Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Effective Conversion of D-Xylose into Furfural with Tin-Loaded Sulfonated Carbon Nanotube in Cyclopentylmethyl Ether-Water Media

Article abstract of DOI:10.1007/s10562-021-03570-3

Carbon nanotube (CNT) was utilized as as the precursor to synthesize solid acid (tin-loaded sulfonated carbon nanotube, SO₄^2?/SnO₂-CNT) for catalyzing D-xylose into furfural. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Roman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscope techniques were used for characterizing SO₄^2?/SnO₂-CNT. Different loading of D-xylose (20–100?g/L) were converted into furfural (81.6–299.1?mM) at 41.9–61.2% yield by SO₄^2?/SnO₂-CNT (3.5 wt%) within 15?min at 180 °C in cyclopentylmethyl ether-water (1:2, v:v) biphasic media. Subsequently, whole-cells of recombinant Escherichia coli CG-19 cells expressing reductase catalyzed D-xylose-derived furfural at 35 ℃ and pH 7.5. Within 3?h, the prepared D-xylose (81.6–299.1?mM) could be converted into furfuryl alcohol at 32.7–61.2% yield (based on the D-xylose loading). Sequential conversion of D-xylose with SO₄^2?/SnO₂-CNT and reductase catalysts was established for the effective production of furfuryl alcohol. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Full text of DOI:10.1007/s10562-021-03570-3

Catalysis Letters
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-021-03570-3
Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Efective
Conversion of D‑Xylose into Furfural with Tin‑Loaded Sulfonated
Carbon Nanotube in Cyclopentylmethyl Ether‑Water Media
Qi Li1 · Yun Hu1 · Yong‑You Tao1 · Peng‑Qi Zhang1 · Cui‑Luan Ma1 · Yu‑Jie Zhou1 · Yu‑Cai He1,2,3
Received: 27 December 2020 / Accepted: 12 February 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) was utilized as as the precursor to synthesize solid acid (tin-loaded sulfonated carbon nanotube,
SO42−/SnO2-CNT) for catalyzing D-xylose into furfural. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Roman spectroscopy, X-ray
difraction analysis, and scanning electron microscope techniques were used for characterizing SO42−/SnO2-CNT. Diferent
loading of D-xylose (20–100 g/L) were converted into furfural (81.6–299.1 mM) at 41.9–61.2% yield by SO42−/SnO2-CNT
(3.5 wt%) within 15 min at 180 °C in cyclopentylmethyl ether-water (1:2, v:v) biphasic media. Subsequently, whole-cells
of recombinant Escherichia coli CG-19 cells expressing reductase catalyzed D-xylose-derived furfural at 35 ℃ and pH 7.5.
Within 3 h, the prepared D-xylose (81.6–299.1 mM) could be converted into furfuryl alcohol at 32.7–61.2% yield (based on
the D-xylose loading). Sequential conversion of D-xylose with SO42−/SnO2-CNT and reductase catalysts was established
for the efective production of furfuryl alcohol.
Graphic Abstract
Keywords D-Xylose · Furfural · Furfuryl alcohol · Reductase · Sulfonated SO42−/SnO2-CNT
Qi Li and Yun Hu have contributed equally to this work.
1 Introduction
* Cui-Luan Ma
macuiluan@163.com
Lignocellulosic biomass is widely used as renewable sub-
* Yu-Cai He
heyucai2001@163.com
stitute for conventional fossil resources for sustainable pro-
duction of biobased chemicals, functional materials, bio-
fuel molecules, and etc. Furfural (FF), a versatile platform
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3

Q. Li et al.
molecule, has been highlighted as one of the top ten most
rewarding bio-based building-blocks by the US Department
of Energy (DOE). It is mainly derived from the C5-sugars
in lignocellulosic biomass, has been studied and utilized
extensively due to its industrial availability and importance
[1, 2]. FF molecule contains both C=O group in branched-
chain and C=C bonds in furan ring, which is known as a
versatile precursor for industrially manufacturing biofuels,
fne chemicals, food favors, resins, solvents, fragrances,
fungicides, lubricating oils, nematicides, and plastics [3–7].
