Catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate over LaBO3 (B = Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) perovskites supported silver catalysts

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c8ra06933f

A series of silver catalysts supported on lanthanum based perovskites LaBO₃ (B = Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) were synthesized and evaluated in the catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate. XRD, BET, TEM/HRTEM, HAADF-STEM, XPS and H₂-TPR were conducted, and the results indicate that redox activity of the catalysts is of great importance to the oxidation reaction. Activity tests demonstrated that Ag/LaCoO₃ was more active than the other samples in ethyl acetate oxidation. Moreover, the CO₂ selectivity, CO_x yields and byproduct distributions for all catalysts were studied, and Ag/LaCoO₃ showed the best catalytic performance. Besides, Ag/LaCoO₃ also showed excellent catalytic activity for other OVOCs.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/c8ra06933f

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Catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate over LaBO3 (B ¼
Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) perovskites supported silver
Cite this: RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 33425
catalysts†
b
Yu Qin,a Fangxia Shen,a Tianle Zhu,a Wei Honga and Xiaolong Liu
*
A series of silver catalysts supported on lanthanum based perovskites LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) were
synthesized and evaluated in the catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate. XRD, BET, TEM/HRTEM, HAADF-
STEM, XPS and H2-TPR were conducted, and the results indicate that redox activity of the catalysts is of
great importance to the oxidation reaction. Activity tests demonstrated that Ag/LaCoO3 was more active
than the other samples in ethyl acetate oxidation. Moreover, the CO2 selectivity, COx yields and
byproduct distributions for all catalysts were studied, and Ag/LaCoO3 showed the best catalytic
performance. Besides, Ag/LaCoO3 also showed excellent catalytic activity for other OVOCs.
Received 19th August 2018
Accepted 23rd September 2018
DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06933f
rsc.li/rsc-advances
production,19 sensor20 and diesel fuel reforming21 due to their
advantages of low cost, high thermal stability, and great cata-
lytic performance.22,23
1. Introduction
As a common volatile organic compound (VOC) pollutant, ethyl
acetate is usually used as a solvent for extracting natural avors,
cleaning textile materials and painting. Meanwhile, ethyl
acetate emission may cause adverse health effects, such as
headaches, nausea and even cancer.1 Currently, various tech-
niques have been developed to remove ethyl acetate.2–4 Among
them, catalytic oxidation is generally regarded as a highly effi-
cient technique for reducing ethyl acetate emissions.4–7
Numerous catalysts have been used in the catalytic oxidation
of ethyl acetate, and usually include noble metals and metal
oxides. Noble metals commonly exhibit high catalytic activity in
VOCs abatements.8–10 Au catalysts have been well demonstrated
in ethyl acetate oxidation, and Carabineiro et al. reported that
Au/oxide catalysts possessed high catalytic activity for the
oxidation of ethyl acetate, and pointed out that the role of gold
is to enhance the reducibility of the surface of the oxide
supports.11 However, the drawbacks of high cost, instability,
and sensitivity to poison have greatly limited the practical
applications of noble metals in the industrial process. Recently,
metal oxides have been intensively studied due to their rela-
tively low cost and poison resistance.12–14 Among the metal
oxides, perovskite-type oxides with the general formula of ABO3,
have been widely used in air purication,15–18 solar hydrogen
Of all the perovskite-type oxides, lanthanum (La)-based
perovskites, namely LaBO3, are recognized as one of the most
potential catalysts with higher efficient for their B sites that can
be lled with various transition metal cations.24–26 Recently,
Taran et al. evaluated the effects of the variation of the B sites in
LaBO3 (B ¼ Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) catalysts for wet peroxide
oxidation of phenol, and found that LaCuO3 was the most active
one, whereas LaFeO3 was the most stable one.26 Zhu et al.
