Novel Modes of Inhibition of Wild-Type Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1): Direct Covalent Modification of His315

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00305

IDH1 plays a critical role in a number of metabolic processes and serves as a key source of cytosolic NADPH under conditions of cellular stress. However, few inhibitors of wild-type IDH1 have been reported. Here we present the discovery and biochemical characterization of two novel inhibitors of wild-type IDH1. In addition, we present the first ligand-bound crystallographic characterization of these novel small molecule IDH1 binding pockets. Importantly, the NADPH competitive α,β-unsaturated enone 1 makes a unique covalent linkage through active site H315. As few small molecules have been shown to covalently react with histidine residues, these data support the potential utility of an underutilized strategy for reversible covalent small molecule design.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00305

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Article
Novel Modes of Inhibition of Wild-Type Isocitrate
Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1): Direct Covalent Modification of His315
Clarissa G. Jakob, Anup K Upadhyay, Pamela L. Donner, Emily Nicholl, Sadiya N.
Addo, Wei Qiu, Christopher Ling, Sujatha M. Gopalakrishnan, Maricel Torrent, Steven
P. Cepa, Jason Shanley, Alexander R. Shoemaker, Chaohong C. Sun, Anil Vasudevan,
Kevin R. Woller, J. Brad Shotwell, Bailin Shaw, Zhiguo Bian, and Jessica E. Hutti
J. Med. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00305 • Publication Date (Web): 13 Jul 2018
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 13, 2018
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Novel Modes of Inhibition of Wild-Type Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1
(IDH1): Direct Covalent Modification of His315
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Clarissa G. Jakob , Anup K. Upadhyay , Pamela L. Donner , Emily Nicholl , Sadiya N. Addo , Wei Qiu ,
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Christopher Ling , Sujatha M. Gopalakrishnan , Maricel Torrent , Steven P. Cepa , Jason Shanley ,
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Alexander R. Shoemaker , Chaohong C. Sun , Anil Vasudevan , Kevin R. Woller , J. Brad Shotwell ,
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Bailin Shaw , Zhiguo Bian , and Jessica E. Hutti
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AbbVie, Discovery Chemistry and Technology, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064
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AbbVie, Oncology Discovery, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064
AbbVie, Targeting Enabling Sciences and Technologies, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL
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AbbVie, Global Protein Sciences, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064
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ABSTRACT
IDH1 plays a critical role in a number of metabolic processes and serves as a key source of cytosolic
NADPH under conditions of cellular stress. However, few inhibitors of wild-type IDH1 have been
reported. Here we present the discovery and biochemical characterization of two novel inhibitors of
wild-type IDH1. In addition, we present the first ligand-bound crystallographic characterization of these
novel small molecule IDH1 binding pockets. Importantly, the NADPH competitive α,β-unsaturated
enone 1 makes a unique covalent linkage through active site H315. As few small molecules have been
shown to covalently react with histidine residues, these data support the potential utility of an
underutilized strategy for reversible covalent small molecule design.
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INTRODUCTION
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is one of three isozymes (IDH1/IDH2/IDH3) which convert
isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). While IDH1-3 perform similar enzymatic reactions, they have
disparate cellular functions and localization. IDH1 and IDH2 exist as homodimers which reduce NADP+,
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while IDH3 is a structurally distinct enzyme which utilizes NAD+ as a cofactor. IDH2 and IDH3 are
mitochondrial enzymes which play critical roles in generating mitochondrial NADPH and driving TCA
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cycle flux, respectively. In contrast, IDH1 is localized primarily in the cytosol where it plays an
important role in maintaining cytosolic NADPH levels. Interest in IDH1 as a drug target has grown during
the last few years following a series of studies demonstrating that IDH1 is an oncogene which is mutated
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in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), secondary glioblastomas (GBMs), and several other tumor types. In
response to these findings, a number of compounds have been generated which specifically target the
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mutant isoform of IDH1, several of which are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
IDH2 is also
mutated in AML, and the first inhibitor of mutant IDH2, enasidenib (Idhifa, Celgene/Agios) was recently
approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed/refractory AML with IDH2 mutation.
Most of the reported inhibitors of mutant IDH1 have exquisite selectivity against wild-type IDH1.
However, in addition to its role as an oncogene, the normal functions of wild-type IDH1 are important
for a number of cellular processes. As one of the primary sources of cytosolic NADPH, IDH1 is thought to
play an important role in maintaining reducing power within the cytosol, and hepatocytes from IDH1
knockout mice have both increased steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased
13
oxidative stress following treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A later study showed that IDH1-
null mice have decreased blood glucose levels and increased levels of amino acids in plasma, suggesting
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that IDH1 may play additional roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in vivo. Interestingly, IDH1 is
a highly reversible enzyme, and IDH1-driven reductive carboxylation of α-KG derived from anaplerotic
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glutamine occurs at a low level in many cells under normal growth conditions. Under some conditions
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of cell stress, such as hypoxia, during anchorage-independent growth, or in the presence of
mitochondrial defects, however, many cells dramatically upregulate flux though IDH1-dependent
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reductive glutaminolysis.
Consistent with this, the pseudohypoxic state created following the loss of
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the tumor suppressor VHL also causes a dramatic increase in flux through reductive glutaminolysis.