Industrially, homogeneous inorganic and organic acids are
chosen for transforming pentose (mainly D-xylose) to FF
[7, 8]. To this date, numerous heterogeneous solid acids
(carbon, sulfonated attapulgite, sulfonated montmorillonite,
functional resin, modifed TiO2-ZrO2, H-ZSM-5, modifed
zeolite, etc.) [9–13] exhibit superior performances and good
catalytic characteristics for manufacturing FF via D-xylose-
dehydration reactions.
SO42−/SnO2-CNT catalyst and reductase biocatalyst in
cyclopentylmethyl ether-water biphasic media.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Chemicals
Carbon nanotube (CNT) was purchased from Suzhou Tan-
feng Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, P.R. China).
Ammonia (NH3∙H2O), cyclopentylmethyl ether (CPME),
D-xylose, ethanol, and furfural (FF) and chemicals were
obtained from Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shang-
hai, P.R. China).
2.2 Synthesis of Sulfonated SO42−/SnO2‑CNT
2.8 g SnCl4, 8.4 g CNT and 180.0 g ethanol were blended
in 500 mL glass beaker by the agitation with magnetic stir-
rer at room temperature. The formed homogeneous turbid
liquid was regulated to pH 6.0 by addition of NH3∙H2O (25.0
wt%). This colloidal solution was dried in an oven at 70 °C
over 10 h and kept at 90 °C for 12 h. Subsequently, the oven-
dried solid was immersed in 120.0 mL 1.0 M H2SO4 for 3 h,
then fltrated and oven-dried at 110 °C for 3.5 h and baked
in mufe furnace at 500 °C for another 3.5 h. The result-
ant SO42−/SnO2-CNT was used as catalyst for catalyzing
D-xylose into FF.
Among FF-upgrading chemicals, furfuryl alcohol (FFA)
is the hydrogenation product of FF through the reduction
of the C=O bond in FF molecule. It is widely used for the
synthesis of biofuels, cements, lubricants, additives, plas-
tics, adhesives, resins, coatings, dyes and solvents. FFA
can be manufactured through hydrogenation of FF, either
in liquid or vapor phase [14–17]. However, the drawback
is the low selectivity to FFA. Copper chromite with moder-
ate catalytic activity and high toxicity has been used in the
selective hydrogenation of FF to FFA at high-temperature
(130–200 °C) and high H2 pressure [17, 18]. An electrosyn-
thetic approach yielded nearly 90% of FFA from FF in ace-
tonitrile media containing 0.50 M H2SO4 [19]. Cu/SBA-15-
SO3H catalyzed D-xylose to FFA with 63% yield for 6 h at
140 °C under the high-pressure (4.0 MPa) in n-butanol-water
biphasic media [20]. Compared with conventional chemical
catalysis, the use of microorganisms for whole-cell catalysis
of FF to FFA is considered as a sustainable and green alter-
native. B. coagulans, E. coli, M. deltae, and S. cerevisiae
could convert FF to FFA under mild conditions [21–24].
It is known that D-xylose can be efectively converted
into FF by heterogeneous catalyst in cyclopentylmethyl
ether-water biphasic media [7]. In our study, carbon nano-
tube (CNT) as heterogeneous solid acid support was used
to synthesize tin-loaded sulfonated SO42−/SnO2-CNT cata-
lyst for catalyzing D-xylose into FF in cyclopentylmethyl
ether-water biphasic media. Fourier transform infrared spec-
trum, X-ray difraction, scanning electron microscope, and
nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were character-
ized the SO42−/SnO2-CNT. Moreover, biocatalytic upgrad-
ing of FF into FFA by recombinant reductase biocatalyst
was conducted under the envrionmentally-friendly condi-
tions. Finally, D-xylose was tandemly catalyzed into FFA
were established by sequential catalysis with sulfonated
2.3 Cultivation of Recombinant E. coli CG‑19
Expressing Reductase
Recombinant E. coli CG-19 expressing reductase [2] was
used to catalyze D-xylose-derived FF into FFA. The cultures
were inoculated at an OD600 of 0.10 at 37 °C. Isopropyl-beta-
D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added to achieve a fnal con-
centration of 0.50 mM in order to induce gene expression
when the OD600 reached 0.60. After induction, the broth was
further cultured at 25 °C. After 12 h, cells were isolated by
centrifugation (10,000×g) for 5 min at 4 °C.