studied a series of A-site substituted La0.8M0.2MnO3 catalysts (M
¼ Ba, Ca, Ce, Mg and Sr) for plasma-catalytic oxidation of ethyl
acetate, and found that La0.8Ce0.2MnO3 catalyst has the highest
activity, corresponding to its highest reducibility among the
tested catalysts.3 Subsequently, Zhu group investigated the
plasma-catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate with La1ꢀxCexCoO3+d
(x ¼ 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) catalysts.1 The removal efficiency of
ethyl acetate for the Ce-doped LaCoO3 catalyst was further
enhanced, because of the increased specic surface area and
a reduced crystallite size compare of pure LaCoO3. Giraudon
et al. reported the oxidation of chlorobenzene over Pd/LaBO3 (B
¼ Co, Mn, Fe, Ni), and found that palladium was totally reduced
in hydrogen, while the perovskite network was either unaffected
or transformed with partial destruction.27 Tang et al. found that
LaCoO3 with 3DOM structures exhibited excellent catalytic
activity in soot oxidation.28
aSchool of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
bBeijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, National
Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology,
Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China. E-mail: liuxl@ipe.ac.cn
Meanwhile, silver-based catalysts performed well for the
oxidation of various VOCs pollutants, such as ethyl acetate,6
formaldehyde,29 toluene,30 methanol,31 acetone32 and naphtha-
lene.33 Jodaei et al. studied bimetallic Ag–M (M ¼ Fe, Co, Mn)-
ZSM-5 for its catalytic oxidation ability of ethyl acetate, and
found that Ag–Fe-ZSM-5 has the highest catalytic activity.6 Wang
et al. reported that the Ag-doped LaMnO3 perovskite oxide
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Specic surface areas, H2
consumption of the samples, and byproduct distributions. See DOI:
10.1039/c8ra06933f
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exhibits high activity for simultaneous removal of NOx and placed on the quartz sieve, which was xed in the middle of the
diesel because of the abundant oxygen vacancy and over- quartz microreactor. The reaction gas consisted of 500 ppm
stoichiometry oxygen in the perovskite lattice along with Ag0.34 ethyl acetate, 20% O2, 1% H2O (when used), and was balanced
However, few work has been done on the use of silver supported with Ar. The concentration of reaction gas was calibrated with
LaBO3 perovskite catalysts for ethyl acetate removal. Hence, it is a gas chromatography (GC 2010 Plus, Shimadzu) through a by-
of great interest to investigate the silver-based LaBO3 perovskite pass. The total ow of the reactant mixture was 100 mL minꢀ1
catalysts in ethyl acetate oxidation.
with the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 60 000 mL
In this work, a series of B-site substituted Ag/LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, (g h)ꢀ1
Mn, Ni, Fe) catalysts were synthesized and evaluated regarding
their catalytic oxidation potential of ethyl acetate. The struc-
.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Catalysts characterization
tures of Ag/LaBO3 catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD,
TEM/HR-TEM, HAADF-STEM, XPS and H2-TPR, and the role of
the B-site substitutes on the reaction performance was further
explored. The results indicate that the reducibility of the cata-
lysts plays a key role in the removal of ethyl acetate.