In spite of the important roles of wild-type IDH1 in cellular metabolism, to our knowledge no
tool inhibitors of wild-type IDH1 have been described. Here we describe a high-throughput screen
performed to identify inhibitors of WT IDH1. In addition, we disclose (i) three unique IDH1 modes of
inhibition exemplified by the first reported crystallographic characterization of inhibitor-bound (1-3, 11,
1
3, 15) IDH1 WT structures, (ii) a unique susceptibility of H315 within the IDH1 NADPH binding pocket to
be covalently modified by small molecule inhibitors, (iii) SAR and structural studies related to the
optimization of 1, and (iv) inhibition of cellular reductive glutaminolysis flux by small molecule
engagement at both an allosteric site at the dimer interface and the NADPH binding site of IDH1. For
the remainder of the manuscript, “IDH1” will refer to wild-type IDH1 unless otherwise indicated.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN TO IDENTIFY INHIBITORS OF IDH1
In an effort to identify IDH1 inhibitor tool molecules, 750,000 AbbVie proprietary molecules
were screened at 30 µM with an IDH1 fluorescence activity assay (see Figure SI-2 and Supporting
Information) for an ability to inhibit NADPH production accompanying the IDH1 catalyzed conversion of
isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. Analysis of the hit set revealed a large cluster of α,β-unsaturated enones
centered around 1 (IC = 410 nM) with structures suggestive of a covalent modification of IDH1 (Figure
50
1
). In addition to 1, singleton 2 (IC = 270 nM) was identified with similar affinity to 3 (IC = 120 nM),
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an isomer of GSK321 (IC =970nM) reported by GlaxoSmithKline as a mutant R132H IDH1 inhibitor with
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some wild type cross reactivity (Figure 1).
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IDH1 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND IDH1:INHIBITOR CO-CRYSTALLIZATION STUDIES FOR 1-3
The crystal structure of IDH1 is an asymmetric open homodimer consisting of one open and one
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semi-open subunit when bound to NADP (pdb code 1T09). Upon binding substrate (isocitrate) the
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protein transitions to a symmetric closed conformation in which isocitrate bridges both molecules of the
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dimer via a direct hydrogen bond with R132 (pdb code 1T0L). The fully closed structure contains four
central α-helices (two from each monomer), wherein the bridging isocitrates of each monomer
hydrogen bond to the opposing IDH1 molecules preserving the closed form until the conversion of
isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate is complete and the isocitrate-R132 hydrogen bonds are lost. This is in
contrast to reports of R132H mutants of IDH1, where the protein has only been observed in the open or
semi-open conformation in the presence of both NADP and isocitrate, having only two ordered central
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helices accompanied by two disordered loops at the dimer interface. Loss of the arginine residue in
the R132H mutation prevents isocitrate from bridging the two molecules as observed in the wild type
structure. To date, crystal structures of IDH1 containing the R132H mutation with small molecules can
be generally characterized as having an open or semi-open tertiary structure (See Table SI-5; Supporting
Information).
Because high affinity hits were identified directly from screening, IDH1:ligand crystal structures
for 1-3 (Figure 2) were solved prior to initiating their chemical optimization. Notably, three distinct
binding sites are observed for 1-3 (Figure 2A-C). We found enone 1 bound to a symmetrical fully closed
conformation of IDH1 (Figure 2A/D) in a pocket which overlaps with a known NADPH binding site (PDB
code 1T0L). Hydrogen bonding of D375 to the aminolinker NH, nitrile engagement of the S326
backbone carbonyl, and interaction of the carbonyl directly with K374 is accompanied by direct covalent
attachment of the ligand through H315 (Figure 2D). This result was surprising, as during our initial hit
triage we expected a variety of exposed cysteine residues to be the likely target(s) of 1. Covalent
engagement by histidine has been previously described but is rarely exploited in reversible inhibitor
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design.
For example, covalent inhibitor-histidine engagement has been reported for fumagillin , 4-
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hydroxynonenal , and prostaglandin J2. The histidine-ligand engagement of fumagillin and 4-
hydroxynonenal are unsurprisingly irreversible, with fumagillin engagement resulting in irreversible
epoxide opening and 4-hydroxynonenal engagement affording a stabilized hemiacetal arising from
attack of the 4 hydroxy group on the aliphatic aldehyde generated from initial histidine addition. In
contrast, the prostaglandin J2-Human Serum Albumin interaction as characterized by surface plasmon
resonance studies is readily reversible and is most structurally analogous to the 1:IDH1 structure
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reported here.
Imidazolone 2 is observed to bind in an allosteric pocket at the dimer interface between the four
central helices of the two monomers, with a single copy of 2 for each IDH1 dimer (1:2 stoichiometry).
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This site is close to a location recently reported by Bayer for R132H mutant IDH1 inhibitor BAY1436032.
BAY1436032 does not engage both monomers in a symmetric fashion nor does it bind with significant
potency to WT IDH1. The BAY1436032 structure is an open R132H IDH1 conformation. In contrast, the
complex of 2 with WT IDH1, which crystallizes in the presence of 0.15M malate, results in an
asymmetrical fully closed dimer, where malate is bound in the more tightly closed monomer (Figure 2B).