2.4 Conversion of D‑Xylose into FF and FFA
Dehydration of D-xylose to FF was carried out in this 100-
mL autoclave, which contained 40.0 mL mixture of D-xylose
(20–100 g/L) and SO42−/SnO2-CNT (0.5–5.0 wt% dosage)
in CPME-water media (0:1–2:1, v/v; pH 1.2). The reaction
mixture was quickly heated to the target catalytic tempera-
ture (160–180 °C) by a heating jacket and maintained for
5–60 min. The D-xylose-derived FF was determined with
HPLC. Furthermore, the pH of this resulted FF liquor was
regulated to 7.5, and followed by addition of 4.0 g E. coli
1 3

Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Efective Conversion of D‑Xylose…
CG-19 wet cell. The FF-oxidizing reaction was conducted
at 35 °C by the agitation of 300 rpm with magnetic stirrer.
also analyzed with SEM spectra (Fig. 1), and the surface of
CNT in SO42−/SnO2-CNT had clear particle adhesion. The
functional groups of SO42−/SnO2-CNT and CNT were deter-
mined by FTIR spectra (Fig. 2). The peaks at near 3433 cm−1
(–OH stretching vibration on CNT), 1383 cm−1 (stretching
vibration of C=O) [10] and 1172 cm−1 (non-symmetric
stretching vibration of C–O–C or the stretching vibration
of sulfur-oxygen double bonds of SO42−) were detected. As
depicted as XRD spectra (Fig. 3), characteristic difraction
peaks near 26° and 44° of CNT appeared before and after
SO42−/SnO2-CNT preparation, indicating that the main CNT
structure was maintained. Moreover, the characteristic peaks
of SnO2 were appeared at near 26°, 33°, 51°, and 65°, and
the difraction peaks of 26° overlapped with those of CNT to
be masked. The Raman spectra indicated that SO42−/SnO2-
CNT maintained a high consistency with CNT (Fig. 4). Two
prominent peaks at near 1580 and 1380 cm−1, which repre-
sents G-band and D-band [28], respectively. D-band repre-
sents the sp3 defect and disorder, and G-band is ascribed to
the sp2 carbon in CNT. In view of above-mentioned results,
2.5 Analytical Methods
CNT and SO42−/SnO2-CNT were analyzed with Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, Roman spectroscopy,
X-Ray difraction analysis, and scanning electron micro-
scope techniques [10]. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption
Isotherms of CNT and SO42−/SnO2-CNT were determined
by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement using a
Micromeritics ASAP 2020 surface area analyzer and poro-
simetry system (Micromeritics Co.,). Monomeric sugars
were measured with HPLC (Model 2695; Waters Co., Mil-
ford, MA, USA) with an Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87P column
(Hercules, CA, USA) [25, 26]. FF and FFA was quantifed
by HPLC with Waters NovaPak C18 column [6].
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of SO42−/SnO2‑CNT
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as versatile sup-
ports for catalysts, adsorbents and functional materials,
mainly due to their ultra-small size, large specifc surface
area, high thermostability and unique structure [27–31]. In
this case, CNT was used as heterogeneous solid acid catalyst
support to prepare sulfonated SO42−/SnO2-CNT for catalyz-
ing D-xylose to FF. To observe the unique characteristics of
tin-loaded sulfonated CNT catalyst, several analytical tech-
niques were employed on SO42−/SnO2-CNT. The analytical
results were described below.
The SO42−/SnO2-CNT surface and pore changes were
analyzed using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms.
