Full text of DOI:10.1258/002367700780387723

WORKING PARTY REPORT
FELASArecommendations for the health
monitoring of experimental units of calves,
sheep and goats
Report of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science
Associations (FELASA) Working Group on Animal Health
FELASAWorking Group on Animal Health: C. Rehbinder (Convenor).
S. Alenius. J. Bures. M. de las Heras. C. Greko. P. S. Kroon & A. Gutzwiller
FELASA, BCM Box 2989, London WC, N 3XX, UK
Contents
Introduction
329
330
331
331
332
332
1
.
General considerations
2
.
Inspection of the farm of origin
3
4
5
6
.
.
.
.
Inspection of the experimental animal unit
Monitoring procedures
Health monitoring report
Remarks on the selection, sampling procedures and laboratory examinations of
infectious organisms in calves, sheep and goats
333
333
334
334
334
343
6
6
6
.1 Viruses
.2 Bacteria and fungi
.3 Parasites
References
FELASA-approved health monitoring report forms
Introduction
laboratory animals, including dogs (FELASA
1
998), in the fields of surgery, genetics, phy-
Small ruminants have by tradition been
regarded as farm or agricultural animals with
very little connection with biomedical
research and laboratory animal science
siology, transplantation techniques, endo-
crinology and bio-technology (Kuster 1913,
Tavernor et al. 1971, Alexander et al. 1973,
Leader & Stark 1987, Fowler et al. 1993,
(Rehbinder & Obrink 1997). The use of small Bruns et al. 1996, Tulamo et al. 1996, Pennisi
ruminants in biomedical research, however,
et al. 1997, Wilmut et al. 1997). A large size
has a long tradition and how to produce
is sometimes a crucial factor making the
germ-free goats has been described already in traditional laboratory animals (rodents and
1
913 by Kuster (see ]uhr 1976). Since the
lagomorphs) less suited.
late fifties, several reports on germ-free and
gnotobiotic calves, sheep and goats have
been published (]uhr 1976).
The health of an animal is always at risk
from a variety of infections. Whether clini-
cally manifest or not, infectious agents may
Today the use of calves, sheep and goats in produce effects that may impinge upon and
biomedical research is increasing. They
may to a certain extent replace traditional
change the outcome of experiments and
treatments undertaken. Depending upon the
©
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30
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
specific infection, a variety of biological
parameters may be affected such as
of these investigations should be
reported.
behaviour, growth rate, relative organ
1
.2 These recommendations are intended
for the selection and purchase of small
ruminants (e.g. calves, sheep and goatsl
for use in biomedical research.
weights, immune response, tumour develop-
ment, etc. Subclinical infections can also
lead to contamination of biological materials,
tissue cultures, transplantable tumours and
biological products. All infections, apparent
or inapparent, are likely to increase biological
variability. In addition, some animal infec-
tions are zoonotic, i.e. transmissible to man.
For all these reasons, animal health moni-
toring programmes are important, adding to
the reliability and reproducibility of research
data and decreasing the risk for researchers
and staff of contracting zoonotic infections.
These recommendations propose health
monitoring programmes for small ruminants,
defined as calves, sheep and goats, used in
biomedical research, with the intention of
harmonizing procedures and achieving simi-
lar standards of testing within the FELASA
member countries. It is recognized that the
wide variety in animal sources, husbandry
practices, local and national animal health
regulations and standards will lead to more
variations in health status and monitoring
requirements than encountered with com-
mon laboratory species such as rodents. A
major goal of these recommendations is to
ensure that health monitoring reports have a
common standard and format, identifying the
presence or absence of specific pathogens in
laboratory animal colonies.
1.3 The specialized breeding of small rumi-
nants for scientific purposes is an
exception, and calves, sheep and goats
are usually purchased from farms with
traditional agricultural production. The
standard and suitability of the premises
on farms selected for the breeding of
small ruminants intended for use in
biomedical investigations, as well as the
health ofthe animals being bred, must be
regularly monitored (at least two vis-
its/year) and the results recorded. All
dead and aborted animals should be
necropzied and the results incorporated
in records kept for inspection.