The fact that compound 2 results in an asymmetrical closed dimer is interesting as the compound itself
is symmetrical and binds in what can be described as an allosteric pocket that lies on the two-fold axis of
the protein dimer making equivalent interactions with both IDH1 molecules. The imidazolone directly
engages both copies of Q277 from the corresponding monomers, and the bromines sit adjacent to
M259 filling the hydrophobic space (Figure 2E).
In contrast to 1 and 2, 3 binds in an allosteric pocket with both subunits in the semi-open form
of the enzyme (Figure 2C). This is distinct from the reported structure of its isomer (GSK321) in R132H
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mutant IDH1 (pdb code 5DE1, Table SI-5). Non-equivalent IDH1 monomers are observed with two
copies of 3 bound non-symmetrically within each copy of the dimer. The two copies of 3 make disparate
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contacts with IDH1 engaging R119 in one monomer and L120 in the other while hydrogen bonds to
backbone carbonyls of I128 and V281 are conserved in both copies (Figure 2F). Our observations from
the structures with 2 and 3 lead us to support the prior hypotheses that though the IDH1 dimer is made
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up of identical subunits, their concerted dynamics lead to enzymatic differences between them.
SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY
24
Acylated pyrazole 11 was accessed in the sequence outlined in Scheme 1.
Arylation of
diketone 4 followed by treatment with ethyl vinyl ketone and subsequent Robinson annulation then
protection of ketone via ketal afforded 6 in 55% overall yield for four steps. Reduction of the C(5)
ketone to the corresponding alcohol, olefin hydrogenation and treatment with DBU to give the
preferred epimer at C(1), then re-oxidation at C(5) afforded ketal 7 in 27% overall yield for four steps.
Formylation of 7 with ethyl formate and sodium methoxide afforded versatile oxocarboxaldehyde 8
which was converted to the fused pyrazole by condensation with hydrazine to provide 9. Subsequent
α,β-unsaturated enone installation proceeded via a five step process beginning with deprotection of the
ketone followed by formylation at C(3) and condensation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to give the
corresponding isoxazole which was ring opened under basic conditions to give the C(3) nitrile.
Bromination/elimination with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione then heating in pyridine
24
or oxidation with DDQ afforded 10. Direct acylation with benzoyl chloride afforded 11 in 15 steps and
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.8% overall yield. Aminopyrimidine 13 was accessed by condensation of phenylguanidine with key
intermediate 8 and subsequent conversion to the α,β -unsaturated enone (i.e. 12 → 13, Scheme 2, 6
steps, 32% Yield) in a manner analogous to that described for conversion of 9 → 10. Similarly, pyridine
1
6 (Table 1) was accessed via substitution of (pyridine-3-yl)guanidine for phenylguanidine. C(10) phenyl
benzoate substituted 19 and 15 (Table 1) were generated by substitution of 3-iodo benzoic acid ethyl
ester for bromobenzene in the initial transformation illustrated in Scheme 1.
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STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AND BINDING MODE COMPARISON FOR 11, 13, AND 15
While developing structure-activity relationships for 2 proved intractable, with dozens of
differentially substituted imidazolones failing to inhibit IDH1 in vitro, the binding mode and diversity of
optimization trajectories afforded by 1 proved more fruitful (Table 1). Specifically, direct engagement of
the side chain of D375 by the aminopyrimidine NH of 1 was established as critical, with 13 showing a
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≈
100 fold improved IC50 for IDH1 relative to 14. Improved potency (three fold) via addition of an
aromatic ring at R1 (i.e. 1 vs. 13) is consistent with the filling of a lipophilic groove between
K374/L383/A378 observed in IDH1 co-crystal structures obtained for 13 and suggested a clear trajectory
to the K260 residue of the opposing monomer (Figure 3C). Placement of a carboxylic acid (15) with
trajectory appropriate to target Lys260 afforded a modest 3-fold improvement in potency while other
acidic isosteres were unsuccessful (not shown). Structural studies with 15 revealed it maintains the
critical engagement of D375 in addition to the other key interactions observed for 1 and 13 while
engaging Lys260 directly as designed (Figure 3C). Consistent with covalent engagement of H315
observed in structures for 1, 13, and 15, reduction to the corresponding saturated ketone 17 affords a
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10-fold reduction in potency (13 vs. 17). Elimination of the α-nitrile (18) abrogated target affinity
completely (Table 1) consistent with H315 attack at the β-carbon and a direct hydrogen bond between
the nitrile and S326. Incorporation of a fused pyrazole was well-tolerated, wherein incorporation of a
carboxylic acid (19) directed toward K260 was found to afford a ≥10-fold improvement in potency
relative to 10 in analogy to the pyrimidine series. Acylation of 10 afforded potent acyl pyrazole inhibitor
11. Structural studies demonstrated 11 maintained the critical covalent link to H315 but shifted slightly
within the NADPH binding site to maximize water-mediated engagement of S326 and direct hydrogen
bonding to N328 as surrogates for the D375 interaction observed for 1, 13, and 15 (Figure 3A).
