional
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Keywords: metal-organic frameworks • fullerene (C60) • C60Pd
n
NPs • concerted catalysis • tandem hydrogenation reaction
[
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1
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Chemistry - A European Journal
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COMMUNICATION
Entry for the Table of Contents
COMMUNICATION
A new composite consisting of
Pd, C60 and MOF was designed
and synthesized showing high
catalytical activity in a tandem
hydrogenation reaction.
D.-Y. Zheng, X.-M. Zhou, Dr. S.
Mutyala, Prof. Dr. X.-C. Huang*
Page No.1 – Page No.4
High Catalytic Activity of C60Pd
Encapsulated in Metal-Organic
n
Framework, UiO-67 for Tandem
Hydrogenation Reaction
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