1
.4 These recommendations are also
intended for experimental colonies and
units where calves, sheep and goats are
kept and used for biomedical research.
1.5 Each unit, farm or experimental colony
being monitored is considered to be a
separate microbiological entity.
1
.6 Detailed written procedures-Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs)-within
monitoring laboratories must be
available.
1
.7 Monitoring laboratories should follow
quality procedures, such as FELASA's
scheme (Hornberger et ai. 1999), Good
Laboratory Practice or national animal
health diagnostic laboratory schemes.
1. General considerations
1
.1 Depending on local conditions, the
number of agents to be monitored will
vary from country to country. Diseases
declared, by a national authority, to be
absent in a certain country or region
do not need to be monitored. Actual
practice may exceed these recommen-
dations in various ways, depending on
local circumstances-for example the
regional prevalence of specific organ-
isms, the intended use of progeny or the
existence of national monitoring
1
.8 An agent must be declared as present if
it is identified. It should be emphasized
that negative results mean only that the
presence of the pathogens monitored
has not been demonstrated in the
animals screened by the test(s) used.
The results are not necessarily a
reflection of the status of all the
animals in the unit.
schemes. Additional investigations
may be deemed necessary. The results
1.9 The presence of antibodies against
organisms for which the animals have
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
331
not been vaccinated is an indicator of
infection in the colony, with the
exception of vaccinated animals (see
programme should be in place for at
least one gestation period of the species
concerned (gestation period cattle
~280, sheep and goat 144-150 days)
before the delivery of animals to the
colony.
1
.13). The presence of passively
acquired colostral antibodies in young
calves, lambs and kids has to be
considered. The actual presence of the
agent, when still remaining in the
animal, can be verified using methods
other than serology.
2
.2 Records should be kept for inspection
concerning movements of animals,
changes in feeding regimens, diagnostic
investigations, all kinds of treatments,
deaths and necropsy results. Dead
animals should always be considered
an important source of information.
1
1
1
.10 Equivocal or unexpected positive sero-
logical test results must be confirmed
by an alternative test method and/or
repeated investigation, preferably by a
reference laboratory.
2
2
.3 When applicable, microbiological and
chemical analyses of feed and drinking
water ought to be undertaken and
recorded annually.
.11 Written copies of vaccinations and/or
antiparasitic and antimicrobial treat-
ments should be provided. All kinds of
veterinary treatments, whether medical
or not, should be recorded.
.4 The construction and hygienic standard
of the premises used should be recorded
and records should be kept for inspec-
tion concerning constructional changes
and repairs, ventilation, temperature,
relative humidity, etc.
.12 When antiparasitic and antimicrobial
drugs are administered, the brand name
and the dose and date must be recorded.
Information on manufacturer, batch
number and expiry date of the product
should also be recorded.
3. Inspection of the experimental
animal unit
1
.13 When calves, sheep and goats are
vaccinated, it is according to general
conditions lnon-barrier) and buyers'
A clinical health monitoring programme
shall be established under the direction of a
requirements, on request and according veterinarian.
to import/export regulations. The
brand name of the vaccine, the dose
used, and the date must be recorded.
Information on manufacturer, batch
number and expiry date of the product
All animals should be observed daily by an
animal technician. Any signs of disease
among the animals should be immediately
reported to the veterinarian in charge.
Animals with disease symptoms should be
should also be recorded. Monitoring of investigated by suitable diagnostic methods
agents against which the animals are
vaccinated should not be mandatory
and should be undertaken only when
requested.
and in accordance with accepted veterinary
practices. The presence of organisms and
lesions listed in these recommendations and
the results of clinical and pathological
examinations should be included in the
health monitoring report. Results obtained
from other diagnostic investigations should
be made available on request. Daily records
2
. Inspection of the farm of origin
2
.1 A health surveillance programme,
based on clinical observations, shall be should be kept for inspection. Before new
established under the direction of a
veterinarian. All animals should be
inspected daily by the farm personnel
animals are introduced either at the farm
premises or at an experimental unit they
should be kept separated and tested before
and deviations from normal appearance they are put together with the other animals
should be reported and recorded. The at the farm or unit.