Additionally, although the nitrile-S326 interaction is maintained for 11, the observed carbonyl-K374
distance is beyond optimal relative to those for 1, 13, and 15 (Figure 3A-C). The binding modes of
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compound 11 and 13 to IDH1 were further confirmed by competition binding assays performed in the
presence and absence of NADP and isocitrate. As shown in Figure 4, 11 and 13 did not bind to IDH1 pre-
complexed with NADP but bound tightly in the presence of isocitrate (see Figure SI-5 for ∆TM shifts).
This orthogonal biophysical data corroborate the binding mode observed for these compounds in their
respective crystal structures. These findings contrast those made with 3, wherein as measured by
isothermal titration calorimetry (See Figure SI-6) 3 has a similar affinity in the presence or absence of
NADP+ but shows no binding to the protein in the presence of isocitrate. All TSA and ITC studies are
consistent with the binding modes presented in the x-ray structures in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
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Thermal stability (Tm) of the complexes formed by compounds 11 and 13 decrease upon
washing these samples with the protein buffer (See Figure SI-5) and IDH1 enzyme activity recovers in
enzymatic jump dilution experiments performed with compound 13 (See Figure SI-7). These
observations are consistent with the absence of any stable covalent adduct formation with these
compounds using mass spec assays (See Figure SI-4) and corroborates the reversibility of enone
23
engagement of histidines reported in the literature for similar systems. All leads were judged as high
fidelity and showed no response in a counter screen designed to identify artifacts as a result of
diaphorase inhibition (See Figure SI-2). It was found that 13 demonstrated high stability and
permeability in cellular experiments (See Figure SI-1 and Table SI-3). In contrast, 11 showed a high
propensity toward pyrazole amide hydrolysis under mild conditions to afford less active pyrazole 10 in
typical cellular buffers (See Table SI-3, Supporting Information). Carboxylic acid 15 was found to have
poor permeability (See Figure SI-1). As such, 13 was advanced into cell-based assays in addition to
control inhibitor 3.
INHIBITION OF CELLULAR FLUX THROUGH REDUCTIVE GLUTAMINOLYSIS
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It has been previously shown that VHL mutant ccRCC cells demonstrate significant IDH1-
15,18
dependent flux through reductive glutaminolysis.
Therefore, VHL mutant A-498 cells were used to
develop a cellular pharmacodynamic (PD) assay for IDH1. Briefly, A-498 cells were treated with growth
1
3
13
0
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medium containing 1- C-glutamine, and incorporation of the C label into citrate was measured, as
15
13
12
described previously. Determining the ratio of C-citrate: C-citrate within cell lysates allows one to
then determine the amount of reductive, IDH1-dependent, glutamine metabolism relative to the
amount of oxidative glutamine metabolism. As expected, under basal growth conditions, A-498 cells
show significant flux through reductive glutaminolysis (Figure 5). In contrast, when treated with 3 or 13,
A-498 cells demonstrate a dose-dependent decrease in reductive glutaminolysis (Figure 5) consistent
with dose-dependent intracellular inhibition of IDH1 by 3 and 13.
CONCLUSIONS
While a number of inhibitors of mutant IDH1 have been well-characterized, to our knowledge no
tool molecules for WT IDH1 have been reported. Screening efforts in our laboratories have identified
two novel inhibitors of IDH1 with biochemical activity. Structural characterization of these inhibitors
along with previously reported 3 provides some interesting structural observations for the IDH1 dimer.
Three distinct IDH1 binding sites have been fully characterized. Notably, covalent inhibitor 1 binds in the
active site and results in the fully closed form of IDH1. This and additional reversible covalent
chemotypes exemplified by 11 and 13 are competitive with NADPH binding within the IDH1 active site.
Importantly, their potency benefits from a unique covalent adduct formed via the reversible trapping of
H315, a mechanism which is not frequently exploited in the design of reversible inhibitors. In contrast,
compounds 2 and 3 bind in allosteric sites and lead to non-symmetric forms of the IDH1 dimer with
stoichiometries of 1:2 and 1:1 respectively. These observations are likely due to the dynamic nature of
the protein and are consistent with the previous proposal of a dynamic influence of one subunit on the
19
8
other. The recently described mutant IDH1 inhibitor BAY1436032 also binds near the dimer interface.
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However, BAY1436032 does not have significant activity against WT IDH1 and, in contrast to 2, does not
bind in the closed conformation. All three of the binding sites described here allow robust inhibition of
recombinant IDH1 in biochemical assays. Compounds 13 and 3 also show dose-dependent inhibition of
13
13
1
1
1
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cellular IDH1 activity, as measured by tracking incorporation of C from 1- C-Glutamine to citrate.
IDH1 plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, especially under conditions of
15-18
mitochondrial stress or hypoxia.
In addition, IDH1-driven reductive glutaminolysis is dramatically
upregulated in the absence of the tumor suppressor VHL, which is the most commonly mutated gene in
25
clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, studies of the role of wild-type IDH1 in metabolism
or cancer have been previously hindered by the lack of high-quality tool compounds for this enzyme.