As depicted as in Table 1, shows a BET of 225.3 m2/g, a
pore volume of 0.84 m3/g and a pore width of 14.8 nm. By
comparison with CNT, SO42−/SnO2-CNT had an enlarged
pore volume, bigger pore size and lower specifc surface
area. In the synthesis of heterogeneous SO42−/SnO2-CNT,
various performance conditions including solvent treat-
ment, sulfonation reaction and calcination temperature
might afect some components and pore structures of CNT.
The surface structures of SO42−/SnO2-CNT and CNT were
2−
Table 1 Surface and pore structure diference of CNT and SO4
/
SnO2-CNT
Sample
BET surface
area, m2 g−1
Pore volume, Pore size, nm
cm3 g−1
CNT
235.7
225.3
0.76
0.84
12.9
14.8
SO42−/SnO2-CNT
Fig. 1 SEM analysis of CNT (a) and SO42−/SnO2-CNT (b)
1 3

Q. Li et al.
Fig. 4 Raman images of fresh CNT and solid acid SO42−/SnO2-CNT
Fig. 2 FT-IR analysis of CNT and SO42−/SnO2-CNT
ratio of CPME to H2O can infuence the product FF distribu-
tion during the dehydration of substrate D-xylose. In 40 mL
biphasic media, the CPME phase to water phase ratio was
varied for 0:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (Fig. 5a). Conversions
in the CPME-water biphasic media containing diferent vol-
ume ratio of CPME phase to water phase were performed
by using 2.5 wt% SO42−/SnO2-CNT catalyst at 180 °C for
15 min to catalyze D-xylose into product FF. As indicated
in Fig. 5a, when the volume ratio of CPME-to-water was
increased from 0:1 to 1:2, the FF yield was raised from 42.1
to 61.2%. By increasing the volumetric ratio from 1:2 to 1:1,
FF yield increased slightly. When the ratio was increased
from 1:1 to 2:1, FF yield dropped from 62.0 to 53.4%. The
appropriate volumetric ratio of CPME-to-water was chosen
as 1:2. When the volumetric ratio of water phase increased,
the extraction of FF to the CPME phase might be insufcient
and the rehydration of FF would be enhanced. While exces-
sive CPME could dilute the dehydration system, reduced
the contact apportunity of substrate D-xylose to catalyst
SO42−/SnO2-CNT, and caused the decrease of product FF
yields.
Fig. 3 XRD analysis of CNT and SO42−/SnO2-CNT
it was found that the SO42−/SnO2-CNT preparation process
During the preparation of FF, catalyst doses, cata-
lytic temperature, catalytic time and substrate loading
had signifcant infuence on the FF production [8–12]. In
CPME-water (1:2, v:v) media, several reaction parameters
including SO42−/SnO2-CNT dosage, catalytic temperature
(150–190 °C), catalytic time (10–30 min) and D-xylose
loading (20–100 g/L) were investigated on the FF produc-
tion. The efects of catalyst SO42−/SnO2-CNT (2.5–4.5 wt%)
on the FF production in CPME-water (1:2, v:v) were evalu-
ated (Fig. 5b). With the increase of SO42−/SnO2-CNT dose
from 2.5 to 3.5 wt%, the FF yields increased from 45.0 to
61.2%. When the SO42−/SnO2-CNT dose increased from 3.5
had no infuence the main structure of CNT.