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332
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
4
. Monitoring procedures
tors with data on variables that might influ-
ence the outcome of their experiments.
These data are not necessarily part of the
experimental work, but may have to be
considered during the interpretation of the
experimental results by the investigator and
by the readers of the publication. Results
obtained by means of health monitoring
should, therefore, be included in scientific
publications. While FELASA cannot accept
responsibility for tests or for their implica-
tions, breeders or users of laboratory animals
who are reporting the health monitoring
of their animals may use the words 'in accor-
dance with FELASArecommendations', but
only where that is in fact the case. The report
should also include, when related to colony/
herd-wide measures, a note of the occasional or
regular use of antimicrobial feed additives,
antimicrobial and antiparasitic drugs, and the
dates of administration (important for the
evaluation of some laboratory results, e.g.
parasitological findings).
4
.1 Laboratory investigations
All samples obtained from calves, sheep
and goats in connection with routine
health monitoring are to be taken from
live animals. However, additional sam-
ples may be obtained from dead or
euthanazed animals. Samples (bacteriol-
ogy, serology, parasitology) are preferably
monitored individually.
4
.2 The screening programme
The number of animals monitored
depends on the scope of the investigation
and the total number of animals
involved. At least four animals should be
sampled. Frequency and sampling proce-
dures should be in accordance with
international standards or with the
respective national disease control pro-
grammes and import/export regulations,
but monitoring should occur at least
once a year. Infectious diseases that do
not need to be monitored for are:
5.1 General information on each report
The title of the report should be FELASA-
Approved Healtb Monitoring Report.
This wording can only be used if the
methods, frequency, sample size, species
list of organisms monitored, and report-
ing are in full accordance with the
recommendations published by FELASA.
The design of the report can be changed,
but only if it incorporates the data
requested in the recommendations. At
the top of each report should be: the
identification of the breeder and the unit
and the month and year when it was last
re-stocked with the kind of species used.
The introduction of animals of other
ruminant species should also be men-
tioned (with the risk of cross-infection
between animals of different speciesl,
the date of the report, the date of sam-
pling and testing of the animals, and the
species and breed.
•
diseases which are already included
and monitored in an official, national
governmental screening programme
(but the results should be included in
the health monitoring report);
diseases officially declared absent in
that country or region;
diseases for which the animals are
vaccinated. In the latter case, special
consideration should be given to
clinical signs indicating the presence
of such diseases.
•
•
Some agents are to be monitored on
request or
•
•
when associated with lesions;
when associated with clinical signs of
disease;
when there is evidence of perturba-
tion of physiological or experimental
parameters and/or breeding perfor-
mance.
•
5
.2 Layout of the report with respect to
pathogens monitored and the colony
status
5
. Health monitoring report
The main purpose of the health monitoring
of experimental units is to supply investiga-
Except for general information the report
is divided into five columns: the first
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
333
listing the pathogens monitored; the
second recording the historical status of
the unit if the experiment is undertaken
over a considerable length of time i.e.
more than 3 months, or if the risk of
contamination is considered high and the
need to control the microbiological
health status of the experimental ani-
Neg if the organism or antibodies to the
organism have never been detected in
previous screens (i.e. negative).
NE if the organism has not been included
in the health monitoring programme (i.e.
not examined).
5
.5 Current health monitoring results
mals is regarded as being of great impor-
tance; the third giving the results of the
current screen; the fourth recording the
laboratory carrying out the test; and the
fifth column showing the method used.
Samples should, when applicable, be
analysed individually. Species names of
pathogens should be used in preference to
more general generic names. The sug-
gested test methods are given as illus-
trations of current available techniques.
In general the most appropriate and up-
to-date methods should be used.
For each organism the results must be
recorded:
Pos if the organism or antibodies to the
organism have been detected in the cur-
rent screen of animals (number of ani-
mals positive out of numbers tested).
Neg if the organism or antibodies to the
organism have not been detected in the
current screen of animals.
NE if the organism has not been exam-
ined for in the current screen of animals.
The results of special investigations of
unusual or unexpected occurrences
should be reported separately.
