Paper
RSC Advances
reduced the catalytic activity of the CM-SO3H.13,38 As shown in
Fig. S3,† aer ve cycles of the sucrose dehydration reaction,
humins or other organic residues were deposited on the surface
of the CM-SO3H, even aer washing alternately with hot water
and ethanol three times.
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´
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´
´
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We prepared SO3H-functionalized CMs (CM-SO3H) by the
hydrothermal carbonization of yeast cells, followed by sulfo-
nation at room temperature. We applied the CM-SO3H to the
synthesis of 5-HMF from fructose-based carbohydrates in
[BMIM][Cl]. The CM-SO3H exhibited excellent catalytic activity
during the conversions of fructose, sucrose, and inulin to 5-
HMF at low reaction temperatures and high substrate concen-
trations. When 0.50 g of fructose was used, a high 5-HMF yield
of 83.5% was obtained in 2.50 g of [BMIM][Cl] aer reaction at
80 C for 30 min. With 0.25 g of sucrose (30 min at 80 C) or
0.25 g of inulin (60 min at 80 ꢁC), the 5-HMF yields were 44.8%
and 59.2%, respectively. More importantly, the CM-SO3H and
[BMIM][Cl] system showed high stability and could be reused
between ve and eight times with minimal loss of catalytic
activity.
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ꢁ
ꢁ
CM-SO3H is a promising catalyst for the acid-catalysed
conversion of biomass into value-added chemicals. In partic-
ular, in combination with [BMIM][Cl], CM-SO3H transforms
fructose-based carbohydrates into 5-HMF.
Conflicts of interest
24 X. Guo, Q. Cao, Y. Jiang, J. Guan, X. Wang and X. Mu,
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There are no conicts to declare.
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26 K. Nakajima and M. Hara, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 1296–1304.
27 D. Ni, L. Wang, Y. Sun, Z. Guan, S. Yang and K. Zhou, Angew.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for nancial support provided by the
National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No.
2017YFD0801500).
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RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 9041–9048 | 9047