Fig. 1 shows XRD patterns of the Ag/LaBO3 catalysts, there
appears no any new diffraction peak corresponding to Ag or
Ag2O phase mainly due to the low loading (1 wt%) of Ag and the
small size of Ag nanoparticles, which has been demonstrated in
Au-based catalysts.11 All the diffraction peaks were clearly
indexed which agreed with rhombohedral phase for LaCoO3
(JCPDS 48-0123) and LaNiO3 (JCPDS 33-711), cubic structure of
2. Experimental
2.1. Catalyst preparation
LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Fe, Ni) perovskites were synthesized from LaMnO3 (JCPDS 75-0440), orthorhombic phase for LaFeO3
citrate precursors as described in the literature.35 In brief, (JCPDS 15-0148), respectively. Besides, four catalysts were also
20 mmol of La(NO3)3$6H2O and 20 mmol B(NO3)x nitrate salts characterized by BET method, and their specic surface areas
(Co(NO3)2$6H2O; Mn(NO3)2 (50% solution); Ni(NO3)2$6H2O; (SBET) were 14.5, 19.3, 12.5, and 14.0 m2 gꢀ1 for Ag/LaCoO3, Ag/
Fe(NO3)3$9H2O) as well as 40 mmol citric acid were added to LaMnO3, Ag/LaNiO3 and Ag/LaFeO3 (Table S1†), respectively,
100 mL of deionized water. The mixture was stirred for 2 h and which were consistent with those of previously reported perov-
then maintained at 100 ꢁC for 12 h. A viscous gel was obtained skite materials.27,36
with the rotary evaporator, followed by drying in an oven at
TEM images of Ag/LaCoO3 catalyst are shown in Fig. 2a with
100 ꢁC for 10 h. The obtained solid was nally calcined at 700 ꢁC the inset of Ag particle size distribution calculated by Image-J
for 5 h giving LaBO3 perovskites. Ag/LaBO3 catalysts were soware. The Ag particle sizes varied from 2 to 16 nm with
prepared using wet impregnation method with silver nitrate the average value at 7.5 ꢂ 2 nm. Moreover, the particle that
aqueous solution. Aer the impregnation, the samples were corresponded to metallic Ag (111) facet with the lattice fringes
dried at 100 ꢁC for 12 h and calcined at 350 ꢁC for 3 h in air. The of 0.24 nm was observed from the high-resolution TEM
loading of Ag in Ag/LaBO3 catalysts was 1.0 wt%.
(HRTEM) (Fig. 2b). The Ag, La and Co distributions were studied
by taking HAADF-STEM images and STEM-EDS mapping anal-
ysis (Fig. 2c–g). The LaCoO3 nanoparticles were presented as
2.2. Catalyst characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the products was carried out on
a powder diffractometer (Rigaku D/Max-RA) with Cu Ka radia-
tion (120 mA, 40 kV). The nitrogen adsorption–desorption
isotherm was performed using Autosorb iQ Quantachrome
system at 77 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
high-angle annular dark-eld scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM)
images were taken on a FEI Tecnai G2 F20 eld emission elec-
tron microscope operating at 200 kV. X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed with
a Thermo escalab 250Xi X-ray using Al Ka source. Hydrogen
temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) was detected by
an AutoChemII 2920 apparatus with a ow-type reactor.
Hydrogen (10 vol% in Ar) was passed through a reaction tube
containing the catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 30
mL minꢀ1. The tube was heated with an electric furnace at
ꢀ1
ꢁ
ꢁ
a heating rate of 10 C min from 25 C to 600 ꢁC.
2.3. Catalytic evaluation
The LaBO3 and Ag/LaBO3 samples were tested in a continuous
ow xed-bed quartz microreactor (i.d. ¼ 4 mm) from 150 ꢁC to
350 ꢁC with 100 mg of catalyst (60–80 mesh). The solid was Fig. 1 XRD patterns of the Ag/LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe).
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a large number of adsorption and lattice oxygen on the LaCoO3
surface, suggesting that the sample with LaCoO3 support was
easier to be reduced than samples with other supports. For the
unsupported LaBO3 perovskites materials, two peaks were
observed. The peak at low temperature was ascribed to the
reduction of adsorbed oxygen, and the peak at high temperature
was due to the reduction of lattice oxygen.3 For Ag/LaCoO3 and
LaCoO3, Co3+/Co2+ and Co2+/Co0 transformation occurred in the
reduction, and Co3+/Co2+ redox play an important role in the
catalytic oxidation, generating abundant mobile oxygen for the
realization of the Mars van Krevelen mechanism in ethyl acetate
oxidation.11 The low hydrogen consumption by LaFeO3 induced
by the low adsorption and lattice oxygen implies that the stable
structure of LaFeO3 leads to its lowest oxidizing ability. LaNiO3
has higher hydrogen consumption but lower oxidizing ability
than LaMnO3 which is mainly ascribed to the higher rst
reduction temperature of LaNiO3. Particularly, distinct shis to
low temperatures of the rst reduction peak were observed
when LaBO3 were doped with silver, indicating better oxygen
mobility in silver-based catalysts compared to pure LaBO3.