5
.3 Listing of pathogens, methods and
names of monitoring laboratories
The organisms detailed in these recom-
mendations should be listed alphabeti-
cally in their appropriate sections in the
order: 1st section: viruses, including
prions; 2nd section: bacteria, including
mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia and
fungi; and 3rd section: parasites. Current
accepted abbreviations for the pathogens
may be used in the report. The full or
abbreviated name of the laboratory car-
rying out the test must be recorded for
each organism/agent, but where it is
abbreviated the full name must be given
at the bottom of the report. Where both a
method and laboratory name are to be
5
.6 Additional information
Any additional information should be
given on a separate sheet accompanying
the main report and not on the FELASA-
Approved Health Monitoring Report
itself. If an infection is discovered outside
of the routine monitoring schedule, users
should be informed immediately. Every
animal has to be identified, using the
technique relevant for the country or
region. The identity number of each
animal sampled should be noted in the
health report.
recorded, they should be in the order:
microorganism, laboratory, method
6
.
Remarks on the selection,
sampling procedures and laboratory
examinations of infectious organisms
in calves, sheep and goats
(
FELASA1998).
5
.4 Historical status of the farm(s}, for the
colony(ies} and unit(s}
6.1 Viruses
For each organism the status must be
recorded:
Pos if the organism or antibodies to the
organism have ever been detected (i.e.
positive), plus date of last positive find-
mg.
Several viruses which infect calves,
sheep and goats can influence the out-
come of experiments undertaken even
when they are occurring subclinically.
Examples of such viruses are: bovine
virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV)in calves,
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334
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)in calves,
sheep and goats; the caprine arthritis
encephalitis virus (CAEVlin goats; and
the Visna Maedi virus in sheep. The
monitoring of these viruses in compul-
sory in calves, sheep and goats used as
experimental animals. Monitoring pro-
grammes for these viruses already exist
in several countries in Europe, and the
possibility of performing adequate diag-
nostic tests is generally available. These
viruses can be monitored using sero-
logical testing of individual animals, e.g.
twice yearly, or by the use of pooled
serum or milk samples. The number of
serum or individual milk samples that
can be pooled varies and depends on the
sensitivity of the test used. It is possible
to pool 5-10 serum or milk samples and
achieve reliable results. It is recommend-
ed that some viruses are monitored on
request.
cryptosporidiosis, dictyocaulosis, sarcos-
poridiosis, theileriosis, neosporosis, tox-
oplasmosis. Positive serological results
do not necessarily imply the presence of a
still active infection.
For blood parasites and cyst-forming
parasites, acknowledged smear techni-
ques for microscopy may be used. Still
some parasites are only found at
necropsy using histological techniques.
Young growing animals and females are
quite susceptible to certain parasitic
diseases just before and after parturition.
Samples for monitoring the presence of
parasites in the herd should preferably be
taken from animals belonging to these
susceptible groups.
6
.3.1 Mandatory routine examinations are:
Microscopic examination of faeces for
eggs of gastrointestinal helminths,
Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidia and Giardia
(
although ruminants rarely show signs of
6
.2 Bacteria and fungi
giardiasis, they appear to act as a Giardia
infection reservoir for humans). Faeces
must be examined for eggs of liver flukes
and for lungworm larvae in herds with
access to pasture. Clinical examination
must be undertaken for the detection of
ectoparasitic arthropods (lice, sheep kedl,
of mange, and of hypodermosis (hypo-
derma spp.). The clinical diagnosis of
mange has to be confirmed by micro-
scopic identification of mites or by
serology. Samples for parasitological
examinations have to be taken from
animals which have not been recently
treated against parasites.
Culturing is the method of choice unless
otherwise stated. Bacteriological investi-
gations must always include the use of
non-selective, as well as of selective,
media. Serological methods exists for
the detection of antibodies to various
pathogens.
Other recognized and validated meth-
ods may be used.
6
.2.1 Samples to be investigated
Samples from the following sites must be
cultured: nose, tonsillary region (swab),
preputium/vagina and faeces (fresh
material collected by a suitable method)
and milk in lactating sheep and goat. If
the presence of resistant bacteria strains
or new or uncommon resistance patterns
are found they should be reported.