3.2 Catalysis of D‑Xylose to FF with SO42−/SnO2‑CNT
Synthesis of FF in organic solvent–water biphasic media
have recieved much attention, mainly because the newly
formed FF in the aqueous phase can be simultaneously
extracted into the organic phase [1, 33]. Non water-miscible
organic solvent such as cyclopentylmethyl ether (CPME) is
known as a promising green co-solvent to extract FF formed
in aqueous phase in order to prevent its unwanted degra-
dation or cross polymerization [7, 32, 33]. The volumetric
1 3

Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Efective Conversion of D‑Xylose…
190 °C, the FF yields had no signifcant increase. Thus,
the optimum catalytic temperature for converting D-xylose
was 180 °C. After commercial D-xylose (20.0 g/L) was
catalyzed by 3.5 wt% SO42−/SnO2-CNT for 10–30 min at
180 °C, FF yields and selectivities increased clearly from
10 to 15 min (Fig. 6b). Over 15 min, FF yields and selectivi-
ties had no signifcant change. Thus, the optimum catalytic
time for converting D-xylose was 15 min. In CPME-water
(1:2, v:v) media, high FF yield was obtained at 61.2% when
commercial D-xylose (18.0 g/L) was catalyzed by 3.5 wt%
SO42−/SnO2-CNT for 15 min at 180 °C. Diferent loadings
of D-xylose (20–100 g/L) were used for the synthesis FF for
15 min at 180 °C (Fig. 6c). By increasing D-xylose loading
from 20 to 60 g/L, FF yields decreased from 61.2 to 51.2%.
Using 80 and 100 g/L of D-xylose as substrates, FF yields
were obtained at 46.7% and 44.9%, respectively. It was found
that D-xylose conversion had no signifcant change, while
FF yield and FF selectivity gradually decreased.
The reuse of catalyst can reduce the economic burden
[10]. To evaluate the stability of SO4−2/SnO2-CNT catalyst,
this heterogeneous and reusable catalyst was recycled and
reused for fve times to catalyze D-xylose (20 g/L) into FF
−2
for 15 min at 180 °C. After each catalytic round, SO4
/
SnO2-CNT was recovered by fltration, washed with deion-
ized water and ethanol for three times to remove some resi-
dues and oven-dried at 100 °C. It was observed that the FF
yields gradually dropped after each recycle (Fig. 7). From
1st to 6th run, FF yield dropped from 61.2 to 48.3%, indi-
cating a comparable stable recycle capacity. Heterogene-
ous solid acid catalysts have received an increase attention
because of their excellent performance stability and easily
recycling properties for manufacturing high-value-added
biobased chemicals [34].
3.3 Biotransformation of D‑Xylose‑Derived FF
into FFA
Biocatalysis is nowadays an established technology for the
production of high-value-added chemicals with high cata-
lytic activity and selectivity under mild conditions [35–37].
FF is a major microbial inhibitor [6, 38]. Using commercial
FF as substrate, FF (≤100 mM) could be completetly con-
sumed by E. coli CG-19 cells within 3 h (Fig. 8). At over
100 mM, FFA yields decreased clearly.
Fig. 5 Efects volumetric ratio of CPME versus water (0:1–2:1) in
CPME-water media (a) [D-xylose loading 20 g/L, catalyst loading
3.5 wt%, 180 °C, 15 min]; Efects catalyst SO42−/SnO2-CNT loading
(2.5–4.5 wt%) in CPME-water (1:2, v:v) media (b) [D-xylose loading
20 g/L, 180 °C, 15 min]
to 4.0 wt%, the yields of FF had no signifcant change. At
over 4.0 wt%, FF yield decreased slightly. Thus, the appro-
priate Sn-PL dose was 3.5 wt%. After commercial D-xylose
(20.0 g/L) was catalyzed by 3.5 wt% SO42−/SnO2-CNT for
15 min at 150–190 °C, FF yields and selectivities increased
clearly from 150 to 180 °C (Fig. 6a). At 180 °C, FF yield
and selectivity were obtained at 61.2% and 95.0%, respec-
tively. By increasing the catalytic temperature from 180 to
The cascade catalysis by chemoenzymatic reaction with-
out isolation of any intermediates has attracted a consider-
able interest due to short performance time [2]. In this study,
tandem catalysis of D-xylose (20–100 g/L) to FFA was con-
ducted via sequential conversion with SO42−/SnO2-CNT cat-
alyst and CG-19 reductase biocatalyst in a sealed autoclave.