Here we describe the activity and structural characterization for two novel IDH1 inhibitors which may
now be used to further elaborate the important and complex cellular roles of IDH1.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
General Procedures and Materials. Unless otherwise noted, all materials were obtained from
commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were obtained from
Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI) and used directly. All reactions involving air- or moisture-sensitive reagents
were performed under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere. NMR spectra were collected on either a Varian
Inova 400 or 500 MHz spectrometer as specified with chemical shifts given in ppm (δ) and are
1
1
referenced to an internal standard of tetramethylsilane (δ 0.00). H− H couplings are assumed to be
first order, and peak multiplicities are reported in the usual manner. Silica gel chromatography
purifications were performed using prepacked silica gel cartridges (various vendors/various automated
chromatography systems). Mass spectral ESI data were determined on a Thermo-Finnigan SSQ7000
spectrometer. Mass spectral APCI data were determined on either a Thermo-Finnigan Navigator or
Thermo-Finnigan MSQ-Plus mass spectrometer. All final compounds were purified to >95% purity as
determined by analytical LCMS. Analytical LCMS was performed on an Agilent series 1100 HPLC system
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2
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using a Phenomenex Luna Combi-HTS C8(2) 5 μm, 100 Å (2.1 mm × 50 mm) column at 65 °C. The
gradient was 3% B for 0.02 min, 3-100% B in 1.28 min with a hold at 100% B for 0.15 min then 100-3% B
in 0.05 min (1.5 mL/min flow rate). The mobile phase A was 0.1% TFA in water and mobile phase B was
HPLC grade MeCN. Detection methods were diode array (DAD) and evaporative light scattering (ELSD)
detection under positive APCI ionization conditions or positive ESI ionization conditions.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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0
2
-phenylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (5). A 5 L round-bottomed flask was charged with bromobenzene
(
0.109 L, 1038 mmol), tert-amyl alcohol (1 L) and dioxane (2 L), and the contents were purged with N2
for 45 minutes. A 5 L round-bottomed flask was charged with potassium phosphate tribasic (459 g, 2163
mmol), 1,3-cyclohexanedione (100 g, 865 mmol), palladium(II) acetate (3.59 g, 16.00 mmol) and 2-(di-
tert-butylphosphino)-2’-methy biphenyl (10 g, 32.0 mmol), and the contents were purged with N for 45
2
minutes. The bromobenzene solution was then transferred to 1,3-cyclohexanedione containing vessel
via canula, and the reaction was heated to reflux overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the
reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (2 L) and 10% HCl (3 L) with mixing. The lower
aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L). The combined organic layers were
washed with brine (1 L) and concentrated. The residue was taken up in toluene (1 L) and again
concentrated. The residue was taken up in toluene (500 mL) and warmed to 50 °C. After cooling to
room temperature, the solids were collected by filtration, washed with toluene (2 × 100 mL) and dried in
1
a vacuum oven at 50 °C to provide 5 (149.2 grams, 90% Yield). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 7.48 –
3
7
2
.40 (m, 2H), 7.38 – 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.18 (dt, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 2.65 – 2.39 (m, 4H), 2.15 –
.04 (m, 2H).
(8aR)-5-methyl-8a-phenyl-3,4,8,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,6(2H,7H)-dione (6).
A 5 L round-
bottomed flask was charged with 5 (163 g, 903 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 L). Triethylamine (252 mL,
1
7
805 mmol) and ethyl vinyl ketone (135 mL, 1.35 mol) were added, and the contents were warmed to
5 °C and stirred overnight. After cooling, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was
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taken up in dimethyl sulfoxide (500 mL). Pyridinium para-toluenesulfonate (227 g, 903 mmol) and L-
phenylalanine (149 g, 903 mmol) were added, and the contents were warmed to 45 °C for 66 hours.
After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into saturated aqueous NH Cl (500 mL), water (500 mL),
4
1
1
1
1
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and methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL). After mixing for 10 minutes, the solids were removed by filtration
and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (500 mL). The
combined organic layers were washed with water (300 mL) and brine (300 mL), dried over sodium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel on a
Teledyne Isco Combiflash Torrent® system using a 750 g RediSep® silica gel column: ethyl
acetate/hexanes 0:1 (2 column volumes) up to 1:1 (gradient over 8 column volumes). Fractions
containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. This crude product (65%
ee) was taken up in cyclohexane (500 mL) and stirred overnight. The racemic solids were removed by
filtration rinsing with cyclohexane (2 × 100 mL), and the filtrate was concentrated to provide 6 in 95% ee
determined using a Chiralpak AS-H column (4.6 mm ID x 25 cm, 5 microns) eluting with 10% EtOH in
heptane at 1.0 mL/min with the major enantiomer eluting at 10.4 min and the minor enantiomer
1
eltuting at 15.1 min. (140 g, 61%). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 7.38 – 7.25 (m, 3H), 7.15 – 7.10 (m,
3
2
H), 2.82 – 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.68 – 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.57 – 2.48 (m, 1H), 2.46 – 2.29 (m, 3H), 2.25 – 2.18 (m,
1H), 2.11 – 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.86 – 1.65 (m, 2H).