6
.3.2 Confirmation by laboratory examina-
tion is compulsory when, on the basis
of suggestive clinical signs, of lesions or
haematological findings, parasitic dis-
eases are suspected, e.g.: babesiosis;
neosporosis; theileriosis; toxo-
plasmosis.
6
.3 Parasites
Laboratory diagnosis of most parasitic
diseases relies on the identification of
parasites as such or, in the case of hel-
minth infections, on the demonstration
of eggs or larvae. There exist serological
tests for monitoring, e.g. babesiosis,
References
Alexander TTL, Lysons RJ, Elliot LM, Wellstead PD
(1973) Equipment for rearing gnotobiotic lambs.
Laboratory Animals 7, 195-217
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Bruns DP, Olmstead ML, Litsky AS (1996) Technique
and results for total hip replacement in sheep: An
experimental model. Veterinary Comparative
Orthopaedics 9, 158-64
Pennisi E, Williams N (1997) Will Dolly send in the
clones? Science 275, 1415-16
Rehbinder C, bbrink K-J (1997) Laboratory animal
science: a definition. In: Harmonization of
FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring
of breeding colonies and experimental units of cats,
dogs and pigs. Laboratory Animals 1998, 32, 1-17
Fowler ME, ed (1993) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,
Current Therapy 3. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp
Laboratory Animal Husbandry IO'Donoghue PN,
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Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science
Associations 19-27 June 1996, Basel, Switzerland.
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pp 144-5
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Hornberger FR, Boot R, Feinstein R, Kornerup-Hansen
A, van der Logt J (1999) FELASA guidance paper for
the accreditation of laboratory animal diagnostic
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Tavernor WD, Trexler PC, Vaughan LC, Cox JE, Jones
DGC (1971) The production of gnotobiotic piglets
and calves by hysterotomy under general anaes-
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1
9-38
Tulamo RM, Peltoniemi H, Pihlajamiiki H, Kallioinen
M, Pohjonen T, Tormiilii P, Rokkanen P, Waris T
(1996) The consolidation of craniotomy after
resorbable polyactide (SR-PLLA) and titanium
plating: a comparative experimental study in
growing sheep. Veterinary Surgery 26, 256
Wilmut L Schnieke AE, McWhir L Kind A & L
Cambell KHS (1997) Viable offspring derived from
fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385,
810-13
Juhr N-C 119761Gewinnung und Aufzucht gnoto-
biotischer kleiner Wiederkiiuer. Herausgegeben
von der Fachrichtung Versuchstierkunde und Ver-
suchstier-krankheiten
Berlin. Tierlaboratorium 3, 194-207
Kiister (1913) cited from Juhr 1976
Leader RW, Stark D (19871 The importance of animals
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FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
Monitoring
of virus infections in calf
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agentjantigen
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1 or IBR/IPV)
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV)
ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk samples)
ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk samples)
Virus isolation, antigen ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk
samples), PCR
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
Virus infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lesions or clinical signs
Agent/ antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Bovine adenoviruses (BAV 1-10)
Bovine corona virus (BCV)
Bovine herpes virus type 1 or 5
Bovine mamillitis virus (BHV-2)
BSE
ELISA. NT
ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk samples), antigen ELISA
Necropsy, virus isolation, PCR, ELISA
Virus isolation, NT, immunohistochemistry
Necropsy, histology
Cowpox virus or Bovine papular stomatitis virus
Foot and mouth disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Rinderpest
EM, NT
ELISA, virus isolation
ELISA, peR
C1EP
Rotavirus
EM, antigen-ELISA, PAGE
Laboratory examinations only on request
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3)
ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk samples)
ELISA (individual or pooled serum or milk samples)
NT= neutralization test, PCR= polymerase chain reaction, EM= electron microscopy, C1EP= counter immunoelectrophoresis,
PAGE= polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
Monitoring of virus infections in sheep
337
Mandatory routine monitoring