Firstly, diferent loading of D-xylose (20–100 g/L) were con-
verted into FF in 40 mL CPME-water (1:2, v:v) for 15 min
1 3

Q. Li et al.
Fig. 7 Recycle and reuse of SO4−2/SnO2-CNT [in CPME-water (1:2,
v:v) media [D-xylose loading 20 g/L, initial SO4−2/SnO2-CNT load-
ing 3.5 wt%, 180 °C, 15 min]
Fig. 8 Efects of initial FF doses (25–300 mM; commercial FF) on
the production of FFA by whole-cells
at 180 °C. Subsequently, the prepared D-xylose-derived FF
liquors (81.6 mM, 148.5 mM, 204.8 mM, 248.9 mM, and
299.1 mM) were regulated to pH 7.5 with 3.0 M sodium
hydroxide. Dilute FF liquors (42.0 mL) were biologically
converted into FFA at 35 °C by adding 4.0 g whole-cells of
recombinant E. coli CG-19 expressing reductase. Without
isolation of SO42−/SnO2-CNT, FFA yields (based on the
D-xylose loading) decreased from 61.2 to 38.3% by increas-
ing the D-xylose loading from 20 to 80 g/L within 3 h in
42.0 mL media (Fig. 9). At 100 g/L of D-xylose, the overall
Fig. 6 Efects of reaction temperature (150–190 °C) (a), reaction time
(10–30 min) (b), and D-xylose loading (20–100 g/L) (c) on the FF
yield and selectivity in CPME-water (1:2, v:v) media
1 3

Improving Biocatalytic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol by Efective Conversion of D‑Xylose…
yield of FFA was obtained at 32.7% (218.0 mM FFA). Com-
pared with the hydrogenation of FF to FFA in liquid or vapor
phase [15–19], synthesis of FFA could be efciently con-
ducted via chemoenzymatic approach by sequential catalysis
of D-xylose with SO42−/SnO2-CNT and reductase biocataly-
sis under the relatively mild conditions (Fig. 10).
By using the available biomass or biomass-derived
D-xylose, various biobased chemicals have been manu-
factured via chemo- and/or enzymatic routes [39–42]. One
of important biobased chemicals is FF, largely produced
from the dehydration of D-xylose, the main monomer
of hemicellulose-rich biomass. FFA is a versatile furan-
based chemical, which can be obtained through catalytic
upgrading of FF via chemical or biocatalytic approach
[43–47]. It has attracted considerable interest to manu-
facture high-value-added FFA by biocatalyst due to its
reductase activity and selectivity under environmentally-
friendly conditions [2, 43]. Thus, this study provided a
chemoenzymatic strategy for tandemly transforming
biomass-derived D-xylose into FFA by SO42−/SnO2-CNT
catalyst and CG-19 reductase biocatalyst in CPME-water
(1:2, v:v) media.
4 Conclusion
Using D-xylose (20–100 g/L) as feedstocks, FF
(81.6–299.1 mM) could be obtained at 44.9–61.2% by 2.5
wt% SO42−/SnO2-CNT for 15 min at 180 °C in CPME-
water (1:2, v:v) media. Subsequently, D-xylose-derived
FF was efectively biotransformed to FFA by CG-19 cells
within 3 h. A sustainable and efective route for catalyz-
ing biomass-derived D-xylose into FFA was success-
fully established via sequential chemical catalysis and
biocatalysis.
Fig. 9 Efects of initial D-xylose doses (20–100 g/L on the produc-
tion of FFA via chemoenzymatic conversion
Fig. 10 Tandem conversion of
D-xylose into FFA via chemoe-
nzymatic conversion
1 3

Q. Li et al.
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Acknowledgements All authors acknowledge support from NSFC
(National Natural Science Foundation of China) (21978072) and the
Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy
and Enzyme Technology (BEETKB1902).
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Authors and Afliations
Qi Li1 · Yun Hu1 · Yong‑You Tao1 · Peng‑Qi Zhang1 · Cui‑Luan Ma1 · Yu‑Jie Zhou1 · Yu‑Cai He1,2,3
1
3
State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme
Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center
for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life
Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy
and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University,
Huaian, China
2
National–Local Joint Engineering Research Center
of Biomass Refning and High–Quality Utilization, School
of Pharmarcy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
1 3