(
(
1'S,4a'S,8a'S)-1'-methyl-4a'-phenylhexahydro-1'H-spiro[1,3-dioxolane-2,2'-naphthalen]-5'(3'H)-one
7). A 3 L jacketed round-bottomed flask was charged with 6 (140.5 g, 552 mmol) in ethanol (1.4 L), and
the solution was cooled to -5 °C. A solution of sodium borohydride (6.28 g, 166 mmol) in ethanol (1.0 L)
was added dropwise while maintaining an internal temperature below 0 °C. The resulting mixture was
stirred at -5 °C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched carefully with acetic acid (100 mL) and
warmed to 23 °C. After stirring overnight, the mixture was concentrated. The residue was partitioned
between methyl tert-butyl ether (1 L) and 10% aqueous ammonium chloride (500 mL). The layers were
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separated, and the organic layer was washed with 10% aqueous ammonium chloride (500 mL) and brine
(
200 mL). The organic solution was concentrated, taken up in ethanol (750 mL) and filtered. The
product was solidified by the slow addition of water (1.125 L) and cooling the resultant slurry to 5 °C.
The product was collected by filtration and washed with cold 40% ethanol in water (100 mL) and dried in
0
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2
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a
vacuum oven at 50 °C to provide (4aR,5S)-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-4a-phenyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8-
1
hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one (99.0 g, 70%). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 7.54 – 7.49 (m, 2H),
3
7
.34 – 7.21 (m, 3H), 3.83 (ddd, J = 10.8, 4.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.80 – 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.51 – 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.36 –
2.28 (m, 1H), 2.26 – 2.04 (m, 3H), 2.02 – 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.93 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.89 – 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.74 –
.46 (m, 2H). A 2 L Parr stirred pressure reactor was charged with 13.2 g of 5% Pd/C (20 weight% of
substrate charged). Under a stream of nitrogen, a solution of (4aR,5S)-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-4a-phenyl-
,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one (66 g, 0.257 mol) and tetrahydrofuran (530 mL) and
1
4
pyridine (130 mL) was added to the reactor. The reactor was purged with nitrogen and hydrogen. The
vessel was pressurized to and maintained at 60 - 100 psig with hydrogen supplied from a high-pressure
reservoir of known volume. The mixture was vigorously agitated while keeping the temperature
between 22-25 °C. The reaction mixture was carefully filtered to remove the palladium catalyst rinsing
the reactor and cake with tetrahydrofuran. To the filtrate was added 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-
ene (6 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture
was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was taken up in toluene (500 mL). The
resulting solution was washed with 10% HCl (2 × 200 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na SO , and
2
4
filtered to give the stable epimerized product in toluene solution that was used as is without
purification. To this solution was added ethylene glycol (74 mL, 1.3 mol, 5 equivalents) and para-
toluenesulfonic acid (5 g, 26.5 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux with Dean Stark
removal of water. After reaction completion, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the
toluene solution was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 × 200 mL) and brine (100
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mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide (1'S,4a'S,5'S,8a'S)-1'-methyl-4a'-
phenyloctahydro-1'H-spiro[1,3-dioxolane-2,2'-naphthalen]-5'-ol which was dissolved in dichloromethane
(
800 mL), and pyridinium dichromate (199 g, 529 mmol) and magnesium sulfate (6.4 g) were added. The
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
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2
2
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2
2
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4
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4
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4
5
5
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5
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5
5
5
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5
6
0
1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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1
2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
0
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
resulting mixture was heated to reflux and stirred overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the
mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel (350 g) rinsing with dichloromethane (2.5 L). The filtrate
was concentrated, and the remaining solids were triturated with cyclohexane (300 mL). The solids were
collected by filtration, washed with cyclohexane (2 × 50 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C to
1
provide 7 (45.4 g, 27% Yield). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 7.45 – 7.14 (m, 5H), 4.00 – 3.88 (m, 4H),
3
2
.71 (dq, J = 13.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.29 – 2.17 (m, 1H), 2.17 – 2.01 (m, 4H), 2.01 – 1.86 (m, 3H), 1.71 – 1.55
m, 2H), 1.22 – 1.10 (m, 1H), 1.00 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H).
1'S,4a'S,6'Z,8a'S)-6'-(hydroxymethylene)-1'-methyl-4a'-phenylhexahydro-1'H-spiro[1,3-dioxolane-
(
(
2,2'-naphthalen]-5'(3'H)-one (8). To a solution of 7 (28.93 g, 96 mmol) in ethyl formate (240.0 mL, 2894
mmol) cooled to below 5 °C was added 1 M potassium t-butoxide solution in tetrahydrofuran dropwise
over 30 minutes. The solution was stirred at reduced temperature for an additional 30 minutes and
then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solution was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of 13%
potassium phosphate monobasic solution, and then the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The
resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried. The solid was re-precipitated:
the crude solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (115 mL), then heptane (800 mL) was added, and the
mixture was heated until all solid was dissolved. The solution was cooled and concentrated under
vacuum to 50% volume and cooled in a refrigerator below 0 °C for 20 hours. The solid was collected by
1
filtration, washed with cold heptane (200 mL) and dried to give 8 (29.5 g, 93%). H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCl ) δ ppm 0.99 (d, J=6.51 Hz, 3 H), 1.29 (td, J=13.77, 3.69 Hz, 1 H), 1.63 (dt, J=13.53, 3.48 Hz, 1 H),
3
1
2
.80 - 2.23 (m, 8 H), 2.55 (dt, J=17.97, 6.47 Hz, 1 H), 3.95 (s, 4 H), 7.20 - 7.35 (m, 3 H), 7.49 (d, J=7.70 Hz,
H), 13.78 (d, J=9.87 Hz, 1 H).