Agent/ antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Border disease virus (BOV) or Bovine virus diarrhoea
virus (BVOV)
Virus isolation, antigen ELISAor ELISA(individual or pooled
serum or milk samples), PCR
Maedi-Visna virus
ELISA, AGIO. Individual samples
Virus infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lesions or clinical signs
Agent/antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Bluetongue
Virus isolation, NT
EM, NT
Ecthyma (Orf) virus
Foot and mouth disease
Ovine adenoviruses (OAV 1-6)
Peste des petits ruminants
Rotavirus
ELISA, virus isolation
ELISA or NT
AGIO, CIEP
EM, ELISA, PAGE
Necropsy, histology
EM, NT
Scrapie
Sheep pox virus
laboratory examinations only on request
Ovine respiratory syncytial virus
Parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3)
Pulmonary adenoma
ELISA, individual or pooled serum samples
ELISA, individual or pooled serum samples
PCR
AGIO= agar gel immunodiffusion test. See page 336 for other abbreviations
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38
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
Monitoring
of virus infections in goat
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agent/ antigen
Border disease virus (BDV) or Bovine virus diarrhoea
virus (BVDV)
Virus isolation, antigen ELISAor ELISA(individual or pooled
serum or milk samples), PCRor NT
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis
virus (CAEV)
ELISA, AGID, individual samples
Virus infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lesions or clinical signs
Agent/ antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Bluetongue
Virus isolation, NT
EM, NT
Contagious Ecthyma (art) virus
Foot and mouth disease
Goatpox virus
ELISA, virus isolation
EM, NT
Peste des petits ruminants
Rotavirus
AGID, C1EP
EM, ELISA, PAGE
Necropsy, histology
Scrapie
Laboratory examinations only on request
Caprine herpesvirus
NT, individual samples
Caprine respiratory syncytial virus
Parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3)
ELISA, individual or pooled serum samples
ELISA, individual or pooled serum samples
See pages 336 and 337 for abbreviations
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
339
Monitoring
of bacterial infections in calf
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agent/antigen
Brucella (B. abortus; B. melitiensis; B. ovis)
Serology, serum. ELISA-milk. Rose bengal plate test
Serology, CFT, PCR
Coxiella burnetti
Enterohaemorrhagic
Haemophilus somnus
Leptospira spp.
E. coli 0157
Faeces; culture'
Serology, culture, blood-yeast extract plates
Serology, milk, ELISA
Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis and avium
M. paratuberculosis
Comparative dermal tuberculin test
Faeces; culture, direct microscopy, serum; ELISA
Faeces; culture
Salmonella spp.
Bacterial and fungal infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lesions or clinical signs
Agent/antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Actinobacillus spp.
Culture
Actinomyces (Archanobacterium) pyogenes
Clostridia (CI. chauvyi; C/. septicum; C/. sordelli;
C/. novyi; CI. perfringens)"
Campylobacter fetus var venerealis, Campylobacter
fetus var fetus
Culture
Serology (FA). Culture
Culture of stomach content, collected from aborted
fetuses
Dermatophilus congolensis
Dermatophytes
Direct microscopy, culture
Culture
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Mycoplasma bovis
Culture, serology
Culture
Pasteurella spp.
Culture
'
Immunomagnetic enrichment culture on selective media (CT-SMACcefiximetellurite sorbitol MacConkey) PCRanalysis on
verotoxin 1 and 2 and eae A genes
•CI. chauvyi associated with muscle lesions (blackleg)
,
C/. novyi type Band CI. haemo/yticum associated with liver lesions (Black disease)
CI. perfringens types B, C and D associated with lesions of the gastrointestinal tract
C/. septicum associated with braxy (brad sot)
See pages 336 and 337 for abbreviations
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
Monitoring
of bacterial infections in sheep
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agent/antigen
Brucella spp. (B. melitiensis; B. ovis)
Chlamydia spp.
Serum; ELISA, Rose bengal test, complement fixation
Serology, CFT, ELISA, PCR
Coxiella burnetti
Serology, CFT, PCR
Leptospira spp.
Serum; blood agar gel imm diff test, ELISA, microagglutination
Comparative dermal tuberculin test
Faeces; culture, direct microscopy, ELISA
Serum; Comp test
Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis avium,
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Salmonella spp.