Furthermore, Ag/LaCoO3 catalyst had the highest hydrogen
consumption rate of 2.04 mol gꢀ1 (Table S2†), suggesting that
the sample possessed the best redox among the tested catalysts.
XPS spectra were collected to obtain the element chemical
states and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. Fig. 4a
shows the Ag 3d spectra of the Ag/LaBO3 catalysts. The two
Fig. 2 TEM image (a) of the Ag/LaCoO3 catalyst, with the inset
histograms of Ag particle size distribution, HRTEM image (b) of Ag
particles, and representative HAADF-STEM image (c) and STEM-EDS
mapping images of (d) O, (e) Co, (f) La and (g) Ag for Ag/LaCoO3.
bright spots in Fig. 2c. In the STEM-EDS mappings (Fig. 2d–g),
the observed O (purple), Co (yellow), La (green) and Ag (blue)
shows similar distributions, indicating that Ag species was well-
dispersed on the LaCoO3 support as metallic Ag nanoparticles.
The redox properties of Ag/LaBO3 and LaBO3 catalysts were
ꢁ
investigated using H2-TPR from 50 to 600 C (Fig. 3). The rst
reduction peaks can be attributed to the reduction of surface
oxygen species, which were at 319, 316, 357 and 385 ꢁC for
LaCoO3, LaMnO3, LaNiO3 and LaFeO3, respectively (Fig. 3b, d, f
and h). In addition, LaCoO3 (1.98 mol gꢀ1) consumes more
hydrogen than LaMnO3 (0.45 mol gꢀ1) (Table S2†) because of
Fig. 3 H2-TPR profiles of (a) Ag/LaCoO3, (b) LaCoO3; (c) Ag/LaMnO3, Fig. 4 XPS spectra of (a) Ag 3d and (b) O 1s for Ag/LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn,
(d) LaMnO3; (e) Ag/LaNiO3, (f) LaNiO3; (g) Ag/LaFeO3, (h) LaFeO3.
Ni, Fe).
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Table 1 XPS data of Ag/LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe)
Atomic composition (%)
Sample
Ag
B
La
O
Ag/La (%)
B/La (%)
Ob/Ototal (%)
Ag/LaCoO3
Ag/LaMnO3
Ag/LaNiO3
Ag/LaFeO3
2.64
0.74
2.50
1.60
13.65
13.26
5.07
18.83
20.57
18.59
20.05
64.88
65.43
73.44
64.45
0.14
0.04
0.13
0.08
0.72
0.64
0.27
0.69
41.39
38.12
57.12
17.70
13.9
peaks with binding energy at 368.3 and 374.3 eV correspond to
the Ag 3d5/2 and Ag 3d3/2 states, respectively, which could be
attributed to the Ag0 of the metallic Ag. As listed in Table 1, Ag/
LaCoO3 showed the highest Ag content (2.64%), the highest
ratio of Ag/La (0.14%) and B/La (0.72%) among the catalysts.
The surface content of Ag on Ag/LaNiO3 catalyst was 2.50%,
which is lower than surface content of Ag/LaCoO3 but higher
than those of others, while it possessed the lowest content of B
(5.07%). The Ag/La ratio on the surface of Ag/LaMnO3 catalyst
was the lowest, while the activity of catalytic oxidation of ethyl
acetate was higher than those of Ag/LaNiO3 and Ag/LaFeO3.
Unsupported LaMnO3 contributed apparently higher catalytic
activity than LaNiO3 and LaFeO3, due to the easy Mn3+/Mn2+
redox, which has been demonstrated in the H2-TPR results.
Addition of Ag increased the catalytic activity of the perovskites,
revealing that the Ag dispersion and B sites both play important
roles in the oxidation process.