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(
6aS,7S,11aS)-7-methyl-N,11a-diphenyl-5,6,6a,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,2]benzoxazolo[6,5-h]quinazolin-
2
-amine (12). To a solution of 8 (0.500 g, 1.52 mmol) in dimethylformamide (6 mL) was added
phenylguanidine carbonate salt (0.540 g, 2.74 mmol) and the solution was heated at 90°C for 18 hours.
The cooled solution was diluted with NaH PO solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic
0
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4
5
6
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8
9
0
1
2
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8
9
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phase was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated, and dissolved in THF (5 mL) and
then treated with 3 M HCl (2.53 mL, 7.60 mmol) and stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The
solution was diluted with water, neutralized with sodium bicarbonate and extracted into ethyl acetate.
The organic layer was concentrated and purified by 24 g combiflash cartridge, eluting with 0-50% ethyl
acetate
in
heptane
to
give
(6aS,7S,10aS)-2-anilino-7-methyl-10a-phenyl-5,6a,7,9,10,10a-
hexahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-8(6H)-one (0.25 g 42%). This was treated with ethyl formate (3 mL, 36.9
mmol) and 25% sodium methoxide in methanol (1.0 mL, 4.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at
room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was diluted with saturated aqueous NaH PO solution and
2
4
extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated to provide (6aS,7S,9Z,10aS)-2-anilino-9-(hydroxymethylene)-7-methyl-10a-phenyl-
5
,6a,7,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-8(6H)-one (0.237 g, 88%) which was dissolved in ethanol
(
5 mL) and treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.080 g, 1.152 mmol). The reaction mixture was
heated at 65 °C for 2 hours. The cooled solution was diluted with water, neutralized to pH 7 with
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer
was concentrated, and the residue was purified on a Teledyne Isco Combiflash® Rf system using a
RediSep® 12 g silica gel cartridge, eluting with 0-70% ethyl acetate in heptane to give 12 (0.147 g, 63%).
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 1.38 (d, J=6.83 Hz, 3 H), 1.72 - 1.82 (m, 1 H), 1.93 - 2.12 (m, 2 H), 2.20 -
3
2
.32 (m, 1 H), 2.76 - 2.92 (m, 1 H), 2.95 - 3.07 (m, 2 H), 3.77 (d, J=16.81 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (dd, J=6.78, 2.98
Hz, 2 H), 6.98 (t, J=7.37 Hz, 1 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 7.11 - 7.18 (m, 3 H), 7.27 (t, J=7.92 Hz, 2 H), 7.50 (d, J=7.70
+
Hz, 2 H), 8.28 (s, 1 H), 8.34 (s, 1 H); MS (APCI+) m/z 409 (M+H) .
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(
6aS,7S,10aR)-2-anilino-7-methyl-8-oxo-10a-phenyl-5,6,6a,7,8,10a-hexahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-9-
carbonitrile (13). To a solution of 12 (0.147 g, 0.895 mmol) in methanol (1.5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran
1.5 mL) was added 25% sodium methoxide in methanol (0.391 mL, 1.799 mmol). The reaction solution
was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, then diluted with saturated aqueous NaH PO solution,
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
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4
4
4
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5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
0
1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
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6
7
8
9
0
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5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
0
2
4
and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and
concentrated to provide (6aS,7S,10aS)-2-anilino-7-methyl-8-oxo-10a-phenyl-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-
octahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-9-carbonitrile. To a solution of (6aS,7S,10aS)-2-anilino-7-methyl-8-oxo-
10a-phenyl-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazoline-9-carbonitrile (0.147 g, 0.360 mmol) in
dimethylformamide (4 mL) cooled to 0 °C in an ice water bath was added 1,3-dibromo-5,5-
dimethylhydantoin (0.051 g, 0.180 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour, pyridine (0.291
mL, 3.60 mmol) was added, and the solution was heated at 50°C for 2 hours. The cooled solution was
diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with brine and
concentrated. The residue was purified on 12 g RediSep® silica gel cartridge using a Teledyne Isco
1
Combiflash® Rf system eluting with 0-25% ethyl acetate in heptane to give 13 (0.142 g, 50% Yield). H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ) δ ppm 1.19 (d, J=6.72 Hz, 3 H), 1.48 - 1.67 (m, 1 H), 1.92 (dd, J=13.66, 7.92 Hz, 1
3
H), 2.28 - 2.38 (m, 1 H), 2.45 (td, J=13.20, 6.67 Hz, 1 H), 2.83 - 3.06 (m, 2 H), 6.90 (dd, J=7.92, 1.63 Hz, 2
H), 6.99 - 7.08 (m, 2 H), 7.28 - 7.39 (m, 5 H), 7.49 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2 H), 8.41 (s, 1 H), 8.78 (s, 1 H); MS (ESI+)
+
+
m/z 407 (M+H) , 439 (M+CH OH+H) .
3
CELL CULTURE
A-498 cells were purchased from ATCC and grown in Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium containing 10%
fetal bovine serum.
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
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26
Compound 2 is both commercially available and previously described.
Compound 3 was
20
prepared according to protocols previously desribed.