Faeces; culture
Bacterial and fungal infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lesions or clinical signs
Agent/antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Actinobacillus spp.
Culture
Actinomyces (Archanobacterium)
Clostridium spp.
pyogenes
Culture
Serology (FA)
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Dermatophilus congolensis
Dermatophytes
Culture, serology, ELISA
Direct microscopy, culture
Culture
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Haemophilus somnus
Listeria monocytogenes
Pasteurella spp.
Culture, serology, ELISA
Culture
Serum (ELISA), necropsy material, PAP and culture
Culture
See pages 336 and 337 for abbreviations
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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341
Monitoring
of bacterial infections in goat
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agent/antigen
Brucella (B. abortus; B. melitiensis)
Chlamydia spp.
Serum, milk; ELISA, Rose bengal test
Serology, CFT, ELISA
Coxiella burnetti
Serology, CFT, PCR
Leptospira spp.
Serum, milk; ELISA
Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis, avium
M. paratuberculosis
Comparative dermal tuberculin test
Faeces; culture, direct microscopy. Serum; Agar gel imm diff test
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Salmonella spp.
Serum; Comp test
Faeces; culture
Bacterial and fungal infections to be monitored on request or when associated with lessions or clinical signs
Agent/antigen
Suitable samples and methods
Actinobacillus spp.
Culture
Actinomyces (Archanobacterium) pyogenes
Clostridium spp.
Culture
Serum (FA), culture
Culture
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
Pasteurella spp.
Culture, serology, ELISA
Culture, serology, ELISA
Culture
Staphylococcus aureus
See pages 336 and 337 for abbreviations
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
Monitoring
of parasites in calf. sheep and goat
Mandatory routine monitoring
Suitable samples and methods
Agent
Gastrointestinal helminths
Intestinal protozoa (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium,
Giardia)
Faeces, flotation, microscopy
Faeces fixed in SAF or MIF, microscopy
Liver flukes
1
Faeces, sedimentation, microscopy
Lungworm larvae'
Baermann technique, microscopy; serology2
Clinical examination; microscopic examination of
Ectoparasites3
material from mange lesions
Clinical examination
4
Hypoderma3
Laboratory examinations mandatory when signs or lesions are suggestive of one of the following diseases are found
Babesiosis (Babesia spp.)
Neosporosis (N. caninum)
Theileriosis (Theileria spp.)
Blood smear; Giemsa stain, serology,,2 (IFAT)
Placenta, aborted fetus; histology, PCR;serology',2
Blood smear or lymph node biopsy material. Giemsa
stai n; serology 1,2
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondiJ)
Placenta, aborted fetus; histology, PCR;serology,,2
,
2
Mandatory only if animals have accessto pasture
A positive serological result does not imply the presence of an active infection
3
4
For the detection of ectoparasites and hypodermosis, clinically suspect casesmust be examined preferentially
If, on the basis of laboratory examinations, mange has been shown to be endemic in the herd, confirmation of each clinical
diagnosis by laboratory examinations is not compulsory. In this case, clinically diagnosed caseshave to be mentioned in the
health monitoring report
See pages 336 and 337 for abbreviations
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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343
FELAsA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Species: Calf
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Breed:
HISTORICAL CURRENT
results
TEST resuIts
pos/tested
pos/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1 or IBR/IPV)
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV)
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ON REQUESTOR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH lESIONS OR CLINICAL SIGNS
Bovine adenoviruses (BAV 1-10)
Bovine corona virus (BCV)
Bovine herpes virus type 1 or 5
Bovine mamillitis virus (BHV-2)
BSE
Cowpox virus or Bovine papular stomatitis virus
Foot and mouth disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Rinderpest
Rotavirus
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ONLY ON REQUEST
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3)
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
FELASA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Species: Sheep
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Breed:
HISTORICAL
results
CURRENT
TEST results
POS/TESTED
pos/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Border disease virus (BDV) or
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus
(BVDV)
Maedi-Visna virus
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ON REQUESTOR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS OR CLINICAL SIGNS
Bluetongue
Ecthyma (Orf) virus
Foot and mouth disease
Ovine adenoviruses (OAV 1-6)
Rotavirus
Scrapie
Sheep pox virus
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ONLY ON REQUEST
Ovine respiratory syncytial virus
Parainfluenza-3 virus (PIV-3)
Pulmonary adenoma
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
345
FELASA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Species: Goat
Current sampling date:
Breed:
Current test date:
Indentification:
HISTORICAL
results
CURRENT
TEST results
pos/tested
pos/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Border disease virus (BDV) or
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus
(BVDV)
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis
virus (CAEV)
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ON REQUESTOR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS OR CLINICAL SIGNS
Bluetongue
Ecthyma (Orf) virus
Foot and mouth disease
Goatpox virus
Pestes des petits ruminants
Rotavirus
Scrapie
VIRAL INFECTIONS MONITORED ONLY ON REQUEST
Caprine herpesvirus
Caprine respiratory syncytial
virus
Parainfluenza-3 (PIV-3)
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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346
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
FELASA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Species: Calf
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Breed:
HISTORICAL
results
CURRENT
TEST results
pos/tested
pos/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Brucella spp. (B. abortus;
B. melitiensis; B. ovis)
Coxiella burnetti
Enterohaemorrhagic
157
E. coli
0
Haemophilus somnus
Leptospira spp.