The O 1s spectra were measured to obtain the chemical
states of oxygen on Ag/LaBO3 catalysts (Fig. 4b). Previous reports
showed that the oxygen states in perovskite-like systems were
rather complex and ambiguous to interpret.37,38 Nevertheless,
the O 1s peak at the lowest binding energy may be assigned to
the lattice oxygen O2ꢀ and the peak at Eb ¼ 530.8–531.5 eV
assigned to oxide defects or surface oxygen ions with low
coordination which is denoted as Ob, while the peak at the
highest binding energy is assigned to surface carbonate or water
molecules adsorbed on the surface. The relative concentration
of Ob, dened as Ob/Ototal, was calculated based on the area of
the corresponding peaks (Table 1). Ag/LaNiO3 with the highest
Ob/Ototal ratio showed relatively higher surface chemisorbed
oxygen, although the catalytic activity was inconsistent with the
amount of chemisorbed oxygen. The XPS results here suggest
that the chemical states of Ag/LaBO3 catalysts were affected by
the B-site of the perovskite, and the catalytic activity was related
to the mutual effect of content of Ag0, ratio of Ag/La, B/La and
Fig. 5 Evolution of ethyl acetate conversion in function of tempera-
ture on LaBO3 and Ag/LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe). Ethyl acetate
concentration: 500 ppm; ethyl acetate/O2 molar ratio: 1/400; WHSV:
60 000 mL (g h)ꢀ1
.
perovskite materials, and addition of Ag facilitated apparently
facilitated the catalytic oxidation process due to the formation
Ag0 nanoparticles and its stronger reducibility, which has been
proved in the HAADF-STEM mapping images and H2-TPR
results. Ag/LaCoO3 showed the highest reactivity for catalytic
oxidation of ethyl acetate. According to the H2-TPR result, Ag/
LaCoO3 has higher reducibility than other samples, which was
crucial to the catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate.
In order to evaluate the catalytic stability, on-stream ethyl
acetate oxidation for Ag/LaCoO3 was performed at 180, 190 and
200 ꢁC, respectively. The results are summarized in Fig. 6a.
When the reaction temperature was 180 ꢁC, the ethyl acetate
conversion was stabilized at 58% within 12 h, and no apparent
conversion decrease was observed. With the increase of the
reaction temperature, the conversion could be maintained at 90
and 99% at 190 and 200 ꢁC, respectively, revealing that Ag/
LaCoO3 sample was catalytically durable.
Water vapor commonly exists in the VOCs-containing waste
gases, and the anti-moisture ability is crucial to the industrial
application of the catalysts. Hence, the anti-moisture experi-
ment was evaluated for Ag/LaBO3 in presence of 1% H2O at
200 ꢁC. As illustrated in Fig. 6b, the conversion was maintained
at 99% in the rst 4 h. Introduction of 1% H2O led to the
decrease of the ethyl acetate conversion from 99% to 88%, while
Ob/Ototal
.
3.2. Catalytic evaluation
The Ag/LaBO3 and LaBO3 (B ¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) samples were
evaluated in the catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate, and the
results are shown in Fig. 5. The catalysts were ranked by
decreasing activitꢁy based on T90 as follow: Ag/LaCoO3 (190 ꢁꢁC) >
ꢁ
Ag/LaMnO3 (203 C) > LaCoO3 (216 C) > Ag/LaNiO3 (230 C) >
LaMnO3 (236 ꢁC)> Ag/LaFeO3 (267 ꢁC) > LaNiO3 (278 ꢁC) >
ꢁ
LaFeO3 (296 C). The result indicates that LaCoO3 contributed
the highest catalytic activity for the unsupported LaBO3
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Fig. 6 The stability of ethyl acetate over Ag/LaCoO3 at 180, 190 and 200 ꢁC (a), effect of water vapor on-stream reaction over Ag/LaCoO3 (b).
Ethyl acetate concentration: 500 ppm; ethyl acetate/O2 molar ratio: 1/400; WHSV: 60 000 mL (g h)ꢀ1
.
the catalytic activity was recovered when 1% H2O was cut off.
Therefore, the water exhibited an inhibitory and reversible tivity, COx yields, distributions of the organic byproducts for Ag/
effect in the catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate. LaCoO3 and LaCoO3 were studied and compared for Ag/LaCoO3
To further investigate the catalytic performance, CO2 selec-
Fig. 7 Evolution of ethyl acetate conversion, CO2 selectivity, COx yields, distributions of the organic byproduct in function of temperature on Ag/
LaCoO3 (a and b), LaCoO3 (c and d). Ethyl acetate concentration: 500 ppm; ethyl acetate/O2 molar ratio: 1/400; WHSV: 60 000 mL (g h)ꢀ1
.