Chemical syntheses and purities for final
compounds 10, 11, 14, and 19 have been previously described and appropriate links to protocols and
annotation of final purities are included in the Supporting Information in addition to full synthetic details
for the preparation of previously unreported compounds 1 and 15-18. A table of all X-ray data
collection and refinement statistics are in Table SI-4. Protocols for intracelluar concentrations for 11 and
0
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1
3, orthogonal biophysical confirmation for 11 and 13 by TSA and ITC, IDH1 enzyme assay and
diaphorase counterscreening protocols, MS & covalent linking experimental details, and a full
13
description of methods for C citrate flux measurements are also included and are available free of
charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. Molecular Formula Strings (MFS) are provided for
compounds presented in this manuscript.
ACCESSION CODES
PDB codes for ligand bound structures of IDH1: 1 (6BKX), 2 (6BKY), 3 (6BKZ), 11 (6BL0), 13 (6BL1), 15
(
6BL2). Authors will release the atomic coordinates and experimental data upon article publication.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Use of the IMCA-CAT beamline 17-ID at the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the
companies of the Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association through a contract with
Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported
by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No.
DE-AC02-06CH11357. We thank Keith Woods for initial chemical triage, coordinating confirmation of
initial hits, and resyntheses. We thank Anthony Mastracchio for coordinating syntheses and evaluation
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of reduced control compounds. We thank Thomas Penning, Michael Michaelides, Scott Ackler, and
Stormy Koeniger for helpful discussions.
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NOTES
The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): All authors are or former employees
of AbbVie. The design, study conduct, and financial support for this research were provided by AbbVie.
AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the publication.
ABBREVIATIONS USED
IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TSA, thermal shift assay; AML, acute myeloid
leukemia; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; WT, wild type; TCA, tricarboxylic acid
cycle/Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; GBM, glioblastoma; ROS, reactive oxygen
species
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Phone: (847) 937-5099; E-mail: brad.shotwell@abbvie.com
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0
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CID=10389037, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10389037 (accessed Apri. 5, 2018).
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FIGURES, SCHEMES, and TABLES
Figure 1. WT IDH1 Inhibitors Identified by HTS (1 and 2) and 3
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Figure 2. Crystal structures of 1, 2, and 3 bound to WT IDH1. (a) Structure of WT IDH1 complexed with 1
in the fully closed form with IDH1 shown in gray as ribbons, 1 shown in teal spheres and isocitrate
shown as yellow sticks (PDB code 6BKX). (b) Structure of WT IDH1 complexed with 2 in an asymmetric
fully closed form of IDH1 with 2 in yellow spheres and malate shown as blue sticks (PDB code 6BKY). (c)
Structure of WT IDH1 complexed with 3 in the semi-open form with 3 in orange spheres and NADP as
fuchsia sticks (PDB code 6BKZ). (d) Binding site of 1 with H-bonds shown in red. Superposition with IDH1
with NADPH and citrate (PDB code 1T0L) shows that 1 would be competitive with NADPH shown in gray
sticks. (e) Allosteric, symmetric binding site of 2 with H-bonds shown in red. (f) Non-equivalent allosteric
binding sites of 3 with H-bonds shown in red. All proteins are shown as ribbons, key interacting residues
are displayed as sticks and colored by atom type, and all ligands are colored by atom type.
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a
Scheme 1. Synthesis of IDH1 Inhibitors 10 and 11
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Conditions: (i) bromobenzene, t-AmOH/dioxane, K PO , Pd(OAc) , 2-(di-tert-butylphospino)-2'-methylbiphenyl,
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reflux, 24 hr; (ii) ethyl vinyl ketone, TEA, acetonitrile, 75°C, 24 hr; (iii) L-phenylalamine, pyridinium p-
toluenesulfonate, DMSO, 45°C, 66 hrs; (iv) ethylene glycol, p-toluenesulfonic acid, toluene, reflux, Dean-Stark;
v) NaBH , EtOH, -5°C, 4 hrs; AcOH, rt, 24 hr; (vi) 5% Pd/C, THF, pyridine, 60-100 psi H , + DBU, rt, 24 hrs; (vii)
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pyridinium dichromate, magnesium sulfate, DCM, reflux, 24 hrs; (viii) ethyl formate, 1M potassium-t-butoxide, -
5°C to rt, 1 hr; (ix) hydrazine, EtOH, rt, 24 hr; (x) 1 N HCl, THF, rt, 24 hr; (xi) ethyl formate, 25% NaOMe, MeOH,
rt, 24 hr; (xii) hydroxylamine hydrochloride, EtOH, 50°C 24 hr; (xiii) 25% NaOMe, MeOH, rt. 2 hr; (xiv) DDQ, THF,
rt, 10 min. (xv) TEA, benzoylchloride, DCM, rt
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b
Scheme 2. Synthesis of IDH1 Inhibitor 13
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Conditions. (i) hydrazine, EtOH, rt, 24 hr.; (ii) 1 N HCl, THF, rt, 24 hr.; (iii) ethyl formate, 25% NaOMe, MeOH, rt,
24 hr; (iv) hydroxylamine hydrochloride, EtOH, 50°C, 24 hr; (v) 25% NaOMe, MeOH, rt. 2 hr; (vi) 1,2-dibromo-5,5-
dimethylhydantoin, pyridine, 0°C → 50°C, 3 hours
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