Paper
RSC Advances
9 A. K. Geim, Science, 2009, 324, 1530.
10 D. R. Dreyer, S. Park, C. W. Bielawski and R. S. Ruoff, Chem.
Soc. Rev., 2010, 39, 228.
11 M. J. Allen, V. C. Tung and R. B. Kaner, Chem. Rev., 2010, 110,
132.
12 X. Huang, Z. Yin, S. Wu, X. Qi, Q. He, Q. Zhang, Q. Yan,
F. Boey and H. Zhang, Small, 2011, 7, 1876.
13 L. T. Qu, Y. Liu, J. B. Baek and L. Dai, ACS Nano, 2010, 4,
1321.
14 D. Yu and L. Dai, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2010, 1, 467.
15 Y. Zhu, S. Murali, W. Cai, X. Li, J. W. Suk, J. R. Potts and
R. S. Ruoff, Adv. Mater., 2010, 22, 3906.
16 Z. Wei, H. Liu, Y. Chen, D. Guo, R. Pan and Y. liu, Chin. J.
Chem. Eng., 2018, 26, 2542–2548.
17 L. Pan, H. Zhao, W. Shen, X. Dong and J. Xu, J. Mater. Chem.
A, 2013, 1(24), 7159–7166.
18 G. M. Scheuermann, L. Rumi, P. Steurer, W. Bannwarth and
Fig. 5 Recycle experiments over Pd(0)-RGO catalyst.
¨
R. Mulhaupt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 8262.
19 H. Wang and Y. Wan, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, 6553.
20 B. Yuan, Y. Pan, Y. Li, B. Yin and H. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int.
Ed., 2010, 49, 4054.
21 L. Chen, Z. Gao and Y. weil, Catal. Today, 2015, 245, 122.
22 B. Karimi and F. K. Esfahani, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47,
10452.
Pd(0)-RGO proved to be effective, stable and recyclable material
for Ullmann coupling reaction with excellent yields (79–97%) in
water medium. The particle size of metal particles was
conrmed by TEM analysis. XPS spectra validated the zero-
valent state of Pd metal.
23 G. Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj, S. Rana and K. M. Parida, J. Phys.
Chem. C, 2014, 118, 1640.
24 G. Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj, O. A. Oyetade, S. Rana,
B. S. Martincigh, S. B. Jonnalagadda and V. O. Nyamori,
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9, 17290.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts of interest to declare.
25 Y. J. Li, W. Gao, L. J. Ci, C. M. Wang and P. M. Ajayan,
Carbon, 2010, 48, 1124–1126.
26 H. K. Jeong, Y. P. Lee, R. J. W. E. Lahaye, M. H. Park, K. H. An,
I. J. Kim, C.-W. Yang, C. Y. Park, R. S. Ruoff and Y. H. Lee, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 1362.
27 R. N. Singh and R. Awasthi, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2011, 1, 778.
28 S. Rana, S. Maddila, K. Yalagala and S. B. Jonnalagadda,
Appl. Catal., A, 2015, 505, 539.
29 S. Rana and S. B. Jonnalagadda, Catal. Commun., 2017, 92,
31.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support received from the School
of Chemistry & Physics and College of Agriculture, Engineering
& Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa in
the form of research facilities and nancial support.
Notes and references
1 A. Balanta, C. Godard and C. Claver, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011,
40, 4973.
´
´
30 J. A. Corral, M. I. Lopez, D. Esquivel, M. Mora, S. Jimenez-
2 A. Fihri, M. Bouhrara, B. Nekoueishahraki, J. M. Basset and
V. Polshettiwar, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, 5181.
3 M. Stratakis and H. Garcia, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 4469.
4 K. N. Sharma, H. Joshi, V. V. Singh, P. Singh and A. K. Singh,
Dalton Trans., 2013, 42, 3908.
5 K. N. Sharma, H. Joshi, A. K. Sharma, O. Prakash and
A. K. Singh, Organometallics, 2013, 32, 2443.
6 S. W. Kim, M. Kim, W. Y. Lee and T. Hyeon, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2002, 124, 7642.
7 L. Piccolo, A. Valcarcel, M. Bausach, C. Thomazeau, D. Uziob
and G. Berhault, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2008, 10, 5504.
8 J. Watt, S. Cheong, M. F. Toney, B. Ingham, J. Cookson,
P. T. Bishop and R. D. Tilley, ACS Nano, 2010, 4, 396.
´
Sanchidrian and F. J. Romero-Salguero, Materials, 2013, 6,
1554.
31 S. Kotha, K. Lahiri and D. Kashinath, Tetrahedron, 2002, 58,
9633.
32 H. Li, W. Chai, F. Zhang and J. Chen, Green Chem., 2007, 9,
1223.
33 Y. Wan, H. Wang, Q. Zhao, M. Klingstedt, O. Terasaki and
D. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 4541.
34 T. M. Gadda, Y. Kawanishi and A. Miyazawa, Synth.
Commun., 2012, 42, 1259.
35 S. Mukhopadhyay, G. Rothenberg, D. Gitis, H. Wiener and
Y. Sasson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1999, 2, 2481.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019
RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 13332–13335 | 13335