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and LaCoO3, and the results are shown in Fig. 7. Clearly, the catalytic oxidation of diethyl ether, ethanol and acetone to test
addition of Ag signicantly promoted the removal of ethyl its oxidation ability to various OVOCs abatements. As summa-
acetate and the selectivity of CO2, and the CO2 yield are almost rized in Fig. 8, the T90 of ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and
ꢁ
ꢁ
ꢁ
ꢁ
equal to the ethyl acetate conversions in the whole experimental diethyl ether were 159 C, 190 C, 209 C, and 239 C, respec-
temperature for Ag/LaCoO3. Notably, no CO was observed in the tively, demonstrating that Ag/LaCoO3 exhibits outstanding
catalytic oxidation over Ag/LaCoO3, whereas the CO yield applicability to various OVOCs purications.
reached 2.8% at 190 ꢁC for LaCoO3. As shown in Fig. 7b and d,
acetaldehyde was observed and detected as the main byproduct
due to the partial oxidation of ethyl acetate. It is known that
4. Conclusions
ethyl acetate oxidation is a stepwise process with a preliminary
In summary, LaBO3 and Ag/LaBO3 (B¼ Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) were
hydrolysis to ethanol and acetic acid.1 Further oxidation of
investigated for catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate. The syner-
ethanol contributed acetaldehyde, which was easily released
from the catalyst surface as byproduct. It has been reported that
surface acidity facilitates the adsorption of VOCs,39 whereas
gistic effect of silver and LaBO3 is a signicant factor which
inuences the activity of catalytic oxidation. Silver supported
LaBO3 samples were more active than perovskite alone for ethyl
perovskites materials commonly exhibits weak surface acidity,
acetate oxidation. Among the catalysts, Ag/LaCoO3 exhibited the
which might be a reason for the byproduct releasing.40 The
highest conversion rate of ethyl acetate and possessed the
maximum concentration of acetaldehyde reached 9.5 and
highest redox activity, which indicates that the reducibility of
26.7 ppm at 180 ꢁC for Ag/LaCoO3 and LaCoO3, respectively,
the catalysts plays a signicant role in the catalytic oxidation
process. Ag/LaCoO3 shows excellent catalytic stability and anti-
suggesting that Ag/LaCoO3 possesses the advantages of higher
CO2 selectivity and less byproduct due to Ag addition. For
moisture performance. Ag/LaCoO3 shows higher CO2 selectivity
comparison, the CO2 selectivity, COx yields, distributions of the
organic byproduct for Ag/LaMnO3 and LaMnO3 (Fig. S1†), Ag/
LaNiO3 and LaNiO3 (Fig. S2†), Ag/LaFeO3 and LaFeO3 (Fig. S3†)
have been collected and summarized in ESI.† It can be seen that
and produces less byproduct than other samples. Moreover, Ag/
LaCoO3 also shows outstanding applicability for other OVOCs.
Conflicts of interest
Ag/LaCoO3 and LaCoO3 generates far less byproducts than other
perovskite materials at similar conversions, demonstrating
their high catalytic activities, which were well-correlated with
There are no conicts to declare.
their physicochemical properties. Addition of Ag commonly
decreased the byproduct generations. The maximum concen-
trations of acetaldehyde were 22.1, 28.1, and 30.8 ppm for Ag/
LaMnO3, Ag/LaNiO3, and Ag/LaFeO3, respectively, apparently
China (Grant no. 2016YFC0207103) and Natural Science Foun-
higher than that of Ag/LaCoO3.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of
dation of China (Grant no. 21607154).
Other kinds of OVOCs such as the ethers, alcohols, and
ketones, commonly exist in the industrial waste gases. Hence,
the most efficient catalyst Ag/LaCoO3 was also employed in the
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