Mycobacterium bovis.
tuberculosis and avium
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONSMONITORED ON REQUESTOR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONSOR CLINICAL
SIGNS
Actinobacillus spp.
Actinomyces (Archano-
bacterium) pyogenes
Clostridium spp.
Campylobacter fectus var veralis
Campylobacter fectus
varfetus
Dermatophilus congolensis
Dermatophytes
Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiae
Mycoplasma bovis
Pasteurella spp.
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
347
FELASA-APPROVED
HEALTH MONITORING
REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Species: Sheep
Breed:
HISTORICAL
results
CURRENT
TEST results
pas/tested
pas/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Brucella spp. (B. melitiensis;
B. ovis)
Chlamydia spp.
Coxiella burnetti
Leptospira spp.
Mycobacterium bovis,
tuberculosis, avium
Mycobacterium spp.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS MONITORED
SIGNS
ON REQUEST OR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS OR CLINICAL
Actinobacillus spp.
Actinomyces (Archanobacterium) pyogenes
Clostridium spp.
Corynebacterium pseudo-
tuberculosis
Dermatophilus congo/ensis
Dermatophytes
Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiae
Listeria monocytogenes
Pasteurella spp.
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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348
FELASA Working Group on Animal Health
FELASA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Species: Goat
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Breed:
HISTORICAL
results
CURRENT
TEST results
pas/tested
pas/tested
LABORATORY
METHOD
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Brucella spp. (B. abortus;
B. melitiensis)
Chlamydia spp.
Coxiella burnetti
Leptospira spp.
Mycobacterium bovis,
tuberculosis, avium
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Salmonella spp.
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONSMONITORED ON REQUESTOR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONSOR CLINICAL
SIGNS
Actinobacillus spp.
Actinomyces (Archano-
bacterium) pyogenes
Clostridium spp.
Corynebacterium pseudo-
tuberculosis
Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiae
Pasteurella spp.
Staphylococcus aureus
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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Health monitoring of experimental units of calves, sheep and goats
FELASA-APPROVED HEALTH MONITORING REPORT
349
Name and address of the breeder:
Restocked year:
Other ruminants introduced:
Name and address of Experimental unit:
Date of issue:
Current sampling date:
Current test date:
Indentification:
Species: Calf, sheep, goat
Breed:
HISTORICAL
RESULTS
CURRENT
TEST RESULTS
SPECIES
POS/TESTED
POS/TESTED
LABORATORY
METHOD
PARASITIC INFECTIONS
Gastrointestinal helminths
Intestinal protozoa
Live flukes
Lungworm larvae
(Continued)
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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FELASAWorking Group on Animal Health
Ectoparasites
Hypoderma
Clinical findings
PARASITIC INFECTIONS MONITORED
ON REQUEST OR WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS OR CLINICAL SIGNS
Babesia spp.
Neospora spp.
Theileria spp.
Toxoplasma spp.
Laboratory Animals (2000) 34
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